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Poon KC, Segal M, Bahnick AJ, Chan YM, Gao C, Becker ML, Williams CK. Digital Light Processing to Afford High Resolution and Degradable CO 2-Derived Copolymer Elastomers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202407794. [PMID: 38896057 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202407794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Vat photopolymerization 3D printing has proven very successful for the rapid additive manufacturing (AM) of polymeric parts at high resolution. However, the range of materials that can be printed and their resulting properties remains narrow. Herein, we report the successful AM of a series of poly(carbonate-b-ester-b-carbonate) elastomers, derived from carbon dioxide and bio-derived ϵ-decalactone. By employing a highly active and selective Co(II)Mg(II) polymerization catalyst, an ABA triblock copolymer (Mn=6.3 kg mol-1, ÐM=1.26) was synthesized, formulated into resins which were 3D printed using digital light processing (DLP) and a thiol-ene-based crosslinking system. A series of elastomeric and degradable thermosets were produced, with varying thiol cross-linker length and poly(ethylene glycol) content, to produce complex triply periodic geometries at high resolution. Thermomechanical characterization of the materials reveals printing-induced microphase separation and tunable hydrophilicity. These findings highlight how utilizing DLP can produce sustainable materials from low molar mass polyols quickly and at high resolution. The 3D printing of these functional materials may help to expedite the production of sustainable plastics and elastomers with potential to replace conventional petrochemical-based options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kam C Poon
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Maddison Segal
- Thomas Lord Department of Mechanical Engineering & Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | | | - Yin Mei Chan
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Chang Gao
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Matthew L Becker
- Thomas Lord Department of Mechanical Engineering & Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Charlotte K Williams
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K
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Kainz M, Perak S, Stubauer G, Kopp S, Kauscheder S, Hemetzberger J, Martínez Cendrero A, Díaz Lantada A, Tupe D, Major Z, Hanetseder D, Hruschka V, Wolbank S, Marolt Presen D, Mühlberger M, Guillén E. Additive and Lithographic Manufacturing of Biomedical Scaffold Structures Using a Versatile Thiol-Ene Photocurable Resin. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:655. [PMID: 38475341 DOI: 10.3390/polym16050655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Additive and lithographic manufacturing technologies using photopolymerisation provide a powerful tool for fabricating multiscale structures, which is especially interesting for biomimetic scaffolds and biointerfaces. However, most resins are tailored to one particular fabrication technology, showing drawbacks for versatile use. Hence, we used a resin based on thiol-ene chemistry, leveraging its numerous advantages such as low oxygen inhibition, minimal shrinkage and high monomer conversion. The resin is tailored to applications in additive and lithographic technologies for future biofabrication where fast curing kinetics in the presence of oxygen are required, namely 3D inkjet printing, digital light processing and nanoimprint lithography. These technologies enable us to fabricate scaffolds over a span of six orders of magnitude with a maximum of 10 mm and a minimum of 150 nm in height, including bioinspired porous structures with controlled architecture, hole-patterned plates and micro/submicro patterned surfaces. Such versatile properties, combined with noncytotoxicity, degradability and the commercial availability of all the components render the resin as a prototyping material for tissue engineers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Kainz
- Functional Surfaces and Nanostructures, Profactor GmbH, 4407 Steyr-Gleink, Austria
| | - Stjepan Perak
- Functional Surfaces and Nanostructures, Profactor GmbH, 4407 Steyr-Gleink, Austria
| | - Gerald Stubauer
- Functional Surfaces and Nanostructures, Profactor GmbH, 4407 Steyr-Gleink, Austria
| | - Sonja Kopp
- Functional Surfaces and Nanostructures, Profactor GmbH, 4407 Steyr-Gleink, Austria
| | - Sebastian Kauscheder
- Functional Surfaces and Nanostructures, Profactor GmbH, 4407 Steyr-Gleink, Austria
| | - Julia Hemetzberger
- Functional Surfaces and Nanostructures, Profactor GmbH, 4407 Steyr-Gleink, Austria
| | | | - Andrés Díaz Lantada
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Disha Tupe
- Institute of Polymer Product Engineering, Johannes Kepler University, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Zoltan Major
- Institute of Polymer Product Engineering, Johannes Kepler University, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Dominik Hanetseder
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Traumatology, The Research Centre in Cooperation with AUVA, 1200 Vienna, Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Veronika Hruschka
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Traumatology, The Research Centre in Cooperation with AUVA, 1200 Vienna, Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Susanne Wolbank
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Traumatology, The Research Centre in Cooperation with AUVA, 1200 Vienna, Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Darja Marolt Presen
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Traumatology, The Research Centre in Cooperation with AUVA, 1200 Vienna, Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Mühlberger
- Functional Surfaces and Nanostructures, Profactor GmbH, 4407 Steyr-Gleink, Austria
| | - Elena Guillén
- Functional Surfaces and Nanostructures, Profactor GmbH, 4407 Steyr-Gleink, Austria
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Wei P, Bhat GA, Darensbourg DJ. Enabling New Approaches: Recent Advances in Processing Aliphatic Polycarbonate-Based Materials. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202307507. [PMID: 37534963 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202307507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Aliphatic polycarbonates (aPCs) have become increasingly popular as functional materials due to their biocompatibility and capacity for on-demand degradation. Advances in polymerization techniques and the introduction of new functional monomers have expanded the library of aPCs available, offering a diverse range of chemical compositions and structures. To accommodate the emerging requirements of new applications in biomedical and energy-related fields, various manufacturing techniques have been adopted for processing aPC-based materials. However, a summary of these techniques has yet to be conducted. The aim of this paper is to enrich the toolbox available to researchers, enabling them to select the most suitable technique for their materials. In this paper, a concise review of the recent progress in processing techniques, including controlled self-assembly, electrospinning, additive manufacturing, and other techniques, is presented. We also highlight the specific challenges and opportunities for the sustainable growth of this research area and the successful integration of aPCs in industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiran Wei
- Soft Matter Facility, Texas A&M University, 1313 Research Parkway, College Station, TX, 77845, USA
| | - Gulzar A Bhat
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovations, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, 190006, India
| | - Donald J Darensbourg
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, 3255 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
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Ajvazi E, Bauer F, Kracalik M, Hild S, Brüggemann O, Teasdale I. Poly[bis(serine ethyl ester)phosphazene] regulates the degradation rates of vinyl ester photopolymers. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-023-03042-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
AbstractVinyl esters and carbonates have recently been demonstrated to have considerably lower cytotoxicity than their more commonly used (meth)acrylate counterparts, inspiring their use in the 3D printing of biomaterials. However, the degradation rates of such synthetic photopolymers are slow, especially in the mild conditions present in many biological environments. Some applications, for example, tissue regeneration scaffolds and drug release, require considerably faster biodegradation. Furthermore, it is essential to be able to easily tune the degradation rate to fit the requirements for a range of applications. Herein we present the design and synthesis of hydrolytically degradable polyphosphazenes substituted with a vinyl carbonate functionalized amino acid. Thiolene copolymerization with vinyl esters gave cured polymers which are demonstrated to considerably accelerate the degradation rates of cured vinylester/thiolene polymer scaffolds.
Graphical abstract
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Dadhich P, Kumar P, Roy A, Bitar KN. Advances in 3D Printing Technology for Tissue Engineering. Regen Med 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-19-6008-6_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
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Wu Y, Simpson MC, Jin J. 3D Printing of Thiol‐Yne Photoresins through Visible Light Photoredox Catalysis. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202200319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yimei Wu
- School of Chemical Sciences The University of Auckland Auckland 1010 New Zealand
- Dodd-Walls Centre for Quantum and Photonic Technologies Dunedin New Zealand
| | - M. Cather Simpson
- School of Chemical Sciences The University of Auckland Auckland 1010 New Zealand
- Department of Physics The University of Auckland Auckland 1010 New Zealand
- Photon Factory The University of Auckland Auckland 1010 New Zealand
- Dodd-Walls Centre for Quantum and Photonic Technologies Dunedin New Zealand
- The MacDiarmid Institute of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology Wellington 6012 New Zealand
| | - Jianyong Jin
- School of Chemical Sciences The University of Auckland Auckland 1010 New Zealand
- Dodd-Walls Centre for Quantum and Photonic Technologies Dunedin New Zealand
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Muralidharan A, McLeod RR, Bryant SJ. Hydrolytically degradable Poly (β-amino ester) resins with tunable degradation for 3D printing by projection micro-stereolithography. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2022; 32:2106509. [PMID: 35813039 PMCID: PMC9268535 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202106509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Applications of 3D printing that range from temporary medical devices to environmentally responsible manufacturing would benefit from printable resins that yield polymers with controllable material properties and degradation behavior. Towards this goal, poly(β-amino ester) (PBAE)-diacrylate resins were investigated due to the wide range of available chemistries and tunable material properties. PBAE-diacrylate resins were synthesized from hydrophilic and hydrophobic chemistries and with varying electron densities on the ester bond to provide control over degradation. Hydrophilic PBAE-diacrylates led to degradation behaviors characteristic of bulk degradation while hydrophobic PBAE-diacrylates led to degradation behaviors dominated initially by surface degradation and then transitioned to bulk degradation. Depending on chemistry, the crosslinked PBAE-polymers exhibited a range of degradation times under accelerated conditions, from complete mass loss in 90 min to minimal mass loss at 45 days. Patterned features with 55 μm resolution were achieved across all resins, but their fidelity was dependent on PBAE-diacrylate molecular weight, reactivity, and printing parameters. In summary, simple chemical modifications in the PBAE-diacrylate resins coupled with projection microstereolithography enables high resolution 3D printed parts with similar architectures and initial properties, but widely different degradation rates and behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archish Muralidharan
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado, Boulder, USA, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Robert R. McLeod
- Department of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado, Boulder, USA, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Stephanie J. Bryant
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado, Boulder, USA, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
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Ji Y, Park J, Kang Y, Lee S, Ju H, Choi S, Lee B, Kim M. Scaffold printing using biodegradable poly(1,4-butylene carbonate) ink: printability, in vivo physicochemical properties, and biocompatibility. Mater Today Bio 2021; 12:100129. [PMID: 34604731 PMCID: PMC8463913 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2021.100129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study is the first to assess the applicability of biodegradable poly(1,4-butylene carbonate) (PBC) as a printing ink for fused deposition modeling (FDM). Here, PBC was successfully prepared via the bulk polycondensation of 1,4-butanediol and dimethyl carbonate. PBC was melted above 150°C in the heating chamber of an FDM printer, after which it flowed from the printing nozzle upon applying pressure and solidified at room temperature to create a three-dimensional (3D) scaffold structure. A 3D scaffold exactly matching the program design was obtained by controlling the temperature and pressure of the FDM printer. The compressive moduli of the printed PBC scaffold decreased as a function of implantation time. The printed PBC scaffold exhibited good in vitro biocompatibility, as well as in vivo neotissue formation and little host tissue response, which was proportional to the gradual biodegradation. Collectively, our findings demonstrated the feasibility of PBC as a suitable printing ink candidate for the creation of scaffolds via FDM printing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y.B. Ji
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, South Korea
| | - J.Y. Park
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, South Korea
| | - Y. Kang
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, South Korea
| | - S. Lee
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, South Korea
| | - H.J. Ju
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, South Korea
| | - S. Choi
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, South Korea
| | - B.Y. Lee
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, South Korea
| | - M.S. Kim
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, South Korea
- Research Institute Center, Medipolymers, Research Institute, Suwon 16522, South Korea
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