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Synthesis and Mechanochemical Activity of Peptide-Based Cu(I) Bis( N-heterocyclic carbene) Complexes. Biomimetics (Basel) 2019; 4:biomimetics4010024. [PMID: 31105209 PMCID: PMC6477612 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics4010024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
With the class of shock-absorbing proteins, nature created some of the most robust materials combining both mechanical strength and elasticity. Their excellent ability to dissipate energy to prevent surrounding cells from damage is an interesting property that regularly is exploited for applications in biomimetic materials. Similar to biomaterials, where mechanical stimuli are transmitted into a (bio)chemical response, mechanophoric catalysts transform mechanical energy into a chemical reaction. Force transmission is realized commonly by polymeric handles directing the applied force to the mechanophoric bond, which in turn leads to stress-induced activation of the catalyst. Therefore, shock-absorbing proteins able to take up and store mechanical energy elastically for subsequent force transduction to the labile bond seem to be perfect candidates to fulfill this task. Here, we report on the synthesis of two different latent mechanophoric copper(I) bis(N-heterocyclic carbene) complexes bearing either two carboxyl groups or two amino groups which allow conjugation reactions with either the N- or the C-terminus of amino acids or peptides. The chosen catalysts can be activated, for instance, by applying external mechanical force via ultrasound, removing one N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligand. Post-modification of the mechanophoric catalysts via peptide coupling (Gly, Val) and first reactions showed that the mechanoresponsive behavior was still present after the coupling. Subsequent polycondensation of both catalysts lead to a polyamide including the Cu(I) moiety. Mechanochemical activation by ultrasound showed conversions in the copper(I)-catalyzed alkyne-azide “click” reaction (CuAAC) up to 9.9% proving the potential application for the time and spatial controlled CuAAC.
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2
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Hou R, Wang N, Bao W, Wang Z. Mechanical transduction via a single soft polymer. Phys Rev E 2018; 97:042504. [PMID: 29758660 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.97.042504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Molecular machines from biology and nanotechnology often depend on soft structures to perform mechanical functions, but the underlying mechanisms and advantages or disadvantages over rigid structures are not fully understood. We report here a rigorous study of mechanical transduction along a single soft polymer based on exact solutions to the realistic three-dimensional wormlike-chain model and augmented with analytical relations derived from simpler polymer models. The results reveal surprisingly that a soft polymer with vanishingly small persistence length below a single chemical bond still transduces biased displacement and mechanical work up to practically significant amounts. This "soft" approach possesses unique advantages over the conventional wisdom of rigidity-based transduction, and potentially leads to a unified mechanism for effective allosterylike transduction and relay of mechanical actions, information, control, and molecules from one position to another in molecular devices and motors. This study also identifies an entropy limit unique to the soft transduction, and thereby suggests a possibility of detecting higher efficiency for kinesin motor and mutants in future experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruizheng Hou
- School of Science and Institute of Quantum Optics and Quantum Information, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaan Xi 710049, China
| | - Nan Wang
- Department of Mathematics, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119076
| | - Weizhu Bao
- Department of Mathematics, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119076
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119076
| | - Zhisong Wang
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119076
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117542
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3
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Kumar R, Lahann J. Predictive Model for the Design of Zwitterionic Polymer Brushes: A Statistical Design of Experiments Approach. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:16595-16603. [PMID: 27268965 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b04370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The performance of polymer interfaces in biology is governed by a wide spectrum of interfacial properties. With the ultimate goal of identifying design parameters for stem cell culture coatings, we developed a statistical model that describes the dependence of brush properties on surface-initiated polymerization (SIP) parameters. Employing a design of experiments (DOE) approach, we identified operating boundaries within which four gel architecture regimes can be realized, including a new regime of associated brushes in thin films. Our statistical model can accurately predict the brush thickness and the degree of intermolecular association of poly[{2-(methacryloyloxy) ethyl} dimethyl-(3-sulfopropyl) ammonium hydroxide] (PMEDSAH), a previously reported synthetic substrate for feeder-free and xeno-free culture of human embryonic stem cells. DOE-based multifunctional predictions offer a powerful quantitative framework for designing polymer interfaces. For example, model predictions can be used to decrease the critical thickness at which the wettability transition occurs by simply increasing the catalyst quantity from 1 to 3 mol %.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramya Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, ‡Department of Macromolecular Science & Engineering, §Department of Material Science & Engineering, ⊥Department of Biomedical Engineering, and ∥Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Joerg Lahann
- Department of Chemical Engineering, ‡Department of Macromolecular Science & Engineering, §Department of Material Science & Engineering, ⊥Department of Biomedical Engineering, and ∥Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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4
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Li W, Matthews CC, Yang K, Odarczenko MT, White SR, Sottos NR. Autonomous Indication of Mechanical Damage in Polymeric Coatings. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2016; 28:2189-94. [PMID: 26754020 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201505214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 11/21/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
High-resolution in situ autonomous visual indication of mechanical damage is achieved through a microcapsule-based polymeric material system. Upon mechanical damage, ruptured microcapsules release a liquid indicator molecule. A sharp color change from light yellow to bright red is triggered when the liberated indicator 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein reacts with the polymeric coating matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenle Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Christopher C Matthews
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Ke Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Michael T Odarczenko
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Scott R White
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Nancy R Sottos
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
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5
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Abstract
When one brings "polymeric materials" and "mechanical action" into the same conversation, the topic of this discussion might naturally focus on everyday circumstances such as failure of fibers, fatigue of composites, abrasion of coatings, etc. This intuitive viewpoint reflects the historic consensus in both academia and industry that mechanically induced chemical changes are destructive, leading to polymer degradation that limits materials lifetime on both macroscopic and molecular levels. In the 1930s, Staudinger observed mechanical degradation of polymers, and Melville later discovered that polymer chain scission caused the degradation. Inspired by these historical observations, we sought to redirect the destructive mechanical energy to a productive form that enables mechanoresponsive functions. In this Account, we provide a personal perspective on the origin, barriers, developments, and key advancements of polymer mechanochemistry. We revisit the seminal events that offered molecular-level insights into the mechanochemical behavior of polymers and influenced our thinking. We also highlight the milestones achieved by our group along with the contributions from key comrades at the frontier of this field. We present a workflow for the design, evaluation, and development of new "mechanophores", a term that has come to mean a molecular unit that chemically responds in a selective manner to a mechanical perturbation. We discuss the significance of computation in identifying pairs of points on the mechanophore that promote stretch-induced activation. Attaching polymer chains to the mechanophore at the most sensitive pair and locating the mechanophore near the center of a linear polymer are thought to maximize the efficiency of mechanical-to-chemical energy transduction. We also emphasize the importance of control experiments to validate mechanochemical transformations, both in solution and in the solid state, to differentiate "mechanical" from "thermal" activation. This Account offers our first-hand perspective of the change-in-thinking in polymer mechanochemistry from "destructive" to "productive" and looks at future advances that will stimulate this growing field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- Beckman
Institute for Advanced
Science and Technology, Department of Materials Science and Engineering,
Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Chikkannagari Nagamani
- Beckman
Institute for Advanced
Science and Technology, Department of Materials Science and Engineering,
Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Jeffrey S. Moore
- Beckman
Institute for Advanced
Science and Technology, Department of Materials Science and Engineering,
Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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6
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7
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Lv B, Zhou Y, Cha W, Wu Y, Hu J, Li L, Chi L, Ma H. Molecular composition, grafting density and film area affect the swelling-induced Au-S bond breakage. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:8313-8319. [PMID: 24803135 DOI: 10.1021/am501150m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In previous studies, we reported the first observation of the Au-S bond breakage induced mechanically by the swelling of the surface-tethered weak polyelectrolyte brushes in phosphate buffered saline (PBS), a phenomenon with broad applications in the fields of biosensors and functional surfaces. In this study, three factors, namely the molecular composition, grafting density and film area of the weak polyelectrolyte, carboxylated poly(oligo(ethylene glycol) methacrylate-random-2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (poly(OEGMA-r-HEMA)), were studied systematically on how they affected the swelling-induced Au-S bond breakage (ABB). The results showed that, first, the swelling-induced ABB is applicable to a range of molecular compositions and grafting densities; but the critical thickness (Tcritical,dry) varied with both of the two factors. An analysis on the swelling ratio further revealed that the difference in the Tcritical,dry arose from the difference in the swelling ability. A film needed to swell to ∼250 nm to induce ABB regardless of its composition or structure, thus a higher swelling ratio would lead to a lower Tcritical,dry value. Then, the impact of the film area was studied in micrometer- and sub-micrometer-scale brush patterns, which showed that only partial, rather than complete ABB was induced in these microscopic films, resulting in buckling instead of film detaching. These results demonstrated that the ABB is suitable to be used in the design of biosensors, stimulus-responsive materials and mechanochemical devices. Although the >160 μm(2) required area for uniform ABB hinders the application of ABB in nanolithography, the irreversible buckling provides a facile method of generating rough surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei'er Lv
- Division of Nanobiomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
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8
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Visnevskij C, Ciuta G, Ketleriute S, Savickaite M, Makuska R. ISARA ATRP of methacrylic acid neutralized by simple amines yielding linear polymers and anionic molecular brushes. Eur Polym J 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2014.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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9
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Galabura Y, Soliani AP, Giammarco J, Zdyrko B, Luzinov I. Temperature controlled shape change of grafted nanofoams. SOFT MATTER 2014; 10:2567-2573. [PMID: 24647850 DOI: 10.1039/c4sm00055b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrated that nanoscale-level actuation can be, in principle, achieved with grafted polymer nanofoams by forces associated with conformational changes of stretched macromolecular chains. The nanofoams are fabricated via a two-step procedure. First, the "grafting to" technique is used to obtain a 20-200 nm anchored and cross-linked poly(glycidyl methacrylate) film. Second, the film is swollen in solvent and freeze dried until the solvent is sublimated. The grafted nanofoam possesses the behavior of a shape-memory material, exhibiting gradual mechanical contraction at the nanometer scale as temperature is increased. Both the thickness and shape-recovery ratio of the nanofoam have a close to linear dependency on temperature. We also demonstrated that by modification of the poly(glycidyl methacrylate) nanofoam with grafting low molecular weight polymers, one can tune an absolute nanoscale mechanical response of the porous polymer film.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuriy Galabura
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA.
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10
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Müller AJ, Lorenzo AT, Hirao A. Crystallization behavior of polyethylene/polystyrene Am
Bn
miktoarm star copolymers. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.3308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro J. Müller
- Institute for Polymer Materials (POLYMAT) and Polymer Science and Technology Department, Faculty of Chemistry; University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU); Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 3 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián Spain
- Basque Foundation for Science; IKERBASQUE; E-48011 Bilbao Spain
- Grupo de Polímeros USB, Departamento de Ciencia de los Materiales; Universidad Simón Bolívar; Apartado 89000 Caracas 1080A Venezuela
| | - Arnaldo T. Lorenzo
- Grupo de Polímeros USB, Departamento de Ciencia de los Materiales; Universidad Simón Bolívar; Apartado 89000 Caracas 1080A Venezuela
| | - Akira Hirao
- Department of Organic and Polymeric Materials Department, Graduate School of Science and Engineering; Tokyo Institute of Technology; 2-12-1-S1-13, Ohokayama Meguro-ku Tokyo 152-8552 Japan
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering; National Taiwan University; No.1, Sec.4, Roosevelt Road Taipei 10617 Taiwan
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; Soochow University; 199 Ren Ai Road, Suzhou Industrial Park Suzhou 215123 China
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11
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Borozenko O, Ou C, Skene WG, Giasson S. Polystyrene-block-poly(acrylic acid) brushes grafted from silica surfaces: pH- and salt-dependent switching studies. Polym Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3py01339a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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12
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Cuellar JL, Llarena I, Iturri JJ, Donath E, Moya SE. A novel approach for measuring the intrinsic nanoscale thickness of polymer brushes by means of atomic force microscopy: application of a compressible fluid model. NANOSCALE 2013; 5:11679-11685. [PMID: 24101034 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr02929h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The thickness of a poly(sulfo propyl methacrylate) (PSPM) brush is determined by Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) imaging as a function of the loading force at different ionic strengths, ranging from Milli-Q water to 1 M NaCl. Imaging is performed both with a sharp tip and a colloidal probe. The brush thickness strongly depends both on the applied load and on the ionic strength. A brush thickness of 150 nm is measured in Millipore water when applying the minimal loading force. Imaging with an 8 μm silica particle as a colloidal probe results in a thickness of 30 nm larger than that measured with the tip. Increasing the ionic strength causes the well known reduction of the thickness of the brush. The apparent thickness of the brush decreases with increasing loading forces. An empirical model analogous to that of a compressible fluid is applied to describe the dependence of the apparent thickness of the brush with loading force. The model comprises three ionic strength dependent parameters for the brush: thickness at infinite compression, energy, and cohesive force. The meaning and significance of these parameters are discussed. A particular advantage of the model is that it allows for determination of the brush thickness at zero loading force.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Luis Cuellar
- Institute of Biophysics and Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
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13
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Cuellar JL, Llarena I, Moya SE, Donath E. Indentation of Highly Charged PSPM Brushes Measured by Force Spectroscopy: Application of a Compressible Fluid Model. Macromolecules 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ma302562v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- José Luis Cuellar
- Institute of Biophysics and
Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Irantzu Llarena
- CIC biomaGUNE, Paseo Miramón 182 C, 20009 San
Sebastian, Spain
| | - Sergio Enrique Moya
- CIC biomaGUNE, Paseo Miramón 182 C, 20009 San
Sebastian, Spain
- Department
of Polymer Science
and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou
310027, China
| | - Edwin Donath
- Institute of Biophysics and
Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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14
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Jaquet B, Wei D, Reck B, Reinhold F, Zhang X, Wu H, Morbidelli M. Stabilization of polymer colloid dispersions with pH-sensitive poly-acrylic acid brushes. Colloid Polym Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-013-2900-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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15
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Dunderdale G, Howse J, Fairclough P. pH-dependent control of particle motion through surface interactions with patterned polymer brush surfaces. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:12955-12961. [PMID: 22891947 DOI: 10.1021/la302384j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In this Article, we show that inclined silicon surfaces patterned with poly(methacrylic acid) brushes are able to control the position and movement of 20 μm silica particles, which are propelled across the patterned surface by sedimentation forces. Three different types of behavior were observed depending on the angle between the direction in which a particle sedimented and the orientation of the polymer-brush silicon interface. At small angles, particles were found to sediment to the brush interface and then sediment following the direction of the brush interface. At larger angles, particles sedimented to the interface and then followed the direction of the brush interface, but then after a certain distance changed direction to pass over the interface. At the largest angles where the brush interface was approximately perpendicular to the motion of the particle, particles were found to travel over the interface unperturbed. This behavior was also found to be pH dependent, allowing the formation of pH responsive "gates", which allow particles to pass at low pH but not at high pH. It was also found that if patterned polymer brush surfaces were oriented in the correct way, they were able to control the number of particles present at specific locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary Dunderdale
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.
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16
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Azzaroni O. Polymer brushes here, there, and everywhere: Recent advances in their practical applications and emerging opportunities in multiple research fields. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.26119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 306] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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17
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Ionov L, Minko S. Mixed polymer brushes with locking switching. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2012; 4:483-9. [PMID: 22220904 DOI: 10.1021/am201736t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Mixed polymer brushes, made of two different kinds of polymers randomly grafted to the same solid substrate, were introduced as switchable interfaces for a number of promising applications. The switching properties of the mixed polymer brushes are substantially dependent on grafting density, molecular weight, compatibility of two distinct grafted polymers, and their interaction with the solvent. This work reports the mixed polymer brushes with the property of locking switching. The wetting properties of such a mixed brush can be switched between the wetting properties of individual constituting polymers by appropriate selection of solvent. However, the mixed polymer brushes wetting behavior can be locked in the hydrophobic state. This kinetically frozen methastable state, however, can be unlocked via treatment by proper "unlocking" solvent. This locking and unlocking of the hydrophobic state of the mixed brush with specific solvents could find useful applications for the development of functional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonid Ionov
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York 13699, USA.
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18
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19
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Damiron D, Mazzolini J, Cousin F, Boisson C, D'Agosto F, Drockenmuller E. Poly(ethylene) brushes grafted to silicon substrates. Polym Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c1py00459j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Schüwer N, Klok HA. Tuning the pH sensitivity of poly(methacrylic acid) brushes. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:4789-4796. [PMID: 21425827 DOI: 10.1021/la200347u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The pH-induced swelling and collapse of surface-tethered, weak polyelectrolyte brushes is of interest for the development of actuators or to allow pH controlled transport or adsorption. This contribution discusses results of an extensive series of quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) experiments that aimed at (i) further understanding the influence of brush thickness and density on the pH responsiveness of poly(methacrylic acid) (PMAA) brushes and (ii) developing strategies that allow one to engineer the pH responsiveness and dynamic response range of PMAA based brushes. It was observed that, due to their high grafting density, the apparent pK(a) of surface-tethered PMAA differs from that of the corresponding free polymer in solution and also covers a broader pH range. The pK(a) of the PMAA brushes was found to depend on both brush thickness and density; thicker brushes showed a higher pK(a) value, and brushes of higher density started to swell at higher pH. The second part of the paper demonstrates the feasibility of the N-hydroxysuccinimide-mediated post-polymerization modification to engineer the pH responsiveness of the PMAA brushes. By using appropriate amine functionalized acids, it was possible to tune both the pH of maximum response as well as the dynamic response range of these PMAA based polyelectrolyte brushes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Schüwer
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Institut des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères, Bâtiment MXD, Station 12, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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21
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Kingsbury CM, May PA, Davis DA, White SR, Moore JS, Sottos NR. Shear activation of mechanophore-crosslinked polymers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c0jm04015k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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22
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23
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Zhang Y, He J, Zhu Y, Chen H, Ma H. Directly observed Au–S bond breakage due to swelling of the anchored polyelectrolyte. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:1190-2. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cc04291a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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24
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Kelby TS, Huck WTS. Controlled Bending of Microscale Au−Polyelectrolyte Brush Bilayers. Macromolecules 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/ma100624h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tim S. Kelby
- Melville Laboratory for Polymer Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Wilhelm T. S. Huck
- Melville Laboratory for Polymer Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
- Radboud University Nijmegen, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Bünsow J, Kelby TS, Huck WTS. Polymer brushes: routes toward mechanosensitive surfaces. Acc Chem Res 2010; 43:466-74. [PMID: 20038136 DOI: 10.1021/ar900237r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Soft nanotechnology involves both understanding the behavior of soft matter and using these components to build useful nanoscale structures and devices. However, molecular scale properties such as Brownian motion, diffusion, surface forces, and conformational flexibility dominate the chemistry and physics in soft nanotechnology, and therefore the design rules for generating functional structures from soft, self-assembled materials are still developing. Biological motors illustrate how wet nanoscale machines differ from their macroscopic counterparts. These molecular machines convert chemical energy into mechanical motion through an isothermal process: chemical reactions generate chemical potential and diffusion of ions, leading to conformational changes in proteins and the production of mechanical force. Because the actuation steps form a thermodynamic cycle that is reversible, the application of mechanical forces can also generate a chemical potential. This reverse process of mechanotransduction is the underlying sensing and signaling mechanism for a wide range of physiological phenomena such as hearing, touch, and growth of bone. Many of the biological systems that respond to mechanical stimuli do this via complex stress-activated ion channels or remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton. These biological actuation and mechanosensing processes are rather different from nano- and microelectromechanical systems (NEMS and MEMS) produced via semiconductor fabrication technologies. In our group, we are working to emulate biological mechanotransduction by systematically developing building blocks based on polymer brushes. In this soft nanotechnology approach to mechanotransduction, the chemical building blocks are polymer chains whose conformational changes and actuation can be investigated at a very basic level in polymer brushes, particularly polyelectrolyte brushes. Because these polymer brushes are easily accessible synthetically with control over parameters such as composition, chain length, and chain density, brushes provide a robust platform to study the coupling of mechanical forces with conformational changes of the chains. This Account provides an overview of our recent research in the design of mechanosensitive polymer brushes starting with the demonstration of nanoactuators and leading to our first attempts toward the creation of artificial mechanotransduction elements. As the brushes collapse in response to external triggers such as pH and ion concentration, polyelectrolyte brushes provide stimuli-responsive films. These collapse transitions lead to the generation of mechanical forces, and by reversing the chain of events, we designed a mechanically responsive film with a chemical output. Having reported an initial proof-of-principle experiment, we think that the stage is set for the preparation of more elaborate mechanosensitive surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Bünsow
- Melville Laboratory for Polymer Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB21EW, U.K
| | - Tim S. Kelby
- Melville Laboratory for Polymer Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB21EW, U.K
| | - Wilhelm T. S. Huck
- Melville Laboratory for Polymer Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB21EW, U.K
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Trotsenko O, Roiter Y, Minko S. Structure of salted and discharged globules of hydrophobic polyelectrolytes adsorbed from aqueous solutions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.21970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Kumar S, Ito T, Yanagihara Y, Oaki Y, Nishimura T, Kato T. Crystallization of unidirectionally oriented fibrous calcium carbonate on thermo-responsive polymer brush matrices. CrystEngComm 2010. [DOI: 10.1039/b923049a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Cerdà JJ, Sintes T, Toral R. Spherical brushes within spherical cavities: a self-consistent field and Monte Carlo study. J Chem Phys 2009; 131:134901. [PMID: 19814569 DOI: 10.1063/1.3238568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We present an extensive numerical study on the behavior of spherical brushes confined into a spherical cavity. Self-consistent field (SCF) and off-lattice Monte Carlo (MC) techniques are used in order to determine the monomer and end-chain density profiles and the cavity pressure as a function of the brush properties. A comparison of the results obtained via SCF, MC, and the Flory theory for polymer solutions reveals SCF calculations to be a valuable alternative to MC simulations in the case of free and softly compressed brushes, while the Flory's theory accounts remarkably well for the pressure in the strongly compressed regime. In the range of high compressions, we have found the cavity pressure P to follow a scale relationship with the monomer volume fraction v, P approximately v(alpha). SCF calculations give alpha=2.15+/-0.05, whereas MC simulations lead to alpha=2.73+/-0.04. The underestimation of alpha by the SCF method is explained in terms of the inappropriate account of the monomer density correlations when a mean field approach is used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan J Cerdà
- Institute for Computational Physics, Universität Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
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Caruso MM, Davis DA, Shen Q, Odom SA, Sottos NR, White SR, Moore JS. Mechanically-Induced Chemical Changes in Polymeric Materials. Chem Rev 2009; 109:5755-98. [DOI: 10.1021/cr9001353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 990] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mary M. Caruso
- Departments of Chemistry, Materials Science and Engineering, and Aerospace Engineering and Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Douglas A. Davis
- Departments of Chemistry, Materials Science and Engineering, and Aerospace Engineering and Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Qilong Shen
- Departments of Chemistry, Materials Science and Engineering, and Aerospace Engineering and Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Susan A. Odom
- Departments of Chemistry, Materials Science and Engineering, and Aerospace Engineering and Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Nancy R. Sottos
- Departments of Chemistry, Materials Science and Engineering, and Aerospace Engineering and Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Scott R. White
- Departments of Chemistry, Materials Science and Engineering, and Aerospace Engineering and Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Jeffrey S. Moore
- Departments of Chemistry, Materials Science and Engineering, and Aerospace Engineering and Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
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Yameen B, Ali M, Neumann R, Ensinger W, Knoll W, Azzaroni O. Ionic transport through single solid-state nanopores controlled with thermally nanoactuated macromolecular gates. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2009; 5:1287-91. [PMID: 19296567 DOI: 10.1002/smll.200801318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Basit Yameen
- Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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Force-induced activation of covalent bonds in mechanoresponsive polymeric materials. Nature 2009; 459:68-72. [DOI: 10.1038/nature07970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1236] [Impact Index Per Article: 82.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2008] [Accepted: 03/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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