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Zhang L, Li L, Chen Y, Pi J, Liu R, Zhu Y. Recent Advances and Challenges in Long Wavelength Sensitive Cationic Photoinitiating Systems. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:2524. [PMID: 37299323 PMCID: PMC10255707 DOI: 10.3390/polym15112524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
With the advantages offered by cationic photopolymerization (CP) such as broad wavelength activation, tolerance to oxygen, low shrinkage and the possibility of "dark cure", it has attracted extensive attention in photoresist, deep curing and other fields in recent years. The applied photoinitiating systems (PIS) play a crucial role as they can affect the speed and type of the polymerization and properties of the materials formed. In the past few decades, much effort has been invested into developing cationic photoinitiating systems (CPISs) that can be activated at long wavelengths and overcome technical problems and challenges faced. In this article, the latest developments in the long wavelength sensitive CPIS under ultraviolet (UV)/visible light-emitting diodes (LED) lights are reviewed. The objective is, furthermore, to show differences as well as parallels between different PIS and future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- International Research Center for Photoresponsive Molecules and Materials, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Lun Li
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Junyi Pi
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Ren Liu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- International Research Center for Photoresponsive Molecules and Materials, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yi Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- International Research Center for Photoresponsive Molecules and Materials, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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Pierau L, Elian C, Akimoto J, Ito Y, Caillol S, Versace DL. Bio-sourced Monomers and Cationic Photopolymerization: The Green combination towards Eco-Friendly and Non-Toxic Materials. Prog Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2022.101517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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3
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Tsuchimura T. Recent Progress in Photo-Acid Generators for Advanced Photopolymer Materials. J PHOTOPOLYM SCI TEC 2020. [DOI: 10.2494/photopolymer.33.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomotaka Tsuchimura
- Synthetic Organic Chemistry Laboratories, Research & Development Management Headquarters, FUJIFILM Corporation
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Tsuchimura T. Molecular Design and Function of Photo-acid Generators Utilized for Advanced Industries. J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2020. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.78.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomotaka Tsuchimura
- Synthetic Organic Chemistry Laboratories, Research & Development Management Headquarters, FUJIFILM Corporation
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Design of Iodonium Salts for UV or Near-UV LEDs for Photoacid Generator and Polymerization Purposes. Molecules 2019; 25:molecules25010149. [PMID: 31905900 PMCID: PMC6982746 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25010149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Iodonium salts are well established photoacid generators, cationic photoinitiators, as well as additives commonly used in photoredox catalytic cycles. However, as a strong limitation, iodonium salts are characterized by low light absorption properties for λ > 300 nm so that these latter cannot be activated with cheap, safe, and eco-friendly near UV or even visible light emitting diodes (LEDs). To overcome this drawback, the covalent linkage of an iodonium salt to a chromophore absorbing at longer wavelength is actively researched. With aim at red-shifting the absorption spectrum of the iodonium salt, the synthesis of new compounds combining within a unique chemical structure both the chromophore (here the naphthalimide scaffold) and the iodonium salt is presented. By mean of this strategy, a polymerization could be initiated at 365 nm with the modified iodonium salts whereas no polymerization could be induced with the benchmark iodonium salt i.e., Speedcure 938 at this specific wavelength. To examine the effect of the counter-anion on the photoinitiating ability of these different salts, five different counter-anions were used. Comparison between the different anions revealed the bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonimide salt to exhibit the best photoinitiating ability in both the free radical polymerization of acrylates and the cationic polymerization of epoxides. To support the experimental results, molecular orbital calculations have been carried out. By theoretical calculations, the initiating species resulting from the photocleavage of the iodonium salts could be determined. The cleavage selectivity and the photochemical reactivity of the new iodoniums are also discussed.
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Chorazy S, Zychowicz M, Ohkoshi SI, Sieklucka B. Wide-Range UV-to-Visible Excitation of Near-Infrared Emission and Slow Magnetic Relaxation in Ln III(4,4'-Azopyridine-1,1'-dioxide)[Co III(CN) 6] 3- Layered Frameworks. Inorg Chem 2018; 58:165-179. [PMID: 30565935 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b02096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Trivalent lanthanide ions combined with two molecular linkers, organic 4,4'-azopyridine-1,1'-dioxide (apdo), and inorganic hexacyanidocobaltate(III), gave a series of magnetoluminescent coordination polymers, [{LnIII(apdo)(H2O)4}{CoIII(CN)6}]·2H2O (Ln = Nd, 1; Tb, 2; Dy, 3; Er, 4; Tm, 5; Yb, 6). They are hybrid organic-inorganic layered frameworks composed of cyanido-bridged {Ln2(μ-NC)4Co2} squares linked by Ln-apdo-Ln bridges into a coordination network of a mixed 4- and 8-metal ring topology. Lanthanide(III) complexes, [LnIII(μ-apdo)2(H2O)4(μ-NC)2]+, of a distorted dodecahedral geometry are isolated by diamagnetic [CoIII(CN)6]3- and apdo linkers. As a result, 1-6 reveal field-induced slow relaxation of magnetization, with typical temperature-dependent relaxation of a single-ion origin for NdIII-containing 1, DyIII-containing 3, and YbIII-containing 6. The related alternate-current magnetic data were precisely analyzed, indicating the multiple magnetic relaxation pathways, including a direct process, strong quantum tunneling of magnetization, non-negligible Raman processes, and crucial two-phonon Orbach thermal relaxation. The thermal energy barriers of the Orbach process, Δ E/ kB, are 15.1(9) K with τ0 = 9.8(9) × 10-6 s at Hdc = 4500 Oe, 16.1(8) K with τ0 = 9.0(9) × 10-5 s at Hdc = 1500 Oe, and 17.3(6) K with τ0 = 3.2(7) × 10-6 s at Hdc = 700 Oe, for 1, 3, and 6, respectively, proving the single-molecule magnet (SMM) behavior. Because of the presence of [Co(CN)6]3-, 1-6 show strong UV absorption, while the chromophoric apdo leads to the strong absorption in the visible range. As a result, the visible 4f/3d metal-centered emission is quenched, but the near-infrared luminescence from NdIII and YbIII is observed in 1 and 6, respectively. It is realized by Co-to-Ln metal-to-metal, and apdo-to-Ln ligand-to-metal energy transfers; thus, broad UV-to-visible excitation can be explored. Compounds 1-6 form a novel family of functional bimetallic assemblies, incorporating NIR-emissive SMMs as presented for NdCo (1) and YbCo (6) derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szymon Chorazy
- Faculty of Chemistry , Jagiellonian University , Gronostajowa 2 , 30-387 Krakow , Poland
| | - Mikolaj Zychowicz
- Faculty of Chemistry , Jagiellonian University , Gronostajowa 2 , 30-387 Krakow , Poland
| | - Shin-Ichi Ohkoshi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science , The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo , Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033 , Japan
| | - Barbara Sieklucka
- Faculty of Chemistry , Jagiellonian University , Gronostajowa 2 , 30-387 Krakow , Poland
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Chang H, Li D, Cao T, Li Q, Bu Z, Zhao W, Lin T. Solvent-free ring-opening polymerization of cyclohexene oxide catalyzed by palladium chloride. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Chang
- Institute of Functional Polymer Composites, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Henan University; Kaifeng 475004 China
| | - Dongdong Li
- Institute of Functional Polymer Composites, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Henan University; Kaifeng 475004 China
| | - Tingting Cao
- Institute of Functional Polymer Composites, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Henan University; Kaifeng 475004 China
| | - Qingshuo Li
- Institute of Functional Polymer Composites, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Henan University; Kaifeng 475004 China
| | - Zhanwei Bu
- Institute of Functional Polymer Composites, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Henan University; Kaifeng 475004 China
| | - Wenshan Zhao
- Institute of Functional Polymer Composites, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Henan University; Kaifeng 475004 China
| | - Tong Lin
- Institute for Frontier Materials; Deakin University; Geelong VIC 3216 Australia
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Shi S, Croutxé-Barghorn C, Allonas X. Photoinitiating systems for cationic photopolymerization: Ongoing push toward long wavelengths and low light intensities. Prog Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2016.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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10
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Photocatalysis of viologens for photoinitiated polymerization using carboxylic acid as electron donors. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2016.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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11
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Zhang J, Xiao P, Dietlin C, Campolo D, Dumur F, Gigmes D, Morlet-Savary F, Fouassier JP, Lalevée J. Cationic Photoinitiators for Near UV and Visible LEDs: A Particular Insight into One-Component Systems. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201500546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Institut de Science des Matériaux de Mulhouse IS2M; UMR CNRS 7361, UHA, 15 rue Jean Starcky 68057 Mulhouse Cedex France
| | - Pu Xiao
- Institut de Science des Matériaux de Mulhouse IS2M; UMR CNRS 7361, UHA, 15 rue Jean Starcky 68057 Mulhouse Cedex France
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design; School of Chemistry; The University of New South Wales; Sydney Australia
| | - Celine Dietlin
- Institut de Science des Matériaux de Mulhouse IS2M; UMR CNRS 7361, UHA, 15 rue Jean Starcky 68057 Mulhouse Cedex France
| | - Damien Campolo
- Institut de Chimie Radicalaire ICR - UMR CNRS 7273; Aix-Marseille Université équipe CROPS; case 542, avenue Escadrille Normandie-Niemen 13397 Marseille Cedex 20 France
| | - Frederic Dumur
- Institut de Chimie Radicalaire ICR - UMR CNRS 7273; Aix-Marseille Université équipe CROPS; case 542, avenue Escadrille Normandie-Niemen 13397 Marseille Cedex 20 France
| | - Didier Gigmes
- Institut de Chimie Radicalaire ICR - UMR CNRS 7273; Aix-Marseille Université équipe CROPS; case 542, avenue Escadrille Normandie-Niemen 13397 Marseille Cedex 20 France
| | - Fabrice Morlet-Savary
- Institut de Science des Matériaux de Mulhouse IS2M; UMR CNRS 7361, UHA, 15 rue Jean Starcky 68057 Mulhouse Cedex France
| | - Jean-Pierre Fouassier
- Institut de Science des Matériaux de Mulhouse IS2M; UMR CNRS 7361, UHA, 15 rue Jean Starcky 68057 Mulhouse Cedex France
| | - Jacques Lalevée
- Institut de Science des Matériaux de Mulhouse IS2M; UMR CNRS 7361, UHA, 15 rue Jean Starcky 68057 Mulhouse Cedex France
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12
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Dadashi-Silab S, Doran S, Yagci Y. Photoinduced Electron Transfer Reactions for Macromolecular Syntheses. Chem Rev 2016; 116:10212-75. [PMID: 26745441 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 546] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Photochemical reactions, particularly those involving photoinduced electron transfer processes, establish a substantial contribution to the modern synthetic chemistry, and the polymer community has been increasingly interested in exploiting and developing novel photochemical strategies. These reactions are efficiently utilized in almost every aspect of macromolecular architecture synthesis, involving initiation, control of the reaction kinetics and molecular structures, functionalization, and decoration, etc. Merging with polymerization techniques, photochemistry has opened up new intriguing and powerful avenues for macromolecular synthesis. Construction of various polymers with incredibly complex structures and specific control over the chain topology, as well as providing the opportunity to manipulate the reaction course through spatiotemporal control, are one of the unique abilities of such photochemical reactions. This review paper provides a comprehensive account of the fundamentals and applications of photoinduced electron transfer reactions in polymer synthesis. Besides traditional photopolymerization methods, namely free radical and cationic polymerizations, step-growth polymerizations involving electron transfer processes are included. In addition, controlled radical polymerization and "Click Chemistry" methods have significantly evolved over the last few decades allowing access to narrow molecular weight distributions, efficient regulation of the molecular weight and the monomer sequence and incredibly complex architectures, and polymer modifications and surface patterning are covered. Potential applications including synthesis of block and graft copolymers, polymer-metal nanocomposites, various hybrid materials and bioconjugates, and sequence defined polymers through photoinduced electron transfer reactions are also investigated in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajjad Dadashi-Silab
- Department of Chemistry, Istanbul Technical University , 34469 Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sean Doran
- Department of Chemistry, Istanbul Technical University , 34469 Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yusuf Yagci
- Department of Chemistry, Istanbul Technical University , 34469 Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey.,Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research (CEAMR) and Department of Chemistry, King Abdulaziz University , 21589 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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13
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Zivic N, Bouzrati-Zerrelli M, Villotte S, Morlet-Savary F, Dietlin C, Dumur F, Gigmes D, Fouassier JP, Lalevée J. A novel naphthalimide scaffold based iodonium salt as a one-component photoacid/photoinitiator for cationic and radical polymerization under LED exposure. Polym Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6py01306f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A strong drawback to overcome for photoinitiators of cationic polymerization or photoacids is their low photosensitivity for long wavelengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Zivic
- Aix Marseille Univ
- CNRS
- ICR
- F-13397 Marseille
- France
| | - M. Bouzrati-Zerrelli
- Institut de Science des Matériaux de Mulhouse IS2 M – UMR CNRS 7361 – UHA; 15
- 68057 Mulhouse Cedex
- France
| | - S. Villotte
- Aix Marseille Univ
- CNRS
- ICR
- F-13397 Marseille
- France
| | - F. Morlet-Savary
- Institut de Science des Matériaux de Mulhouse IS2 M – UMR CNRS 7361 – UHA; 15
- 68057 Mulhouse Cedex
- France
| | - C. Dietlin
- Institut de Science des Matériaux de Mulhouse IS2 M – UMR CNRS 7361 – UHA; 15
- 68057 Mulhouse Cedex
- France
| | - F. Dumur
- Aix Marseille Univ
- CNRS
- ICR
- F-13397 Marseille
- France
| | - D. Gigmes
- Aix Marseille Univ
- CNRS
- ICR
- F-13397 Marseille
- France
| | - J. P. Fouassier
- Institut de Science des Matériaux de Mulhouse IS2 M – UMR CNRS 7361 – UHA; 15
- 68057 Mulhouse Cedex
- France
| | - J. Lalevée
- Institut de Science des Matériaux de Mulhouse IS2 M – UMR CNRS 7361 – UHA; 15
- 68057 Mulhouse Cedex
- France
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Kara M, Dadashi-Silab S, Yagci Y. Phenacyl Ethyl Carbazolium as a Long Wavelength Photoinitiator for Free Radical Polymerization. Macromol Rapid Commun 2015; 36:2070-5. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201500446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Merve Kara
- Department of Chemistry; Istanbul Technical University; 34469 Maslak Istanbul Turkey
| | - Sajjad Dadashi-Silab
- Department of Chemistry; Istanbul Technical University; 34469 Maslak Istanbul Turkey
| | - Yusuf Yagci
- Department of Chemistry; Istanbul Technical University; 34469 Maslak Istanbul Turkey
- Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research (CEAMR) and Department of Chemistry; Faculty of Science; King Abdulaziz University; 21589 Jeddah Saudi Arabia
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15
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Lalevée J, Mokbel H, Fouassier JP. Recent Developments of Versatile Photoinitiating Systems for Cationic Ring Opening Polymerization Operating at Any Wavelengths and under Low Light Intensity Sources. Molecules 2015; 20:7201-21. [PMID: 25903368 PMCID: PMC6272644 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20047201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Revised: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Photoinitiators (PI) or photoinitiating systems (PIS) usable in light induced cationic polymerization (CP) and free radical promoted cationic polymerization (FRPCP) reactions (more specifically for cationic ring opening polymerization (ROP)) together with the involved mechanisms are briefly reviewed. The recent developments of novel two- and three-component PISs for CP and FRPCP upon exposure to low intensity blue to red lights is emphasized in details. Examples of such reactions under various experimental conditions are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Lalevée
- Institut de Science des Matériaux de Mulhouse IS2M, UMR CNRS 7361, UHA, 15, rue Jean Starcky, 68057 Mulhouse Cedex, France.
| | - Haifaa Mokbel
- Institut de Science des Matériaux de Mulhouse IS2M, UMR CNRS 7361, UHA, 15, rue Jean Starcky, 68057 Mulhouse Cedex, France.
| | - Jean-Pierre Fouassier
- Institut de Science des Matériaux de Mulhouse IS2M, UMR CNRS 7361, UHA, 15, rue Jean Starcky, 68057 Mulhouse Cedex, France.
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16
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Visible light sensitive photoinitiating systems: Recent progress in cationic and radical photopolymerization reactions under soft conditions. Prog Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2014.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 380] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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17
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Taskin OS, Erel-Goktepe I, Khan MAA, Pispas S, Yagci Y. Polystyrene-b-poly(2-vinyl phenacyl pyridinium) salts as photoinitiators for free radical and cationic polymerizations and their photoinduced molecular associations. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2014.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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18
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Shao J, Huang Y, Fan Q. Visible light initiating systems for photopolymerization: status, development and challenges. Polym Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4py00072b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A review of recent advances in visible light initiating systems using free radical, cationic and hybrid photoinitiators is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianzhong Shao
- Engineering Research Center for Eco-Dyeing & Finishing of Textiles
- Ministry of Education of China
- Zhejiang Sci-Tech University
- Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Yi Huang
- Engineering Research Center for Eco-Dyeing & Finishing of Textiles
- Ministry of Education of China
- Zhejiang Sci-Tech University
- Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Qinguo Fan
- Engineering Research Center for Eco-Dyeing & Finishing of Textiles
- Ministry of Education of China
- Zhejiang Sci-Tech University
- Hangzhou 310018, China
- Department of Bioengineering
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19
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20
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Yagci Y, Jockusch S, Turro NJ. Photoinitiated Polymerization: Advances, Challenges, and Opportunities. Macromolecules 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/ma1007545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 956] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yusuf Yagci
- Istanbul Technical University, Department of Chemistry, Maslak, Istanbul 34469, Turkey
| | - Steffen Jockusch
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027
| | - Nicholas J. Turro
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027
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