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Giordani S, Marassi V, Placci A, Zattoni A, Roda B, Reschiglian P. Field-Flow Fractionation in Molecular Biology and Biotechnology. Molecules 2023; 28:6201. [PMID: 37687030 PMCID: PMC10488451 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28176201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Field-flow fractionation (FFF) is a family of single-phase separative techniques exploited to gently separate and characterize nano- and microsystems in suspension. These techniques cover an extremely wide dynamic range and are able to separate analytes in an interval between a few nm to 100 µm size-wise (over 15 orders of magnitude mass-wise). They are flexible in terms of mobile phase and can separate the analytes in native conditions, preserving their original structures/properties as much as possible. Molecular biology is the branch of biology that studies the molecular basis of biological activity, while biotechnology deals with the technological applications of biology. The areas where biotechnologies are required include industrial, agri-food, environmental, and pharmaceutical. Many species of biological interest belong to the operational range of FFF techniques, and their application to the analysis of such samples has steadily grown in the last 30 years. This work aims to summarize the main features, milestones, and results provided by the application of FFF in the field of molecular biology and biotechnology, with a focus on the years from 2000 to 2022. After a theoretical background overview of FFF and its methodologies, the results are reported based on the nature of the samples analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Giordani
- Department of Chemistry “Giacomo Ciamician”, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy (V.M.)
| | - Valentina Marassi
- Department of Chemistry “Giacomo Ciamician”, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy (V.M.)
- byFlow srl, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Anna Placci
- Department of Chemistry “Giacomo Ciamician”, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy (V.M.)
| | - Andrea Zattoni
- Department of Chemistry “Giacomo Ciamician”, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy (V.M.)
- byFlow srl, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Barbara Roda
- Department of Chemistry “Giacomo Ciamician”, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy (V.M.)
- byFlow srl, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Reschiglian
- Department of Chemistry “Giacomo Ciamician”, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy (V.M.)
- byFlow srl, 40129 Bologna, Italy
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Muza UL, Ehrlich L, Pospiech D, Lederer A. High-Resolution Tracking of Multiple Distributions in Metallic Nanostructures: Advanced Analysis Was Carried Out with Novel 3D Correlation Thermal Field-Flow Fractionation. Anal Chem 2023. [PMID: 37441802 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c01651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Multifunctional metallic nanostructures are essential in the architecture of modern technology. However, their characterization remains challenging due to their hybrid nature. In this study, we present a novel photoreduction-based protocol for augmenting the inherent properties of imidazolium-containing ionic polymers (IIP)s through orthogonal functionalization with gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) to produce IIP_Au NPs, as well as novel and advanced characterization via three-dimensional correlation thermal field-flow fractionation (3DCoThFFF). Coordination chemistry is applied to anchor Au3+ onto the nitrogen atom of the imidazolium rings, for subsequent photoreduction to Au NPs using UV irradiation. Thermal field-flow fractionation (ThFFF) and the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) of Au NPs are both dependent on size, shape, and composition, thus synergistically co-opted herein to develop mutual correlation for the advanced analysis of 3D spectral data. With 3DCoThFFF, multiple sizes, shapes, compositions, and their respective distributions are synchronously correlated using time-resolved LSPR, as derived from multiple two-dimensional UV-vis spectra per unit ThFFF retention time. As such, higher resolutions and sensitivities are observed relative to those of regular ThFFF and batch UV-vis. In addition, 3DCoThFFF is shown to be highly suitable for monitoring and evaluating the thermostability and dynamics of the metallic nanostructures through the sequential correlation of UV-vis spectra measured under incremental ThFFF temperature gradients. Comparable sizes are measured for IIP and IIP_Au NPs. However, distinct elution profiles and UV-vis absorbances are recorded, thereby reaffirming the versatility of ThFFF as a robust tool for validating the successful functionalization of IIP with Au to produce IIP_Au NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Upenyu L Muza
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Center Macromolecular Structure Analysis, Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Lisa Ehrlich
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Institute Macromolecular Chemistry, Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Doris Pospiech
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Institute Macromolecular Chemistry, Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Albena Lederer
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Center Macromolecular Structure Analysis, Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
- Stellenbosch University, Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, 7602 Matieland, South Africa
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Ventouri IK, Loeber S, Somsen GW, Schoenmakers PJ, Astefanei A. Field-flow fractionation for molecular-interaction studies of labile and complex systems: A critical review. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1193:339396. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.339396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Muza UL, Boye S, Lederer A. Dealing with the complexity of conjugated and self‐assembled polymer‐nanostructures using field‐flow fractionation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ansa.202100008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Upenyu L. Muza
- Center Macromolecular Structure Analysis Leibniz‐Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden Dresden Germany
| | - Susanne Boye
- Center Macromolecular Structure Analysis Leibniz‐Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden Dresden Germany
| | - Albena Lederer
- Center Macromolecular Structure Analysis Leibniz‐Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden Dresden Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science Stellenbosch University Matieland South Africa
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Impact of Electron Beam Irradiation on Thermoplastic Polyurethanes Unraveled by Thermal Field-Flow Fractionation. Polym Degrad Stab 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2020.109423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Meunier DM, Wade JH, Janco M, Cong R, Gao W, Li Y, Mekap D, Wang G. Recent Advances in Separation-Based Techniques for Synthetic Polymer Characterization. Anal Chem 2020; 93:273-294. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c04352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David M. Meunier
- Core R&D, Analytical Science, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan 48640, United States
| | - James H. Wade
- Core R&D, Analytical Science, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan 48640, United States
| | - Miroslav Janco
- Core R&D, Analytical Science, The Dow Chemical Company, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Rongjuan Cong
- Packaging and Specialty Plastics, Characterization, The Dow Chemical Company, Lake Jackson, Texas 77566, United States
| | - Wei Gao
- Core R&D, Analytical Science, The Dow Chemical Company, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Yongfu Li
- Core R&D, Analytical Science, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan 48640, United States
| | - Dibyaranjan Mekap
- Packaging and Specialty Plastics, Characterization, Dow Benelux, 4542 NM Terneuzen, The Netherlands
| | - Grace Wang
- School of Cinematic Arts, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
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Geisler M, Plüschke L, Merna J, Lederer A. The Role of Solubility in Thermal Field-Flow Fractionation: A Revisited Theoretical Approach for Tuning the Separation of Chain Walking Polymerized Polyethylene. Anal Chem 2020; 92:14822-14829. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c03686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Geisler
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Str. 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01162 Dresden, Germany
| | - Laura Plüschke
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Str. 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01162 Dresden, Germany
| | - Jan Merna
- Department of Polymers, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Albena Lederer
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Str. 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01162 Dresden, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa
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Non-Parabolicity correction for fifty-nine solvents and a retention study for strongly distorted flow-profiles in thermal field-flow fractionation. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1621:461082. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Murima D, Pasch H. Characterization of Complex Branched Polymers by Multidetector Thermal Field‐Flow Fractionation. Macromol Rapid Commun 2019; 41:e1900556. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201900556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Murima
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer ScienceUniversity of StellenboschStellenbosch Private Bag X1 7602 Matieland South Africa
| | - Harald Pasch
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer ScienceUniversity of StellenboschStellenbosch Private Bag X1 7602 Matieland South Africa
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Geisler M, Smith WC, Plüschke L, Mundil R, Merna J, Williams SKR, Lederer A. Topology Analysis of Chain Walking Polymerized Polyethylene: An Alternative Approach for the Branching Characterization by Thermal FFF. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b01410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Geisler
- Polymer Separation Group, Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e. V., Hohe Str. 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - William C. Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Laura Plüschke
- Polymer Separation Group, Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e. V., Hohe Str. 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Robert Mundil
- Department of Polymers, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Merna
- Department of Polymers, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | | | - Albena Lederer
- Polymer Separation Group, Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e. V., Hohe Str. 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
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Smith WC, Geisler M, Lederer A, Williams SKR. Thermal Field-Flow Fractionation for Characterization of Architecture in Hyperbranched Aromatic-Aliphatic Polyesters with Controlled Branching. Anal Chem 2019; 91:12344-12351. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b02664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- William C. Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Martin Geisler
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Strasse 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
- School of Science, Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Albena Lederer
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Strasse 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
- School of Science, Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
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12
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Muza UL, Pasch H. Thermal Field-Flow Fractionation with Quintuple Detection for the Comprehensive Analysis of Complex Polymers. Anal Chem 2019; 91:6926-6933. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b01384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Upenyu L. Muza
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, University of Stellenbosch, 7602 Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Harald Pasch
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, University of Stellenbosch, 7602 Stellenbosch, South Africa
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13
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Engelke J, Brandt J, Barner-Kowollik C, Lederer A. Strengths and limitations of size exclusion chromatography for investigating single chain folding – current status and future perspectives. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py00336c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic approaches for Single-Chain Nanoparticles (SCNPs) developed rapidly during the last decade, opening a multitude of avenues for the design of functional macromolecular chains able to collapse into defined nanoparticles. However, the analytical evaluation of the SCNP formation process still requires critical improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Engelke
- Polymer Separation Group
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V
- 01069 Dresden
- Germany
- Technische Universität Dresden
| | - Josef Brandt
- Polymer Separation Group
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V
- 01069 Dresden
- Germany
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- School of Chemistry
- Physics and Mechanical Engineering
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT)
- Brisbane
- Australia
| | - Albena Lederer
- Polymer Separation Group
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V
- 01069 Dresden
- Germany
- Technische Universität Dresden
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