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Seifert JS, Nees N, Khan H, Traoré NE, Drobek D, Peukert W, Apeleo Zubiri B, Spiecker E, Stingl M, Pflug L, Klupp Taylor RN. Continuous flow synthesis and simulation-supported investigation of tunable plasmonic gold patchy nanoparticles. NANOSCALE 2024. [PMID: 39295550 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr02516d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/21/2024]
Abstract
Plasmonic nanoparticles have intriguing optical properties which make them suitable candidates for sensing or theranostic applications. Anisotropic patchy particles, where metal is locally deposited on the surface of a core particle, exhibit plasmon resonances that can be specifically adjusted for these applications. However, many existing synthesis routes are complex, yield too little material, or provide particles with limited optical tunability. In this work, we present a simple and scalable continuous flow synthesis of gold-on-polystyrene patchy particles with widely adjustable optical properties. By increasing the chloride concentration in the electroless deposition of gold, we slow down the redox reduction kinetics and obtain a dense patch morphology as well as a reduced nucleation rate. The latter is counteracted by introducing a low-level seeding approach where a small number of gold nanocrystals heterocoagulate with the core particles prior to patch growth. Seeding and patch growth are performed in a continuous flow set-up with two T-shaped milli-mixers. The resulting patchy particle samples exhibit a tunable dipolar plasmon peak between 600 nm and 1100 nm. We also investigate the structure-property relationship for our gold patchy particles using finite element method simulations. After identifying a suitable patch shape model, we elucidate the influence of individual geometric parameters on the optical properties and show that the relationship holds true for a large range of patch coverages. Finally, we apply the relationship to explain the time-dependent change in the optical properties of as-synthesized patches by correlating it with the patch shape transformation revealed by electron microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia S Seifert
- Institute of Particle Technology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstr. 4, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
- Interdisciplinary Center for Functional Particle Systems, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Haberstr. 9a, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nico Nees
- Department of Mathematics, Chair of Applied Mathematics (Continuous Optimization), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstr. 11, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hamzah Khan
- FAU Competence Unit for Scientific Computing (FAU CSC), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Martensstr. 5a, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nabi E Traoré
- Institute of Particle Technology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstr. 4, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
- Interdisciplinary Center for Functional Particle Systems, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Haberstr. 9a, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dominik Drobek
- Institute of Micro- and Nanostructure Research (IMN) & Center for Nanoanalysis and Electron Microscopy (CENEM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Interdisciplinary Center for Nanostructured Films (IZNF), Cauerstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Peukert
- Institute of Particle Technology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstr. 4, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
- Interdisciplinary Center for Functional Particle Systems, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Haberstr. 9a, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Benjamin Apeleo Zubiri
- Institute of Micro- and Nanostructure Research (IMN) & Center for Nanoanalysis and Electron Microscopy (CENEM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Interdisciplinary Center for Nanostructured Films (IZNF), Cauerstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Erdmann Spiecker
- Institute of Micro- and Nanostructure Research (IMN) & Center for Nanoanalysis and Electron Microscopy (CENEM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Interdisciplinary Center for Nanostructured Films (IZNF), Cauerstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael Stingl
- Department of Mathematics, Chair of Applied Mathematics (Continuous Optimization), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstr. 11, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- FAU Competence Unit for Scientific Computing (FAU CSC), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Martensstr. 5a, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lukas Pflug
- FAU Competence Unit for Scientific Computing (FAU CSC), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Martensstr. 5a, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Robin N Klupp Taylor
- Institute of Particle Technology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstr. 4, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
- Interdisciplinary Center for Functional Particle Systems, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Haberstr. 9a, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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Zang S, Hauser AW, Paul S, Hocky GM, Sacanna S. Enabling three-dimensional real-space analysis of ionic colloidal crystallization. NATURE MATERIALS 2024; 23:1131-1137. [PMID: 38831129 PMCID: PMC11296917 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-024-01917-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Structures of molecular crystals are identified using scattering techniques because we cannot see inside them. Micrometre-sized colloidal particles enable the real-time observation of crystallization with optical microscopy, but in practice this is still hampered by a lack of 'X-ray vision'. Here we introduce a system of index-matched fluorescently labelled colloidal particles and demonstrate the robust formation of ionic crystals in aqueous solution, with structures that can be controlled by size ratio and salt concentration. Full three-dimensional coordinates of particles are distinguished through in situ confocal microscopy, and the crystal structures are identified via comparison of their simulated scattering pattern with known atomic arrangements. Finally, we leverage our ability to look inside colloidal crystals to observe the motion of defects and crystal melting in time and space and to reveal the origin of crystal twinning. Using this platform, the path to real-time analysis of ionic colloidal crystallization is now 'crystal clear'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihao Zang
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Adam W Hauser
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Physics, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sanjib Paul
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Glen M Hocky
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, NY, USA.
- Simons Center for Computational Physical Chemistry, New York University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Stefano Sacanna
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, NY, USA.
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3
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Sultan U, Götz A, Schlumberger C, Drobek D, Bleyer G, Walter T, Löwer E, Peuker UA, Thommes M, Spiecker E, Apeleo Zubiri B, Inayat A, Vogel N. From Meso to Macro: Controlling Hierarchical Porosity in Supraparticle Powders. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023:e2300241. [PMID: 36932894 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202300241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
A drying droplet containing colloidal particles can consolidate into a spherical assembly called a supraparticle. Such supraparticles are inherently porous due to the spaces between the constituent primary particles. Here, the emergent, hierarchical porosity in spray-dried supraparticles is tailored via three distinct strategies acting at different length scales. First, mesopores (<10 nm) are introduced via the primary particles. Second, the interstitial pores are tuned from the meso- (35 nm) to the macro scale (250 nm) by controlling the primary particle size. Third, defined macropores (>100 nm) are introduced via templating polymer particles, which can be selectively removed by calcination. Combining all three strategies creates hierarchical supraparticles with fully tailored pore size distributions. Moreover, another level of the hierarchy is added by fabricating supra-supraparticles, using the supraparticles themselves as building blocks, which provide additional pores with micrometer dimensions. The interconnectivity of the pore networks within all supraparticle types is investigated via detailed textural and tomographic analysis. This work provides a versatile toolbox for designing porous materials with precisely tunable, hierarchical porosity from the meso- (3 nm) to the macroscale (≈10 µm) that can be utilized for applications in catalysis, chromatography, or adsorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umair Sultan
- Institute of Particle Technology, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstrasse 4, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Institute of Chemical Reaction Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Alexander Götz
- Institute of Micro- and Nanostructure Research (IMN), Center for Nanoanalysis and Electron Microscopy (CENEM), IZNF, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Carola Schlumberger
- Institute of Separation Science and Technology, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dominik Drobek
- Institute of Micro- and Nanostructure Research (IMN), Center for Nanoanalysis and Electron Microscopy (CENEM), IZNF, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Gudrun Bleyer
- Institute of Particle Technology, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstrasse 4, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Teresa Walter
- Institute of Particle Technology, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstrasse 4, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Erik Löwer
- Institute of Mechanical Process Engineering and Mineral Processing, Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg, 09599, Freiberg, Germany
| | - Urs Alexander Peuker
- Institute of Mechanical Process Engineering and Mineral Processing, Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg, 09599, Freiberg, Germany
| | - Matthias Thommes
- Institute of Separation Science and Technology, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Erdmann Spiecker
- Institute of Micro- and Nanostructure Research (IMN), Center for Nanoanalysis and Electron Microscopy (CENEM), IZNF, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Benjamin Apeleo Zubiri
- Institute of Micro- and Nanostructure Research (IMN), Center for Nanoanalysis and Electron Microscopy (CENEM), IZNF, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Alexandra Inayat
- Institute of Chemical Reaction Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nicolas Vogel
- Institute of Particle Technology, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstrasse 4, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
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Nagasawa A, Watanabe K, Suga K, Nagao D. Independent control over sizes and surface properties of polystyrene-based particles using multiple comonomers. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.130376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Suga K, Murakami M, Nakayama S, Watanabe K, Yamada S, Tsuji T, Nagao D. Surface Characteristics of Antibacterial Polystyrene Nanoparticles Synthesized Using Cationic Initiator and Comonomers. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2022; 5:2202-2211. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.2c00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keishi Suga
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-07 Aoba, Aramaki-aza, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
| | - Makina Murakami
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-07 Aoba, Aramaki-aza, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
| | - Shota Nakayama
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-07 Aoba, Aramaki-aza, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
| | - Kanako Watanabe
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-07 Aoba, Aramaki-aza, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
| | - Sayuri Yamada
- Kirin Central Research Institute, Kirin Holdings Company, Limited, 2-26-1 Muraoka-Higashi, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Toshikazu Tsuji
- Kirin Central Research Institute, Kirin Holdings Company, Limited, 2-26-1 Muraoka-Higashi, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Daisuke Nagao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-07 Aoba, Aramaki-aza, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
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Calvillo-Muñoz EY, Vega-Paz A, Guzman-Lucero D, Lijanova IV, Olivares-Xometl O, Likhanova NV. Synthesis of water-soluble ionic terpolymers by inverse microemulsion and solution polymerization methods. RSC Adv 2022; 12:12273-12282. [PMID: 35480365 PMCID: PMC9036531 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra01173e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of terpolymers can lead to very interesting combinations of monomers, which can affect the solubility of the polymer, its thermal stability or resistance in saline aqueous media. Free-radical inverse microemulsion and solution polymerization techniques were used to prepare water-soluble acrylamide-N-vinylpyrrolidone-(vinylbenzyl)trimethylammonium chloride terpolymers. The formulation of the polymerizable microemulsion was optimized by using the screening of surfactant percentage and HLB concept. The influence of synthesis temperature on the terpolymer composition and molecular weight was investigated. The reactions were carried out at 60, 70, and 75 °C for the microemulsion technique and at 40, 50, and 55 °C for the solution polymerization technique. The reaction products from both processes were water-soluble polymers, and the two techniques reached high conversions and molecular masses. Maximal molecular weights were displayed by terpolymers prepared by the solution method at 40 °C (959, 840 g mol−1) and the inverse microemulsion method at 60 °C (795, 994 g mol−1). According to NMR analysis, the highest amount of (vinylbenzyl) trimethylammonium chloride was incorporated into the terpolymer structure by the inverse microemulsion method. In contrast, the solution method yielded higher contents of acrylamide and N-vinylpyrrolidone. The viscosity properties of the terpolymers in aqueous solutions were directly correlated to their molecular weight and synthesis conditions. Terpolymers based on acrylamide, N-vinylpyrrolidone and (vinylbenzyl)trimethylammonium chloride (VBTA) were synthesized using inverse microemulsion and solution methods. The microemulsion promoted the incorporation of VBTA in the terpolymer structure.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn Y Calvillo-Muñoz
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CIITEC Cerrada Cecati S/N, Colonia Santa Catarina de Azcapotzalco CP 02250 CDMX México
| | - Araceli Vega-Paz
- Instituto Mexicano del Petróleo Eje Central Norte Lázaro Cárdenas No. 152, col. San Bartolo Atepehuacan, G. A. Madero 07730 CDMX México
| | - Diego Guzman-Lucero
- Instituto Mexicano del Petróleo Eje Central Norte Lázaro Cárdenas No. 152, col. San Bartolo Atepehuacan, G. A. Madero 07730 CDMX México
| | - Irina V Lijanova
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CIITEC Cerrada Cecati S/N, Colonia Santa Catarina de Azcapotzalco CP 02250 CDMX México
| | - Octavio Olivares-Xometl
- Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Facultad de Ingeniería Química Av. San Claudio y 18 Sur, Ciudad Universitaria. Col. San Manuel 72570 Puebla México
| | - Natalya V Likhanova
- Instituto Mexicano del Petróleo Eje Central Norte Lázaro Cárdenas No. 152, col. San Bartolo Atepehuacan, G. A. Madero 07730 CDMX México
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Preparation of monodisperse polystyrene microspheres with different functional groups using soap-free emulsion polymerization. Colloid Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-021-04830-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Shirman T, Toops TJ, Shirman E, Shneidman AV, Liu S, Gurkin K, Alvarenga J, Lewandowski MP, Aizenberg M, Aizenberg J. Raspberry colloid-templated approach for the synthesis of palladium-based oxidation catalysts with enhanced hydrothermal stability and low-temperature activity. Catal Today 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2020.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Bai Y, Luo X, Han Y, Liu B, Zhang J, Zhang M. Facile synthesis of narrow particle size distribution, high solid content, cationic polymer latexes by macroemulsion polymerization-based particle coagulation mechanism. JOURNAL OF MACROMOLECULAR SCIENCE PART A-PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/10601325.2019.1673175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Bai
- Engineering Research Center of Synthetic Resin and Special Fiber, Ministry of Education, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun, China
| | - Xueyan Luo
- Engineering Research Center of Synthetic Resin and Special Fiber, Ministry of Education, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun, China
| | - Ye Han
- Engineering Research Center of Synthetic Resin and Special Fiber, Ministry of Education, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun, China
| | - Baijun Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Synthetic Resin and Special Fiber, Ministry of Education, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun, China
| | - Jinhui Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Synthetic Resin and Special Fiber, Ministry of Education, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun, China
| | - Mingyao Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Synthetic Resin and Special Fiber, Ministry of Education, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun, China
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Zou H, Liu J, Wang X. Surfactant-free emulsion copolymerization of styrene and a cationic comonomer with two positively charged groups. Colloid Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-019-04521-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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