1
|
Meier-Merziger M, Imschweiler J, Hartmann F, Niebuur BJ, Kraus T, Gallei M, Frey H. Bifunctional Carbanionic Synthesis of Fully Bio-Based Triblock Structures Derived from β-Farnesene and ll-Dilactide: Thermoplastic Elastomers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202310519. [PMID: 37506355 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202310519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Current environmental challenges and the shrinking fossil-fuel feedstock are important criteria for the next generation of polymer materials. In this context, we present a fully bio-based material, which shows promise as a thermoplastic elastomer (TPE). Due to the use of β-farnesene and L-lactide as monomers, bio-based feedstocks, namely sugar cane and corn, can be used. A bifunctional initiator for the carbanionic polymerization was employed, to permit an efficient synthesis of ABA-type block structures. In addition, the "green" solvent MTBE (methyl tert-butyl ether) was used for the anionic polymerisation, enabling excellent solubility of the bifunctional anionic initiator. This afforded low dispersity (Đ=1.07 to 1.10) and telechelic polyfarnesene macroinitiators. These were employed for lactide polymerization to obtain H-shaped triblock copolymers. TEM and SAXS revealed clearly phase-separated morphologies, and tensile tests demonstrated elastic mechanical properties. The materials featured two glass transition temperatures, at - 66 °C and 51 °C as well as gyroid or cylindrical morphologies, resulting in soft elastic materials at room temperature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Meier-Merziger
- Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Chemistry Department, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jan Imschweiler
- Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Chemistry Department, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Frank Hartmann
- Saarland University, Chair in Polymer Chemistry, Campus C4 2, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Bart-Jan Niebuur
- INM - Leibniz-Institute for New Materials, Campus D2 2, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Tobias Kraus
- INM - Leibniz-Institute for New Materials, Campus D2 2, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
- Saarland University, Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Campus D2 2, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Markus Gallei
- Saarland University, Chair in Polymer Chemistry, Campus C4 2, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
- Saarene, Saarland Center for Energy Materials and Sustainability, Campus C4 2, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Holger Frey
- Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Chemistry Department, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hartmann F, Niebuur BJ, Koch M, Kraus T, Gallei M. Synthesis and Microphase Separation of Dendrimer-like Block Copolymers by Anionic Polymerization Strategies. Eur Polym J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2023.111894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
|
3
|
Ntetsikas K, Ladelta V, Bhaumik S, Hadjichristidis N. Quo Vadis Carbanionic Polymerization? ACS POLYMERS AU 2022; 3:158-181. [PMID: 37065716 PMCID: PMC10103213 DOI: 10.1021/acspolymersau.2c00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Living anionic polymerization will soon celebrate 70 years of existence. This living polymerization is considered the mother of all living and controlled/living polymerizations since it paved the way for their discovery. It provides methodologies for synthesizing polymers with absolute control of the essential parameters that affect polymer properties, including molecular weight, molecular weight distribution, composition and microstructure, chain-end/in-chain functionality, and architecture. This precise control of living anionic polymerization generated tremendous fundamental and industrial research activities, developing numerous important commodity and specialty polymers. In this Perspective, we present the high importance of living anionic polymerization of vinyl monomers by providing some examples of its significant achievements, presenting its current status, giving several insights into where it is going (Quo Vadis) and what the future holds for this powerful synthetic method. Furthermore, we attempt to explore its advantages and disadvantages compared to controlled/living radical polymerizations, the main competitors of living carbanionic polymerization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Ntetsikas
- Polymer Synthesis Laboratory, KAUST Catalysis Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Viko Ladelta
- Polymer Synthesis Laboratory, KAUST Catalysis Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Saibal Bhaumik
- Polymer Synthesis Laboratory, KAUST Catalysis Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Nikos Hadjichristidis
- Polymer Synthesis Laboratory, KAUST Catalysis Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chen XM, Huang LC, Gao W. One-pot synthesis of cobalt complexes with 2,6-bis(arylimino)phenoxyl/phenthioxyl ligands and catalysis on isoprene polymerization. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:5218-5225. [PMID: 33881099 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt00371b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Several cobalt complexes supported by 2,6-bis(arylimino)phenoxyl/phenthioxyl ligands κ2N,X-Ar[NXN]CoCl(THF) (1a, X = O, Ar = 2,6-Me2C6H3; 1b, X = O, Ar = 2,6-iPr2C6H3; 2a, X = S, Ar = 2,6-Me2C6H3; 2b, X = S, Ar = 2,6-iPr2C6H3) were synthesized by direct oxygen(sulfur) insertion into the C-Co bond of the mixed-valence cobalt complexes {κ2C,N,η6-Ar[NCN]Co-κN-CoCl(μ-Cl)}2. Crystallization of 1b in the presence of water gave the hydrolysis product 1b'. Treatment of Ar[NCN]Li with dioxygen followed by the addition of CoCl2 afforded the heteroatomic complexes {κ2N,O-Ar[NON]Co(μ-Cl)2Li}2 (3a, Ar = 2,6-Me2C6H3; 3b, Ar = 2,6-iPr2C6H3) or κ2N,O-Ar[NON]Co2Cl2(μ-Cl)2Li(THF)2 (4a, Ar = 2,6-Me2C6H3; 4b, Ar = 2,6-iPr2C6H3) depending on the amount of CoCl2 used. The Co(iii)/Li heterometallic complex 3b' with imino-phenoxyl-amino ligands was formed probably via a redox reaction of 3b. The reactions of Ar[NCN]Li with elemental sulfur and CoCl2 gave κ2N,S-Ar[NSN]Co2Cl2(μ-Cl)2Li(THF)2 (5a, Ar = 2,6-Me2C6H3; 5b, Ar = 2,6-iPr2C6H3) respectively. These complexes were well characterized by FT-IR and elemental analyses, and the molecular structures of 1b', 3b', 4a, and 4b were confirmed by X-ray crystallography. Upon activation with Al2Et3Cl3 in toluene, these complexes showed high activities in isoprene polymerization affording cis-1,4 enriched polymers with a moderate molecular weight (0.85-4.72 × 104 Da).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Meng Chen
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Li-Cheng Huang
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Wei Gao
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Li TT, Feng LF, Gu XP, Zhang CL, Wang P, Hu GH. Intensification of Polymerization Processes by Reactive Extrusion. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c05078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Tian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Lian-Fang Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- Institute of Zhejiang University−Quzhou, 78 Jiuhua Boulevard North, Quzhou, 324000, China
| | - Xue-Ping Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- Institute of Zhejiang University−Quzhou, 78 Jiuhua Boulevard North, Quzhou, 324000, China
| | - Cai-Liang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- Institute of Zhejiang University−Quzhou, 78 Jiuhua Boulevard North, Quzhou, 324000, China
| | - Pan Wang
- CNRS-Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire Réactions et Génie des Procédés (LRGP, CNRS UMR 7274), 1 rue Grandville, BP 20451, Nancy, 54001, France
| | - Guo-Hua Hu
- CNRS-Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire Réactions et Génie des Procédés (LRGP, CNRS UMR 7274), 1 rue Grandville, BP 20451, Nancy, 54001, France
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
|