1
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Deliballi Z, Kiskan B, Yagci Y. Catalyzing benzoxazine polymerization with borohydrides to reduce the cure temperature and coloring. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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2
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Zhu H, Hiruta S, Demirci A, Kim S, Hoshino N, Akutagawa T, Mitsuishi M. Effects of Hydride Transfer Ring-Opening Reaction on B(C 6F 5) 3 Catalyzed Polymerization of D 4H Cyclosiloxane and Dialkoxysilanes toward Thermally Stable Silsesquioxane–Siloxane Hybrid Materials. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huie Zhu
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-11 Aramaki Aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Shogo Hiruta
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-11 Aramaki Aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Ali Demirci
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials (IMRAM), Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Soyeon Kim
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-11 Aramaki Aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Norihisa Hoshino
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials (IMRAM), Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Akutagawa
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials (IMRAM), Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Masaya Mitsuishi
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-11 Aramaki Aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
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3
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Kobzar Y, Fatyeyeva KY. A Simple Solvent-Free Strategy of Polybenzoxazine Film Elaboration with Controllable Performance via Molecular Weight Regulation between Cross-Linking Knots. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yaroslav Kobzar
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS, Polymerès, Biopolymères, Surfaces (PBS), 76000Rouen, France
| | - Kateryna Yu. Fatyeyeva
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS, Polymerès, Biopolymères, Surfaces (PBS), 76000Rouen, France
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4
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5
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Zhang S, Wang Z, Rafique I, Lu Z. Room-temperature fast-curing polybenzoxazine hybrid thermosets via UV irradiation. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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6
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Design, synthesis, flame retardancy and dielectric properties of novel aromatic hyperbranched benzoxazine. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2021.105098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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7
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8
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Gou H, Zhao Y, Zhou Y, Wei W, Fei X, Li X, Liu X. Effects of different imidazole accelerators on curing behavior and cross‐linked network of epoxy resin/phenolic resin/benzoxazine ternary system. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Haolan Gou
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering Jiangnan University Wuxi Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Yingying Zhao
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering Jiangnan University Wuxi Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Yanglong Zhou
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering Jiangnan University Wuxi Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Wei Wei
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering Jiangnan University Wuxi Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Xiaoma Fei
- Department of Science and Technology Wuxi Chuangda Advanced Materials Co., Ltd. Wuxi Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Xiaojie Li
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering Jiangnan University Wuxi Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Xiaoya Liu
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering Jiangnan University Wuxi Jiangsu P. R. China
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9
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Lochab B, Monisha M, Amarnath N, Sharma P, Mukherjee S, Ishida H. Review on the Accelerated and Low-Temperature Polymerization of Benzoxazine Resins: Addition Polymerizable Sustainable Polymers. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:1260. [PMID: 33924552 PMCID: PMC8069336 DOI: 10.3390/polym13081260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to their outstanding and versatile properties, polybenzoxazines have quickly occupied a great niche of applications. Developing the ability to polymerize benzoxazine resin at lower temperatures than the current capability is essential in taking advantage of these exceptional properties and remains to be most challenging subject in the field. The current review is classified into several parts to achieve this goal. In this review, fundamentals on the synthesis and evolution of structure, which led to classification of PBz in different generations, are discussed. Classifications of PBzs are defined depending on building block as well as how structure is evolved and property obtained. Progress on the utility of biobased feedstocks from various bio-/waste-mass is also discussed and compared, wherever possible. The second part of review discusses the probable polymerization mechanism proposed for the ring-opening reactions. This is complementary to the third section, where the effect of catalysts/initiators has on triggering polymerization at low temperature is discussed extensively. The role of additional functionalities in influencing the temperature of polymerization is also discussed. There has been a shift in paradigm beyond the lowering of ring-opening polymerization (ROP) temperature and other areas of interest, such as adaptation of molecular functionality with simultaneous improvement of properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bimlesh Lochab
- Materials Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Uttar Pradesh 201314, India; (M.M.); (N.A.); (S.M.)
| | - Monisha Monisha
- Materials Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Uttar Pradesh 201314, India; (M.M.); (N.A.); (S.M.)
| | - Nagarjuna Amarnath
- Materials Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Uttar Pradesh 201314, India; (M.M.); (N.A.); (S.M.)
| | - Pratibha Sharma
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India;
| | - Sourav Mukherjee
- Materials Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Uttar Pradesh 201314, India; (M.M.); (N.A.); (S.M.)
| | - Hatsuo Ishida
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 441067202, USA
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10
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Yang R, Hao B, Zhang K. A study of the effect of L-histidine on the polymerization of benzoxazines and properties of their thermosets. Polym Bull (Berl) 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-020-03485-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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11
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Liu Y, Sheng W, Yin R, Zhang K. Propargylamine: an attractive amine source for designing high-performance benzoxazine resins with low polymerization temperatures. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py01166a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of benzoxazine resins using propargylamine as the amine source were synthesized to achieve highly thermally stable thermosets with low polymerization temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liu
- Research School of Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Weichen Sheng
- Research School of Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Ren Yin
- Research School of Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Kan Zhang
- Research School of Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
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12
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Abstract
Photo-induced cationic ring opening reactions were performed on main chain polybenzoxazine precursors using iodonium salts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynep Deliballi
- Istanbul Technical University, Department of Chemistry, Maslak, 34469, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Baris Kiskan
- Istanbul Technical University, Department of Chemistry, Maslak, 34469, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yusuf Yagci
- Istanbul Technical University, Department of Chemistry, Maslak, 34469, Istanbul, Turkey
- Faculty of Science, Chemistry Department, King Abdulaziz University, 21589 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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13
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Bîru EI, Gârea SA, Iovu H. Innovative Hyperbranched Polybenzoxazine-Based Graphene Oxide-Poly(amidoamines) Nanomaterials. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2424. [PMID: 33096629 PMCID: PMC7589722 DOI: 10.3390/polym12102424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The covalent functionalization of graphene oxide (GO) surface with hyperbranched benzoxazine (BZ) structures has been achieved using poly(amidoamine) dendrimers (PAMAM) of different generations. By increasing the PAMAM generation, multiple benzoxazine rings were synthesized decorating the GO layers. The polymerization process and the exfoliation behavior were investigated. The novel BZ-functionalized GO hybrid materials were characterized by a combination of techniques such as FT-IR, XPS, and 1H-NMR for the confirmation of benzoxazine formation onto the GO layer surfaces. Raman and XRD investigation showed that the GO stacking layers are highly disintegrated upon functionalization with hyperbranched benzoxazine monomers, the exfoliation being more probably to occur when lower PAMAM generation (G) is involved for the synthesis of hybrid GO-BZ nanocomposites. The polymerization of BZ rings may occur either between the BZ units from the same dendrimer molecule or between BZ units from different dendrimer molecules, thus influencing the intercalation/exfoliation of GO. DSC data showed that the polymerization temperature strongly depends on the PAMAM generation and a significant decrease of this value occurred for PAMAM of higher generation, the polymerization temperature being reduced with ~10 °C in case of GO-PAMAM(G2)-BZ. Moreover, the nanoindentation measurements showed significant mechanical properties improvement in case of GO-PAMAM(G2)-BZ comparing to GO-PAMAM(G0)-BZ in terms of Young modulus (from 0.536 GPa to 1.418 GPa) and stiffness (from 3617 N/m to 9621 N/m).
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Iuliana Bîru
- Advanced Polymer Materials Group, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Gh. Polizu Street, 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (E.I.B.); (S.A.G.)
| | - Sorina Alexandra Gârea
- Advanced Polymer Materials Group, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Gh. Polizu Street, 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (E.I.B.); (S.A.G.)
| | - Horia Iovu
- Advanced Polymer Materials Group, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Gh. Polizu Street, 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (E.I.B.); (S.A.G.)
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, 54 Splaiul Independentei Street, 050094 Bucharest, Romania
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14
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Deliballi Z, Kiskan B, Yagci Y. Advanced Polymers from Simple Benzoxazines and Phenols by Ring-Opening Addition Reactions. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c00225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zeynep Deliballi
- Department of Chemistry, Istanbul Technical University, 34469 Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Baris Kiskan
- Department of Chemistry, Istanbul Technical University, 34469 Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yusuf Yagci
- Department of Chemistry, Istanbul Technical University, 34469 Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
- Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research (CEAMR) and Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, PO Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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15
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Zhang T, Bonnaud L, Raquez JM, Poorteman M, Olivier M, Dubois P. Cerium Salts: An Efficient Curing Catalyst for Benzoxazine Based Coatings. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E415. [PMID: 32054083 PMCID: PMC7077719 DOI: 10.3390/polym12020415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The effect of three different cerium salts (Ce(NO3)3.6H2O, CeCl3.7H2O and Ce(OOCCH3)3.5H2O) on the ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of a model diamine-based benzoxazine (4EP-pPDA) was investigated. With the incorporation of the cerium salts, the curing temperature of 4EP-pPDA is reduced substantially, and the glass transition temperatures of the resulting networks are increased significantly. The three cerium salts exhibit different catalytic activities, which were analyzed by FT-IR, NMR, and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX). Ce(NO3)3.6H2O was found to exhibit the best catalytic effect, which seems to be related to its better dispersibility within 4EP-pPDA benzoxazine precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhang
- Laboratory of Polymeric and Composite Materials, Center of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP), Materia Nova Research Center & University of Mons, 23 Place du Parc, B-7000 Mons, Belgium; (T.Z.); (J.-M.R.); (P.D.)
- Department of Visual Communication Design, School of Art & Design, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Leïla Bonnaud
- Laboratory of Polymeric and Composite Materials, Center of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP), Materia Nova Research Center & University of Mons, 23 Place du Parc, B-7000 Mons, Belgium; (T.Z.); (J.-M.R.); (P.D.)
| | - Jean-Marie Raquez
- Laboratory of Polymeric and Composite Materials, Center of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP), Materia Nova Research Center & University of Mons, 23 Place du Parc, B-7000 Mons, Belgium; (T.Z.); (J.-M.R.); (P.D.)
| | - Marc Poorteman
- Department of Materials Science, Materials Engineering Research Center (CRIM), University of Mons, 23 Place du Parc, B-7000 Mons, Belgium; (M.P.); (M.O.)
| | - Marjorie Olivier
- Department of Materials Science, Materials Engineering Research Center (CRIM), University of Mons, 23 Place du Parc, B-7000 Mons, Belgium; (M.P.); (M.O.)
| | - Philippe Dubois
- Laboratory of Polymeric and Composite Materials, Center of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP), Materia Nova Research Center & University of Mons, 23 Place du Parc, B-7000 Mons, Belgium; (T.Z.); (J.-M.R.); (P.D.)
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16
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Polypyrrole inter-layered low temperature curing benzoxazine matrices with enhanced thermal and dielectric properties. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-020-2022-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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17
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Zhang X, Hu W, Pei L, Zhao S, Zhang C, Wang Z. In(NO 3) 3 catalyzed curing reaction of benzoxazine. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/0954008319899128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Benzoxazine is a new kind of thermoset resin with excellent properties, but it suffers from high curing temperature and low char yield in the presence of catalyst without halogen. In(NO3)3 was herein used for the first time to efficiently catalyze the curing reaction of benzoxazine and to elevate the char yield at 800°C. The reaction of benzoxazine was catalyzed by In(NO3)3 after stirring at 35°C for 300 min, and the initial curing temperature decreased to 151°C. Polybenzoxazine/In(NO3)3 showed higher thermal stability and char yield at 800°C (increased by 7.5%) compared with those of polybenzoxazine. The possible pathway of coordination bonding between In3+ and benzoxazine was proposed. In the cross-linking process, two different structures, that is, the N, O-acetal bridge structure and arylamine Mannich bridge structure formed at 35°C, both existed, which ultimately affected the thermal stability of the cured product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- Research Center for Engineering Technology of Polymeric Composites of Shanxi Province, School of Materials Science and Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weihong Hu
- Research Center for Engineering Technology of Polymeric Composites of Shanxi Province, School of Materials Science and Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li Pei
- Research Center for Engineering Technology of Polymeric Composites of Shanxi Province, School of Materials Science and Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sipei Zhao
- Research Center for Engineering Technology of Polymeric Composites of Shanxi Province, School of Materials Science and Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Congyun Zhang
- Research Center for Engineering Technology of Polymeric Composites of Shanxi Province, School of Materials Science and Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhi Wang
- Research Center for Engineering Technology of Polymeric Composites of Shanxi Province, School of Materials Science and Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China
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18
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Akkus B, Kiskan B, Yagci Y. Cyanuric chloride as a potent catalyst for the reduction of curing temperature of benzoxazines. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py01631g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cyanuric chloride (2,4,6-trichloro-1,3,5-triazine, TCT) was used as a catalyst to lower the ring opening polymerization (ROP) temperature of 1,3-benzoxazines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Buket Akkus
- Istanbul Technical University
- Science and Literature Faculty
- Department of Chemistry
- Maslak
- Turkey
| | - Baris Kiskan
- Istanbul Technical University
- Science and Literature Faculty
- Department of Chemistry
- Maslak
- Turkey
| | - Yusuf Yagci
- Istanbul Technical University
- Science and Literature Faculty
- Department of Chemistry
- Maslak
- Turkey
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19
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Affiliation(s)
- Baris Kiskan
- Istanbul Technical UniversityScience Literature Faculty, Department of Chemistry 34469, Maslak Istanbul Turkey
| | - Yusuf Yagci
- Istanbul Technical UniversityScience Literature Faculty, Department of Chemistry 34469, Maslak Istanbul Turkey
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20
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Arslan M. Synthesis and characterization of novel bio-based benzoxazines from gallic acid with latent catalytic characteristics. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2019.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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21
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One-Pot Synthesis of Amide-Functional Main-Chain Polybenzoxazine Precursors. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11040679. [PMID: 31013955 PMCID: PMC6523978 DOI: 10.3390/polym11040679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Main-chain polybenzoxazines containing amide linkages were successfully prepared in one pot. Three different polymers were synthesized by reacting 3,4-dihydrocoumarine (DHC) and paraformaldehyde with 1,3-diaminopropane or 1,6-diaminohexane or Jeffamine ED-900. The one-pot reaction proceeded through the combination of the ring-opening of DHC with amines, and subsequent Mannich and ring-closure reactions occurring in a cascading manner. The obtained polymer from Jeffamine exhibited good film-forming properties, and free-standing flexible films were easily solvent- casted on Teflon plates. All polymeric precursors were characterized by spectroscopic analysis, and their curing behavior and thermal stability were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA).
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22
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Arslan M, Kiskan B, Yagci Y. Benzoxazine-Based Thermoset with Autonomous Self-Healing and Shape Recovery. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b02137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Arslan
- Faculty of Science and Letters, Department of Chemistry, Kirklareli University, 39000 Kirklareli, Turkey
| | - Baris Kiskan
- Faculty of Science and Letters, Department of Chemistry, Istanbul Technical University, 34469 Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yusuf Yagci
- Faculty of Science and Letters, Department of Chemistry, Istanbul Technical University, 34469 Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
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