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Panteli M, Mantzara D, Katara A, Choinopoulos I, Pitsikalis M. Synthesis and Characterization of Statistical and Block Copolymers of n-Hexyl Isocyanate and 3-(Triethoxysilyl) Propyl Isocyanate via Coordination Polymerization. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4113. [PMID: 37896356 PMCID: PMC10610266 DOI: 10.3390/polym15204113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Well-defined statistical copolymers of n-hexyl isocyanate, HIC, and 3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl isocyanate, TESPI, were synthesized via coordination polymerization mechanism, employing a chiral half-titanocene complex as initiator. The monomer reactivity ratios of the statistical copolymers were calculated using linear graphical methods and the computer program COPOINT in the frame of the terminal model. The molecular and structural characteristics of the copolymers were also calculated. The kinetics of the thermal decomposition of the statistical copolymers was studied by Thermogravimetric Analysis, TGA, and Differential Thermogravimetry, DTG, and the activation energy of this process was calculated employing several theoretical models. In addition, block copolymers constituted from PHIC and PTESPI blocks were synthesized by sequential coordination polymerization. All samples were characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance, NMR, spectroscopy and size exclusion chromatography, SEC. The thermal stability of the blocks was also studied by TGA and DTG and compared to the corresponding statistical copolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ioannis Choinopoulos
- Industrial Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece; (M.P.); (D.M.); (A.K.)
| | - Marinos Pitsikalis
- Industrial Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece; (M.P.); (D.M.); (A.K.)
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Plachouras NV, Pitsikalis M. Statistical Copolymers of N-Vinylpyrrolidone and 2-Chloroethyl Vinyl Ether via Radical RAFT Polymerization: Monomer Reactivity Ratios, Thermal Properties, and Kinetics of Thermal Decomposition of the Statistical Copolymers. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15081970. [PMID: 37112117 PMCID: PMC10142009 DOI: 10.3390/polym15081970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The radical statistical copolymerization of N-vinyl pyrrolidone (NVP) and 2-chloroethyl vinyl ether (CEVE) was conducted using the Reversible Addition-Fragmentation chain Transfer (RAFT) polymerization technique, employing [(O-ethylxanthyl)methyl]benzene (CTA-1) and O-ethyl S-(phthalimidylmethyl) xanthate (CTA-2) as the Chain Transfer Agents (CTAs), leading to P(NVP-stat-CEVE) products. After optimizing copolymerization conditions, monomer reactivity ratios were estimated using various linear graphical methods, as well as the COPOINT program, which was applied in the framework of the terminal model. Structural parameters of the copolymers were obtained by calculating the dyad sequence fractions and the monomers' mean sequence lengths. Thermal properties of the copolymers were studied by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and kinetics of their thermal degradation by Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) and Differential Thermogravimetry (DTG), applying the isoconversional methodologies of Ozawa-Flynn-Wall (OFW) and Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose (KAS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos V Plachouras
- Industrial Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Marinos Pitsikalis
- Industrial Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
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3
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The Kinetics of Formation of Microporous Polytriazine in Diphenyl Sulfone. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27113605. [PMID: 35684538 PMCID: PMC9181875 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27113605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This study highlights the value of nonisothermal kinetic methods in selecting temperature conditions for the isothermal preparation of microporous polymeric materials. A dicyanate ester is synthesized and the kinetics of its polymerization in diphenyl sulfone are studied by calorimetry under nonisothermal conditions. The kinetics are analyzed by a model-based approach, using the Kamal model, as well as by a model-free approach, using an advanced isoconversional method. Both approaches correctly predict the time to completion of polymerization at a given temperature. The material prepared independently at the predicted temperature is characterized by electron microscopy and CO2 adsorption measurements and is confirmed to possess a microporous structure with a multimodal distribution of micropores with two major maxima at ~0.5 and 0.8 nm.
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Fu Q, Rui J, Fang J, Ni Y, Fang L, Lu C, Xu Z. Triplet‐triplet Annihilation Up‐conversion Luminescent Assisted Free‐radical Reactions of Polymers Using Visible Light. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202200038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials‐Oriented Chemical Engineering College of Materials Science and Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 210009 P. R. China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Inorganic Function Composites Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 210009 P. R. China
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM) Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 210009 P.R. China
| | - Jiaqiang Rui
- State Key Laboratory of Materials‐Oriented Chemical Engineering College of Materials Science and Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 210009 P. R. China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Inorganic Function Composites Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 210009 P. R. China
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM) Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 210009 P.R. China
| | - Jiaojiao Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials‐Oriented Chemical Engineering College of Materials Science and Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 210009 P. R. China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Inorganic Function Composites Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 210009 P. R. China
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM) Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 210009 P.R. China
| | - Yaru Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Materials‐Oriented Chemical Engineering College of Materials Science and Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 210009 P. R. China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Inorganic Function Composites Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 210009 P. R. China
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM) Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 210009 P.R. China
| | - Liang Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials‐Oriented Chemical Engineering College of Materials Science and Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 210009 P. R. China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Inorganic Function Composites Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 210009 P. R. China
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM) Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 210009 P.R. China
| | - Chunhua Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials‐Oriented Chemical Engineering College of Materials Science and Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 210009 P. R. China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Inorganic Function Composites Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 210009 P. R. China
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM) Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 210009 P.R. China
| | - Zhongzi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials‐Oriented Chemical Engineering College of Materials Science and Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 210009 P. R. China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Inorganic Function Composites Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 210009 P. R. China
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM) Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 210009 P.R. China
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Galukhin A, Nosov R, Nikolaev I, Melnikova E, Islamov D, Vyazovkin S. Synthesis and Polymerization Kinetics of Rigid Tricyanate Ester. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13111686. [PMID: 34064257 PMCID: PMC8196844 DOI: 10.3390/polym13111686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A new rigid tricyanate ester consisting of seven conjugated aromatic units is synthesized, and its structure is confirmed by X-ray analysis. This ester undergoes thermally stimulated polymerization in a liquid state. Conventional and temperature-modulated differential scanning calorimetry techniques are employed to study the polymerization kinetics. A transition of polymerization from a kinetic- to a diffusion-controlled regime is detected. Kinetic analysis is performed by combining isoconversional and model-based computations. It demonstrates that polymerization in the kinetically controlled regime of the present monomer can be described as a quasi-single-step, auto-catalytic, process. The diffusion contribution is parameterized by the Fournier model. Kinetic analysis is complemented by characterization of thermal properties of the corresponding polymerization product by means of thermogravimetric and thermomechanical analyses. Overall, the obtained experimental results are consistent with our hypothesis about the relation between the rigidity and functionality of the cyanate ester monomer, on the one hand, and its reactivity and glass transition temperature of the corresponding polymer, on the other hand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Galukhin
- Alexander Butlerov Institute of Chemistry, Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskaya Str. 18, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (R.N.); (I.N.); (E.M.)
- Correspondence: (A.G.); (S.V.)
| | - Roman Nosov
- Alexander Butlerov Institute of Chemistry, Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskaya Str. 18, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (R.N.); (I.N.); (E.M.)
| | - Ilya Nikolaev
- Alexander Butlerov Institute of Chemistry, Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskaya Str. 18, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (R.N.); (I.N.); (E.M.)
| | - Elena Melnikova
- Alexander Butlerov Institute of Chemistry, Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskaya Str. 18, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (R.N.); (I.N.); (E.M.)
| | - Daut Islamov
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 8 Arbuzov Street, 420088 Kazan, Russia;
| | - Sergey Vyazovkin
- Alexander Butlerov Institute of Chemistry, Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskaya Str. 18, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (R.N.); (I.N.); (E.M.)
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 901 S. 14th Street, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- Correspondence: (A.G.); (S.V.)
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Determining Preexponential Factor in Model-Free Kinetic Methods: How and Why? Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26113077. [PMID: 34063956 PMCID: PMC8196664 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26113077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The kinetics of thermally stimulated processes in the condensed phase is commonly analyzed by model-free techniques such as isoconversional methods. Oftentimes, this type of analysis is unjustifiably limited to probing the activation energy alone, whereas the preexponential factor remains unexplored. This article calls attention to the importance of determining the preexponential factor as an integral part of model-free kinetic analysis. The use of the compensation effect provides an efficient way of evaluating the preexponential factor for both single- and multi-step kinetics. Many effects observed experimentally as the reaction temperature shifts usually involve changes in both activation energy and preexponential factor and, thus, are better understood by combining both parameters into the rate constant. A technique for establishing the temperature dependence of the rate constant by utilizing the isoconversional values of the activation energy and preexponential factor is explained. It is stressed that that the experimental effects that involve changes in the preexponential factor can be traced to the activation entropy changes that may help in obtaining deeper insights into the process kinetics. The arguments are illustrated by experimental examples.
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Kokkorogianni O, Kontoes-Georgoudakis P, Athanasopoulou M, Polizos N, Pitsikalis M. Statistical Copolymers of N-Vinylpyrrolidone and Isobornyl Methacrylate via Free Radical and RAFT Polymerization: Monomer Reactivity Ratios, Thermal Properties, and Kinetics of Thermal Decomposition. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:778. [PMID: 33802615 PMCID: PMC7961878 DOI: 10.3390/polym13050778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of statistical copolymers of N-vinylpyrrolidone (NVP) with isobornyl methacrylate (IBMA) was conducted by free radical and reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. The reactivity ratios were estimated using the Finemann-Ross, inverted Fineman-Ross, Kelen-Tüdos, extended Kelen-Tüdos and Barson-Fenn graphical methods, along with the computer program COPOINT, modified to both the terminal and the penultimate models. According to COPOINT the reactivity ratios were found to be equal to 0.292 for NVP and 2.673 for IBMA for conventional radical polymerization, whereas for RAFT polymerization and for the penultimate model the following reactivity ratios were obtained: r11 = 4.466, r22 = 0, r21 = 14.830, and r12 = 0 (1 stands for NVP and 2 for IBMA). In all cases, the NVP reactivity ratio was significantly lower than that of IBMA. Structural parameters of the copolymers were obtained by calculating the dyad sequence fractions and the mean sequence length. The thermal properties of the copolymers were studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential thermogravimetry (DTG). The results were compared with those of the respective homopolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Marinos Pitsikalis
- Industrial Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece; (O.K.); (P.K.-G.); (M.A.); (N.P.)
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Galukhin A, Nosov R, Taimova G, Islamov D, Vyazovkin S. Synthesis and Polymerization Kinetics of Novel Dicyanate Ester Based on Dimer of 4‐
tert
‐butylphenol. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202000410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Galukhin
- Alexander Butlerov Institute of Chemistry Kazan Federal University 18 Kremlevskaya Street Kazan 420008 Russian Federation
| | - Roman Nosov
- Alexander Butlerov Institute of Chemistry Kazan Federal University 18 Kremlevskaya Street Kazan 420008 Russian Federation
| | - Guzel Taimova
- Alexander Butlerov Institute of Chemistry Kazan Federal University 18 Kremlevskaya Street Kazan 420008 Russian Federation
| | - Daut Islamov
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences 8 Arbuzov street Kazan 420088 Russian Federation
| | - Sergey Vyazovkin
- Department of Chemistry University of Alabama at Birmingham 901 S. 14th Street Birmingham AL 35294 USA
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Galukhin A, Taimova G, Nosov R, Liavitskaya T, Vyazovkin S. Polymerization Kinetics of Cyanate Ester Confined to Hydrophilic Nanopores of Silica Colloidal Crystals with Different Surface-Grafted Groups. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2329. [PMID: 33053812 PMCID: PMC7601451 DOI: 10.3390/polym12102329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the kinetics of confined polymerization of bisphenol E cyanate ester in the nanopores of the three types of silica colloidal crystals that differ in the concentration and acidity of the surface-grafted proton-donor groups. In all three types of pores, the polymerization has released less heat and demonstrated a very similar significant acceleration as compared to the bulk process. Isoconversional kinetic analysis of the differential scanning calorimetry measurements has revealed that the confinement causes not only a dramatic change in the Arrhenius parameters, but also in the reaction model of the polymerization process. The obtained results have been explained by the active role of the silica surface that can adsorb the residual phenols and immobilize intermediate iminocarbonate products by reaction of the monomer molecules with the surface silanols. The observed acceleration has been quantified by introducing a new isoconversional-isothermal acceleration factor Zα,T that affords comparing the process rates at respectively identical conversions and temperatures. In accord with this factor, the confined polymerization is 15-30 times faster than that in bulk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Galukhin
- Alexander Butlerov Institute of Chemistry, Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskaya Str. 18, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (G.T.); (R.N.)
| | - Guzel Taimova
- Alexander Butlerov Institute of Chemistry, Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskaya Str. 18, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (G.T.); (R.N.)
| | - Roman Nosov
- Alexander Butlerov Institute of Chemistry, Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskaya Str. 18, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (G.T.); (R.N.)
| | - Tatsiana Liavitskaya
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 901 S. 14th Street, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA;
| | - Sergey Vyazovkin
- Alexander Butlerov Institute of Chemistry, Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskaya Str. 18, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (G.T.); (R.N.)
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 901 S. 14th Street, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA;
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Interpretation and Physical Meaning of Kinetic Parameters Obtained from Isoconversional Kinetic Analysis of Polymers. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12061280. [PMID: 32503236 PMCID: PMC7361948 DOI: 10.3390/polym12061280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Several successful examples—where physically sounded kinetic information was obtained from thermoanalytical data in different application fields, such as polymerization of thermosetting resins, biobased polymers and nanocomposites, crystallization and glass transition of semi-crystalline polymers and their nanocomposites—are here presented and discussed. It is explained how the kinetic parameters obtained from advanced isoconversional methods can be interpreted in terms of reaction mechanisms or changes in the rate-limiting step of the overall process, in the case of complex chemical reactions or complex physical transitions, and how these parameters can be used to extract model-fitting parameters.
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Tarchoun AF, Trache D, Klapötke TM, Chelouche S, Derradji M, Bessa W, Mezroua A. A Promising Energetic Polymer fromPosidonia oceanicaBrown Algae: Synthesis, Characterization, and Kinetic Modeling. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201900358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Fouzi Tarchoun
- UER Procédés EnergétiquesEcole Militaire Polytechnique BP 17 Bordj El‐Bahri 16046 Algiers Algeria
| | - Djalal Trache
- UER Procédés EnergétiquesEcole Militaire Polytechnique BP 17 Bordj El‐Bahri 16046 Algiers Algeria
| | - Thomas M. Klapötke
- Department of ChemistryLudwig Maximilian University, Butenandtstrasse 5–13(D) 81377 Munich Germany
| | - Salim Chelouche
- UER Procédés EnergétiquesEcole Militaire Polytechnique BP 17 Bordj El‐Bahri 16046 Algiers Algeria
| | - Mehdi Derradji
- UER Procédés EnergétiquesEcole Militaire Polytechnique BP 17 Bordj El‐Bahri 16046 Algiers Algeria
| | - Wissam Bessa
- UER Procédés EnergétiquesEcole Militaire Polytechnique BP 17 Bordj El‐Bahri 16046 Algiers Algeria
| | - Abderrahmane Mezroua
- UER Procédés EnergétiquesEcole Militaire Polytechnique BP 17 Bordj El‐Bahri 16046 Algiers Algeria
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