1
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Experimental Design in Polymer Chemistry-A Guide towards True Optimization of a RAFT Polymerization Using Design of Experiments (DoE). Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13183147. [PMID: 34578048 PMCID: PMC8468855 DOI: 10.3390/polym13183147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the great potential of design of experiments (DoE) for efficiency and plannability in academic research, it remains a method predominantly used in industrial processes. From our perspective though, DoE additionally provides greater information gain than conventional experimentation approaches, even for more complex systems such as chemical reactions. Hence, this work presents a comprehensive DoE investigation on thermally initiated reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization of methacrylamide (MAAm). To facilitate the adaptation of DoE for virtually every other polymerization, this work provides a step-by-step application guide emphasizing the biggest challenges along the way. Optimization of the RAFT system was achieved via response surface methodology utilizing a face-centered central composite design (FC-CCD). Highly accurate prediction models for the responses of monomer conversion, theoretical and apparent number averaged molecular weights, and dispersity are presented. The obtained equations not only facilitate thorough understanding of the observed system but also allow selection of synthetic targets for each individual response by prediction of the respective optimal factor settings. This work successfully demonstrates the great capability of DoE in academic research and aims to encourage fellow scientists to incorporate the technique into their repertoire of experimental strategies.
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2
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Siqueira JS, Florenzano FH, Reed WF. Kinetic analysis of continuous reaction data for RAFT and free radical copolymerization with acrylic and styrenic monomers. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.123798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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3
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Gibson RR, Fernyhough A, Musa OM, Armes SP. RAFT dispersion polymerization of N, N-dimethylacrylamide in a series of n-alkanes using a thermoresponsive poly( tert-octyl acrylamide) steric stabilizer. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py00045d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Poly(tert-octyl acrylamide)-poly(N,N-dimethylacrylamide) nanoparticles are prepared by RAFT dispersion polymerization at 70 °C in various n-alkanes. Thermoreversible flocculation occurs in higher n-alkanes on cooling to 20 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. R. Gibson
- Dainton Building
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Sheffield
- Sheffield
- UK
| | | | | | - S. P. Armes
- Dainton Building
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Sheffield
- Sheffield
- UK
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4
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Ivanov IV, Meleshko TK, Kashina AV, Yakimansky AV. Amphiphilic multicomponent molecular brushes. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2019. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr4870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Multicomponent molecular brushes containing amphiphilic polymer moieties are promising objects of research of macromolecular chemistry. The development of stimulus-responsive systems sensitive to changes in environmental parameters, based on the molecular brushes, opens up new possibilities for their applications in medicine, biochemistry and microelectronics. The review presents the current understanding of the structures of main types of amphiphilic multicomponent brushes, depending on the chemical nature and type of coupling of the backbone and side chains. The approaches to the controlled synthesis of multicomponent molecular brushes of different architecture are analyzed. Self-assembly processes of multicomponent molecular brushes in selective solvents are considered.
The bibliography includes 259 references.
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5
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Matioszek D, Mazières S, Brusylovets O, Lin CY, Coote ML, Destarac M, Harrisson S. Experimental and Theoretical Comparison of Addition–Fragmentation Pathways of Diseleno- and Dithiocarbamate RAFT Agents. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b00214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dimitri Matioszek
- LHFA, CNRS UMR 5069, Université de Toulouse, 118 Route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Stéphane Mazières
- Laboratoire des IMRCP, CNRS UMR 5623, Université de Toulouse, 118 Route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Oleksii Brusylovets
- LHFA, CNRS UMR 5069, Université de Toulouse, 118 Route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Ching Yeh Lin
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, 2601 Canberra ACT, Australia
| | - Michelle L. Coote
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, 2601 Canberra ACT, Australia
| | - Mathias Destarac
- Laboratoire des IMRCP, CNRS UMR 5623, Université de Toulouse, 118 Route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Simon Harrisson
- Laboratoire des IMRCP, CNRS UMR 5623, Université de Toulouse, 118 Route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse, France
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6
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Devlaminck DJG, Van Steenberge PHM, Reyniers MF, D'hooge DR. Modeling of Miniemulsion Polymerization of Styrene with Macro-RAFT Agents to Theoretically Compare Slow Fragmentation, Ideal Exchange and Cross-Termination Cases. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E320. [PMID: 30960304 PMCID: PMC6419184 DOI: 10.3390/polym11020320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A 5-dimensional Smith-Ewart based model is developed to understand differences for reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) miniemulsion polymerization with theoretical agents mimicking cases of slow fragmentation, cross-termination, and ideal exchange while accounting for chain length and monomer conversion dependencies due to diffusional limitations. The focus is on styrene as a monomer, a water soluble initiator, and a macro-RAFT agent to avoid exit/entry of the RAFT leaving group radical. It is shown that with a too low RAFT fragmentation rate coefficient it is generally not afforded to consider zero-one kinetics (for the related intermediate radical type) and that with significant RAFT cross-termination the dead polymer product is dominantly originating from the RAFT intermediate radical. To allow the identification of the nature of the RAFT retardation it is recommended to experimentally investigate in the future the impact of the average particle size (dp) on both the monomer conversion profile and the average polymer properties for a sufficiently broad dp range, ideally including the bulk limit. With decreasing particle size both a slow RAFT fragmentation and a fast RAFT cross-termination result in a stronger segregation and thus rate acceleration. The particle size dependency is different, allowing further differentiation based on the variation of the dispersity and end-group functionality. Significant RAFT cross-termination is specifically associated with a strong dispersity increase at higher average particle sizes. Only with an ideal exchange it is afforded in the modeling to avoid the explicit calculation of the RAFT intermediate concentration evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dries J G Devlaminck
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Ghent University, Technologiepark 914, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Paul H M Van Steenberge
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Ghent University, Technologiepark 914, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Marie-Françoise Reyniers
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Ghent University, Technologiepark 914, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Dagmar R D'hooge
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Ghent University, Technologiepark 914, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium.
- Centre for Textile Science and Engineering, Ghent University, Technologiepark 907, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium.
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7
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Yoshikawa C, Delalat B, Huang F, Braun S, Nishijima N, Voelcker NH, Kingshott P, Thissen H. Photo-crosslinked coatings based on 2-hydroxypropyl acrylamide for the prevention of biofouling. J Mater Chem B 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9tb00044e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a simple and versatile polymer coating method that provides excellent non-biofouling properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiaki Yoshikawa
- WPI-MANA
- National Institute for Materials Science
- Tsukuba
- Japan
- CSIRO Manufacturing
| | - Bahman Delalat
- CSIRO Manufacturing
- Clayton
- Australia
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Monash University
| | - Fei Huang
- CSIRO Manufacturing
- Clayton
- Australia
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology
- Swinburne University of Technology
| | - Susanne Braun
- CSIRO Manufacturing
- Clayton
- Australia
- RWTH Aachen University
- 52062 Aachen
| | - Nanami Nishijima
- WPI-MANA
- National Institute for Materials Science
- Tsukuba
- Japan
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering
| | - Nicolas H. Voelcker
- CSIRO Manufacturing
- Clayton
- Australia
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Monash University
| | - Peter Kingshott
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology
- Swinburne University of Technology
- Hawthorn
- Australia
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8
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Haven JJ, Junkers T. Mapping Dithiobenzoate-Mediated RAFT Polymerization Products via Online Microreactor/Mass Spectrometry Monitoring. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E1228. [PMID: 30961153 PMCID: PMC6290620 DOI: 10.3390/polym10111228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
2-cyano-2-propyl dithiobenzoates (CPDB)-mediated reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization was monitored by online flow microreactor/mass spectrometry. This enabled the reactions to be followed in a time-resolved manner, closely resolving product patterns in the reaction mixtures at any point in time. RAFT polymerization was investigated for low RAFT to monomer ratios, enabling the monitoring of the early stages of a typical RAFT polymerization. The expected transition from pre- to the RAFT main equilibrium is observed. However, very high abundancies for cross-termination products were also identified, both in the pre- and main equilibrium stage. This is a somewhat surprising result as such products have always been expected, but to date have not been observed in the majority of studies. Product isolation and NMR analysis revealed that cross-termination occurs in the para position of the benzoate ring and becomes fully irreversible via re-aromatization of the ring in a H-shift reaction. The present data suggest a pronounced chain-length dependence of the cross-termination reaction, which would explain why the products are seen here, but not in other studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joris J Haven
- Polymer Reaction Design Group, School of Chemistry, Monash University, 19 Rainforest Walk, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
| | - Tanja Junkers
- Polymer Reaction Design Group, School of Chemistry, Monash University, 19 Rainforest Walk, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
- Institute for Materials Research, Hasselt University, Martelarenlaan 42, 3500 Hasselt, Belgium.
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9
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De Rybel N, Van Steenberge PHM, Reyniers MF, Barner-Kowollik C, D'hooge DR, Marin GB. An Update on the Pivotal Role of Kinetic Modeling for the Mechanistic Understanding and Design of Bulk and Solution RAFT Polymerization. MACROMOL THEOR SIMUL 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/mats.201600048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nils De Rybel
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology; Ghent University; Technologiepark 914 B-9052 Zwijnaarde (Ghent) Belgium
| | - Paul H. M. Van Steenberge
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology; Ghent University; Technologiepark 914 B-9052 Zwijnaarde (Ghent) Belgium
| | - Marie-Françoise Reyniers
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology; Ghent University; Technologiepark 914 B-9052 Zwijnaarde (Ghent) Belgium
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- Preparative Macromolecular Chemistry; Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Engesserstrasse 18 76128 Karlsruhe Germany
- Institut für Biologische Grenzflächen; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering; Queensland University of Technology (QUT); Brisbane, 2 George Street QLD 4000 Australia
| | - Dagmar R. D'hooge
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology; Ghent University; Technologiepark 914 B-9052 Zwijnaarde (Ghent) Belgium
- Department of Textiles; Ghent University; Technologiepark 907 B-9052 Zwijnaarde (Ghent) Belgium
| | - Guy. B. Marin
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology; Ghent University; Technologiepark 914 B-9052 Zwijnaarde (Ghent) Belgium
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10
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Pintos E, Sarmoria C, Brandolin A, Asteasuain M. Modeling of RAFT Polymerization Processes Using an Efficient Monte Carlo Algorithm in Julia. Ind Eng Chem Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.6b01639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Esteban Pintos
- Planta Piloto
de Ingeniería Química (PLAPIQUI), UNS−CONICET, Camino La Carrindanga km 7, 8000 Bahía Blanca, Argentina
- Departamento
de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), Avenida Alem 1253, 8000 Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Claudia Sarmoria
- Planta Piloto
de Ingeniería Química (PLAPIQUI), UNS−CONICET, Camino La Carrindanga km 7, 8000 Bahía Blanca, Argentina
- Departamento
de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), Avenida Alem 1253, 8000 Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Adriana Brandolin
- Planta Piloto
de Ingeniería Química (PLAPIQUI), UNS−CONICET, Camino La Carrindanga km 7, 8000 Bahía Blanca, Argentina
- Departamento
de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), Avenida Alem 1253, 8000 Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Mariano Asteasuain
- Planta Piloto
de Ingeniería Química (PLAPIQUI), UNS−CONICET, Camino La Carrindanga km 7, 8000 Bahía Blanca, Argentina
- Departamento
de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), Avenida Alem 1253, 8000 Bahía Blanca, Argentina
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11
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Kulai I, Brusylovets O, Voitenko Z, Harrisson S, Mazières S, Destarac M. RAFT Polymerization with Triphenylstannylcarbodithioates (Sn-RAFT). ACS Macro Lett 2015; 4:809-813. [PMID: 35596510 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.5b00329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A new range of tin-based reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT) agents is described and evaluated for the polymerization of acrylamides, methyl acrylate and styrene. These organometallic compounds are highly reactive reversible transfer agents which allow an efficient control of the polymerization of substituted acrylamide monomers, whereas RAFT control for methyl acrylate and styrene polymerization is contaminated by side reactions at prolonged reaction times. 119Sn NMR is shown to be an informative instrument for the monitoring of Sn-RAFT-mediated polymerizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ihor Kulai
- IMRCP,
UMR 5623, Université de Toulouse, 118, route de Narbonne F-31062 Toulouse, Cedex 9, France
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Department of Chemistry, 64/13, Volodymyrska Street, Kyiv, Ukraine 01601
| | - Oleksii Brusylovets
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Department of Chemistry, 64/13, Volodymyrska Street, Kyiv, Ukraine 01601
| | - Zoia Voitenko
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Department of Chemistry, 64/13, Volodymyrska Street, Kyiv, Ukraine 01601
| | - Simon Harrisson
- IMRCP,
UMR 5623, Université de Toulouse, 118, route de Narbonne F-31062 Toulouse, Cedex 9, France
| | - Stéphane Mazières
- IMRCP,
UMR 5623, Université de Toulouse, 118, route de Narbonne F-31062 Toulouse, Cedex 9, France
| | - Mathias Destarac
- IMRCP,
UMR 5623, Université de Toulouse, 118, route de Narbonne F-31062 Toulouse, Cedex 9, France
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12
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13
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Chung LW, Sameera WMC, Ramozzi R, Page AJ, Hatanaka M, Petrova GP, Harris TV, Li X, Ke Z, Liu F, Li HB, Ding L, Morokuma K. The ONIOM Method and Its Applications. Chem Rev 2015; 115:5678-796. [PMID: 25853797 DOI: 10.1021/cr5004419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 760] [Impact Index Per Article: 84.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lung Wa Chung
- †Department of Chemistry, South University of Science and Technology of China, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - W M C Sameera
- ‡Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry, Kyoto University, 34-4 Takano Nishihiraki-cho, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8103, Japan
| | - Romain Ramozzi
- ‡Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry, Kyoto University, 34-4 Takano Nishihiraki-cho, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8103, Japan
| | - Alister J Page
- §Newcastle Institute for Energy and Resources, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan 2308, Australia
| | - Miho Hatanaka
- ‡Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry, Kyoto University, 34-4 Takano Nishihiraki-cho, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8103, Japan
| | - Galina P Petrova
- ∥Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sofia, Bulgaria Boulevard James Bourchier 1, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Travis V Harris
- ‡Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry, Kyoto University, 34-4 Takano Nishihiraki-cho, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8103, Japan.,⊥Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Oswego, Oswego, New York 13126, United States
| | - Xin Li
- #State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Zhuofeng Ke
- ∇School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Fengyi Liu
- ○Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, China
| | - Hai-Bei Li
- ■School of Ocean, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China
| | - Lina Ding
- ▲School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Keiji Morokuma
- ‡Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry, Kyoto University, 34-4 Takano Nishihiraki-cho, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8103, Japan
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14
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Shanmugam S, Xu J, Boyer C. Utilizing the electron transfer mechanism of chlorophyll a under light for controlled radical polymerization. Chem Sci 2015; 6:1341-1349. [PMID: 29560221 PMCID: PMC5811133 DOI: 10.1039/c4sc03342f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Efficient photoredox catalysts containing transition metals, such as iridium and ruthenium, to initiate organic reactions and polymerization under visible light have recently emerged. However, these catalysts are composed of rare metals, which limit their applications. In this study, we report an efficient photoinduced living radical polymerization process that involves the use of chlorophyll as the photoredox biocatalyst. We demonstrate that chlorophyll a (the most abundant chlorophyll in plants) can activate a photoinduced electron transfer (PET) process that initiates a reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization under blue and red LED light (λmax = 461 and 635 nm, respectively). This process controls a wide range of functional and non-functional monomers, and offers excellent control over molecular weights and polydispersities. The end group fidelity was demonstrated by NMR, UV-vis spectroscopy, and successful chain extensions for the preparation of diblock copolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivaprakash Shanmugam
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine , School of Chemical Engineering , The University of New South Wales , Sydney , NSW 2052 , Australia . ;
| | - Jiangtao Xu
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine , School of Chemical Engineering , The University of New South Wales , Sydney , NSW 2052 , Australia . ;
| | - Cyrille Boyer
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine , School of Chemical Engineering , The University of New South Wales , Sydney , NSW 2052 , Australia . ;
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15
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Ranieri K, Delaittre G, Barner-Kowollik C, Junkers T. Direct Access to Dithiobenzoate RAFT Agent Fragmentation Rate Coefficients by ESR Spin-Trapping. Macromol Rapid Commun 2014; 35:2023-8. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201400518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kayte Ranieri
- Polymer Reaction Design Group; Institute for Materials Research (IMO); Hasselt University, Campus Diepenbeek; Building D B-3590 Diepenbeek Belgium
| | - Guillaume Delaittre
- Preparative Macromolecular Chemistry; Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Engesserstr. 18 76128 Karlsruhe Germany
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- Preparative Macromolecular Chemistry; Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Engesserstr. 18 76128 Karlsruhe Germany
- Institut für Biologische Grenzflächen; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Thomas Junkers
- Polymer Reaction Design Group; Institute for Materials Research (IMO); Hasselt University, Campus Diepenbeek; Building D B-3590 Diepenbeek Belgium
- IMEC, Division IMOMEC; Wetenschapspark 1 3590 Diepenbeek
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16
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Fortunatti C, Sarmoria C, Brandolin A, Asteasuain M. Modeling of RAFT Polymerization using Probability Generating Functions. Detailed Prediction of Full Molecular Weight Distributions and Sensitivity Analysis. MACROMOL REACT ENG 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/mren.201400020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Fortunatti
- Planta Piloto de Ingeniería Química (PLAPIQUI); UNS-CONICET; Camino La Carrindanga km 7 8000 Bahía Blanca Argentina
| | - Claudia Sarmoria
- Planta Piloto de Ingeniería Química (PLAPIQUI); UNS-CONICET; Camino La Carrindanga km 7 8000 Bahía Blanca Argentina
| | - Adriana Brandolin
- Planta Piloto de Ingeniería Química (PLAPIQUI); UNS-CONICET; Camino La Carrindanga km 7 8000 Bahía Blanca Argentina
| | - Mariano Asteasuain
- Planta Piloto de Ingeniería Química (PLAPIQUI); UNS-CONICET; Camino La Carrindanga km 7 8000 Bahía Blanca Argentina
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17
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Jiao Y, Akcora P. Accelerated brush growth on nanoparticle surfaces by reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.27170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Jiao
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; Stevens Institute of Technology; Hoboken New Jersey 07030
| | - Pinar Akcora
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; Stevens Institute of Technology; Hoboken New Jersey 07030
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18
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Moad G. Mechanism and Kinetics of Dithiobenzoate-Mediated RAFT Polymerization - Status of the Dilemma. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201300562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Graeme Moad
- CSIRO Materials Science and Engineering; Bag 10 Clayton South VIC 3169 Australia
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19
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Tran NTD, Jia Z, Truong NP, Cooper MA, Monteiro MJ. Fine Tuning the Disassembly Time of Thermoresponsive Polymer Nanoparticles. Biomacromolecules 2013; 14:3463-71. [DOI: 10.1021/bm4007858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen T. D. Tran
- Australian
Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology and ‡Institute for Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Zhongfan Jia
- Australian
Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology and ‡Institute for Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Nghia P. Truong
- Australian
Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology and ‡Institute for Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Matthew A. Cooper
- Australian
Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology and ‡Institute for Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Michael J. Monteiro
- Australian
Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology and ‡Institute for Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia
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20
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Meiser W, Buback M, Sidoruk A. EPR Investigations into the Kinetics of Trithiocarbonate-Mediated RAFT-Polymerization of Butyl Acrylate. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201300304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wibke Meiser
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie; Georg-August-Universität Göttingen; Tammannstr. 6 D-37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Michael Buback
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie; Georg-August-Universität Göttingen; Tammannstr. 6 D-37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Alana Sidoruk
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie; Georg-August-Universität Göttingen; Tammannstr. 6 D-37077 Göttingen Germany
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21
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Tobita H. On the Discrimination of RAFT Models Using Miniemulsion Polymerization. MACROMOL THEOR SIMUL 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/mats.201300111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hidetaka Tobita
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; University of Fukui; 3-9-1 Bunkyo Fukui 910-8507 Japan
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22
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Shi Y, van den Dungen ETA, Klumperman B, van Nostrum CF, Hennink WE. Reversible Addition-Fragmentation Chain Transfer Synthesis of a Micelle-Forming, Structure Reversible Thermosensitive Diblock Copolymer Based on the N-(2-Hydroxy propyl) Methacrylamide Backbone. ACS Macro Lett 2013; 2:403-408. [PMID: 35581846 DOI: 10.1021/mz300662b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
A diblock copolymer composed of N-(2-hydroxy propyl) methacrylamide (HPMAm) as hydrophilic block and N-(2-hydroxy propyl) methacrylamide dilactate (HPMAm-Lac2) as thermosensitive block was synthesized by reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. To this end, HPMAm was first polymerized with 4-cyano-4-[(dodecylsulfanylthiocarbonyl)-sulfanyl]pentanoic acid as the chain transfer agent and azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) as the initiator. The polymerization showed a linear increase in Mn as a function of monomer conversion. The living p(HPMAm) chain (7 kDa) was subsequently extended with HPMAm-Lac2 yielding a diblock copolymer (total Mn of 22 kDa). The copolymer showed reversible thermosensitivity in aqueous solution and self-assembled into micelles with a size of 58 nm (PDI 0.13) above its critical micelle temperature (CMT, 2.1 °C) and concentration (CMC, 0.044 mg/mL) and was soluble below the CMT. Paclitaxel, a hydrophobic chemotherapeutic drug, was encapsulated in the micelles with a loading capacity of 16.1 ± 1.2%. Hydrolysis of the dilactate side groups of the p(HPMAm-Lac2) block converted the copolymer to the fully hydrophilic p(HPMAm) homopolymer, resulting in dissociation of the micelles. In conclusion, the livingness and versatility of RAFT polymerization provide possibilities to synthesize block copolymers with HPMAm and derivatives thereof.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Shi
- Department of Pharmaceutics,
Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80082, 3508 TB, Utrecht,
The Netherlands
| | - Eric T. A. van den Dungen
- Department
of Chemistry and
Polymer Science, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa
| | - Bert Klumperman
- Department
of Chemistry and
Polymer Science, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa
| | - Cornelus F. van Nostrum
- Department of Pharmaceutics,
Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80082, 3508 TB, Utrecht,
The Netherlands
| | - Wim E. Hennink
- Department of Pharmaceutics,
Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80082, 3508 TB, Utrecht,
The Netherlands
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23
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Moad G, Rizzardo E, Thang SH. Fundamentals of RAFT Polymerization. FUNDAMENTALS OF CONTROLLED/LIVING RADICAL POLYMERIZATION 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/9781849737425-00205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
This chapter sets out to describe the fundamental aspects of radical polymerization with reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT polymerization). Following a description of the mechanism we describe aspects of the kinetics of RAFT polymerization, how to select a RAFT agent to achieve optimal control over polymer molecular weight, composition and architecture, and how to avoid side reactions which might lead to retardation or inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graeme Moad
- CSIRO Materials Science and Engineering Bayview Ave, Clayton, Victoria 3168 Australia
| | - Ezio Rizzardo
- CSIRO Materials Science and Engineering Bayview Ave, Clayton, Victoria 3168 Australia
| | - San H. Thang
- CSIRO Materials Science and Engineering Bayview Ave, Clayton, Victoria 3168 Australia
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24
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Zhou D, Mastan E, Zhu S. Termination of Surface Radicals and Kinetic Analysis of Surface-Initiated RAFT Polymerization on Flat Surfaces. MACROMOL THEOR SIMUL 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/mats.201200043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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25
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Simulating Controlled Radical Polymerizations with mcPolymer—A Monte Carlo Approach. Polymers (Basel) 2012. [DOI: 10.3390/polym4031416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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26
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Keddie
- CSIRO Materials Science and Engineering, Bag 10, Clayton South, Victoria, Australia
| | - Graeme Moad
- CSIRO Materials Science and Engineering, Bag 10, Clayton South, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ezio Rizzardo
- CSIRO Materials Science and Engineering, Bag 10, Clayton South, Victoria, Australia
| | - San H. Thang
- CSIRO Materials Science and Engineering, Bag 10, Clayton South, Victoria, Australia
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27
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Junkers T, Delaittre G, Chapman R, Günzler F, Chernikova E, Barner-Kowollik C. Thioketone-Mediated Polymerization with Dithiobenzoates: Proof for the Existence of Stable Radical Intermediates in RAFT Polymerization. Macromol Rapid Commun 2012; 33:984-90. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201200128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Revised: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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28
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Liu Y, Lee CH, Jin YZ, Huo J, Lee YS. Synthesis of 9H-fluoren-9-yl benzodithioates and their application as reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer agents in living radical polymerization of styrene. J IND ENG CHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2011.11.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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29
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Guo R, Shi Z, Wang X, Dong A, Zhang J. Separation and quantification of dead species in styrene RAFT polymerization by gradient polymer elution chromatography. Polym Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2py20102j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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30
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Petton L, Ciolino AE, Dervaux B, Du Prez FE. From one-pot stabilisation to in situ functionalisation in nitroxide mediated polymerisation: an efficient extension towards atom transfer radical polymerisation. Polym Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2py00444e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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31
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Moad G, Rizzardo E, Thang SH. Living Radical Polymerization by the RAFT Process – A Third Update. Aust J Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1071/ch12295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 825] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This paper provides a third update to the review of reversible deactivation radical polymerization (RDRP) achieved with thiocarbonylthio compounds (ZC(=S)SR) by a mechanism of reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) that was published in June 2005 (Aust. J. Chem. 2005, 58, 379). The first update was published in November 2006 (Aust. J. Chem. 2006, 59, 669) and the second in December 2009 (Aust. J. Chem. 2009, 62, 1402). This review cites over 700 publications that appeared during the period mid 2009 to early 2012 covering various aspects of RAFT polymerization which include reagent synthesis and properties, kinetics and mechanism of polymerization, novel polymer syntheses, and a diverse range of applications. This period has witnessed further significant developments, particularly in the areas of novel RAFT agents, techniques for end-group transformation, the production of micro/nanoparticles and modified surfaces, and biopolymer conjugates both for therapeutic and diagnostic applications.
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32
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Li C, He J, Liu Y, Zhou Y, Yang Y. Probing the RAFT Process Using a Model Reaction between Alkoxyamine and Dithioester. Aust J Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1071/ch12152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
A small-molecular model reaction was designed to probe the reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) process. In this reaction, alkoxyamine releases radicals that react in situ with dithioester through the RAFT process, generating new radicals through the fragmentation of the intermediate radical. The new radicals can be trapped by free 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-piperidinyl-N-oxyl radicals (TEMPO) from homolysis of alkoxyamine. The overall reaction is the crossover of the leaving groups between alkoxyamine and dithioester. The advantage of this model as a probe of the RAFT process is that it does not involve polymerization-related elementary reactions such as initiation, propagation, and chain length dependent termination. The kinetics of the model reaction were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography, and then fitted by Monte Carlo simulation to estimate rate coefficients. The obtained rate coefficients of addition for various dithioesters fell into a narrow range of 107–108 L mol–1 s–1, whereas the rate coefficient of fragmentation was model-dependent. It was also found that a significant fraction of the dithioester was consumed by an unspecified additional mechanism. A tentative explanation is proposed in which the intermediate radical undergoes a secondary RAFT reaction with dithioesters, forming a secondary intermediate that serves as a radical reservoir.
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33
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Threshold Particle Diameters in Miniemulsion Reversible-Deactivation Radical Polymerization. Polymers (Basel) 2011. [DOI: 10.3390/polym3041944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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34
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Suzuki K, Nishimura Y, Kanematsu Y, Masuda Y, Satoh S, Tobita H. Experimental Validation of Intermediate Termination in RAFT Polymerization with Dithiobenzoate via Comparison of Miniemulsion and Bulk Polymerization Rates. MACROMOL REACT ENG 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/mren.201100054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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35
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Junkers T, Barner-Kowollik C, Coote ML. Revealing Model Dependencies in “Assessing the RAFT Equilibrium Constant via Model Systems: An EPR Study”. Macromol Rapid Commun 2011; 32:1891-8. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201100494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2011] [Revised: 08/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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36
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Guan CM, Luo ZH, Tang PP. Poly(dimethylsiloxane-b-styrene) diblock copolymers prepared by reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization: Kinetic model. J Appl Polym Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/app.34570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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37
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Junker
- Institute for Materials Research, Polymer Reaction Design Group, Universiteit Hasselt, Agoralaan, Gebouw D, B‐3590‐Diepenbeek, Belgium
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38
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Meiser W, Buback M. Assessing the RAFT Equilibrium Constant via Model Systems: An EPR Study. Macromol Rapid Commun 2011; 32:1490-4. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201100228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2011] [Revised: 05/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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39
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Zapata-González I, Saldívar-Guerra E, Ortiz-Cisneros J. Full Molecular Weight Distribution in RAFT Polymerization. New Mechanistic Insight by Direct Integration of the Equations. MACROMOL THEOR SIMUL 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/mats.201100023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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40
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Ting SRS, Davis TP, Zetterlund PB. Retardation in RAFT Polymerization: Does Cross-Termination Occur with Short Radicals Only? Macromolecules 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ma200831f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. R. Simon Ting
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Thomas P. Davis
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Per B. Zetterlund
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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41
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Gao X, Zhu S. Modeling analysis of chain transfer in reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization. J Appl Polym Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/app.33708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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42
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Meiser W, Barth J, Buback M, Kattner H, Vana P. EPR Measurement of Fragmentation Kinetics in Dithiobenzoate-Mediated RAFT Polymerization. Macromolecules 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ma102491x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wibke Meiser
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstr. 6, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Johannes Barth
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstr. 6, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Michael Buback
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstr. 6, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hendrik Kattner
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstr. 6, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Philipp Vana
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstr. 6, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
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43
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Lin CY, Coote ML. An Ab Initio Investigation of the Chain-Length Dependence of the Addition–Fragmentation Equilibria in RAFT Polymerization. Aust J Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1071/ch11069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Ab initio molecular orbital theory has been used to study and explain the effects of chain length on the addition–fragmentation equilibrium constant in reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. New data is presented for azobisisobutyronitrile-initiated t-butyl dithiobenzoate-mediated polymerization of methyl methacrylate, and 2-(((ethylthio)carbonothioyl)thio)propanoic acid-mediated polymerization of acrylamide, and compared with published results for a dithiobenzoate-mediated polymerization of styrene and a trithiocarbonate-mediated polymerization of methyl acrylate. The effects of primary and penultimate substituents on the addition–fragmentation equilibrium constants in RAFT polymerization can be very large (up to eight orders and four orders of magnitude respectively) and should be taken into account in kinetic models. Antepenultimate unit effects are relatively small, implying that, for most systems, chain length effects have largely converged by the dimer stage. However, for sterically bulky monomers capable of undergoing anchimeric interactions such as hydrogen bonding, the onset and convergence of these substituent effects is delayed to slightly longer chain lengths. The magnitude and direction of chain-length effects in the addition–fragmentation equilibrium constants varies considerably with the nature of the RAFT agent, the initiating species, the propagating radical, and the solvent. The observed substituent effects arise primarily in the differing stabilities of the attacking radicals, but are further modified by homoanomeric effects and, where possible, hydrogen-bonding interactions.
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44
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Chernikova E, Golubev V, Filippov A, Lin CY, Coote ML. Use of spin traps to measure the addition and fragmentation rate coefficients of small molecule RAFT-adduct radicals. Polym Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1039/c0py00245c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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