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Wang R, Zhang X, Guo S. Comb Polybutadiene with Long Polystyrene Side Chains: A Solution for Tunable Flowability and Enhancing Dielectric Properties in High-Frequency Printed Board Adhesive Films. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:41019-41030. [PMID: 37582186 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c09622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Liquid high-vinyl polybutadiene (PB) possessed excellent dielectric properties, rendering them suitable candidates for adhesive films of high-frequency printed boards. However, their inherent low molecular weights resulted in chain slippage and overflow during processing, thereby diminishing the performance of the adhesive films. To address this challenge, we synthesized comb PB with long polystyrene side chains via reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization, effectively immobilizing the PB backbone and restricting relative chain slippage. Controlling the length and number of "comb teeth" (styrene side chains) efficiently regulated the flowability of comb PB, achieving distinct flow states. Simultaneously, molecular dynamics simulations revealed that the elongated and inflexible polystyrene side chains of comb PB could create minuscule cavities, which impeded close packing of molecules and led to low dielectric constants (2.39/2.01, 1 MHz/10 GHz) and ultralow dielectric losses (0.0071/0.0016, 1 MHz/10 GHz). Furthermore, a series of printed circuit boards were fabricated using a comb PB adhesive film, and the signal loss was significantly reduced to 48.8% (19 GHz) in comparison with a commercial epoxy adhesive. This study demonstrated the potential of comb PB with polystyrene side chains to achieve desirable flow and dielectric properties by introducing tangles, large volume potential resistance, and microporosity compared with block structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruikun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Sichuan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Plastic/Rubber Complex Processing Technology, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Xianlong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Sichuan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Plastic/Rubber Complex Processing Technology, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Shaoyun Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Sichuan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Plastic/Rubber Complex Processing Technology, Chengdu 610065, China
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Soares FA, Steinbüchel A. Enzymatic and Chemical Approaches for Post-Polymerization Modifications of Diene Rubbers: Current state and Perspectives. Macromol Biosci 2021; 21:e2100261. [PMID: 34528407 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202100261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Diene rubbers are polymeric materials which present elastic properties and have double bonds in the macromolecular backbone after the polymerization process. Post-polymerization modifications of rubbers can be conducted by enzymatic or chemical methods. Enzymes are environmentally friendly catalysts and with the increasing demand for rubber waste management, biodegradation and biomodifications have become hot topics of research. Some rubbers are renewable materials and are a source of organic molecules, and biodegradation can be conducted to obtain either oligomers or monomers. On the other hand, chemical modifications of rubbers by click-chemistry are important strategies for the creation and combination of new materials. In a way to expand the scope of uses to other non-traditional applications, several and effective modifications can be conducted with diene rubbers. Two groups of efficient tools, enzymatic, and chemical modifications in diene rubbers, are summarized in this review. By analyzing stereochemical and reactivity aspects, the authors also point to some applications perspectives for biodegradation products and to rational modifications of diene rubbers by combining both methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franciela Arenhart Soares
- International Center for Research on Innovative Biobased Materials (ICRI-BioM)-International Research Agenda, Lodz University of Technology, Żeromskiego 116, Lodz, 90-924, Poland
| | - Alexander Steinbüchel
- International Center for Research on Innovative Biobased Materials (ICRI-BioM)-International Research Agenda, Lodz University of Technology, Żeromskiego 116, Lodz, 90-924, Poland
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Arslan M, Ceylan O, Arslan R, Tasdelen MA. Facile UV-induced covalent modification and crosslinking of styrene-isoprene-styrene copolymer via Paterno-Büchi [2 + 2] photocycloaddition. RSC Adv 2021; 11:8585-8593. [PMID: 35423409 PMCID: PMC8695305 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra00033k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The chemical functionalization or modification of polymers to alter or improve the physical and mechanical properties constitutes an important field in macromolecular research. Fabrication of polymeric materials via structural tailoring of commercial or commodity polymers that are produced in vast quantities especially possess unique advantages in material applications. In the present study, we report on benign chemical modification of unsaturated styrene–isoprene–styrene (SIS) copolymer using available backbone alkene groups. Covalent attachment of aldehyde functional substrates onto reactive isoprene double bond residues was conveniently carried out using UV-induced Paterno–Büchi [2 + 2] cycloaddition. Model organic compounds with different structures were utilized in high efficiency chemical modification of parent polymer chains via oxetane ring formation. Functionalization studies were confirmed via1H NMR, FT-IR and SEC analyses. The methodology was extended to covalent crosslinking of polymer chains to obtain organogels with tailorable crosslinking degrees and physical characteristics. Considering the outstanding elastic properties of unsaturated rubbers and their high commercial availability, abundant reactive double bonds in backbone chains of these polymers offer easy to implement structural modification via proposed Paterno–Büchi photocycloaddition. Paterno–Büchi reaction is reported as a convenient chemical reaction tool to modify unsaturated copolymer elastomers.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Arslan
- Department of Polymer Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yalova University 77100 Yalova Turkey
| | - Ozgur Ceylan
- Central Research Laboratory, Yalova University 77100 Yalova Turkey
| | - Rabia Arslan
- Department of Polymer Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yalova University 77100 Yalova Turkey
| | - Mehmet Atilla Tasdelen
- Department of Polymer Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yalova University 77100 Yalova Turkey
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Yu G, Xu Q, Li S, Gu Y, Lu Y, Xu W, Wu R. A New Synthetic Strategy for Polymeric Bromine Precursors: One‐Step Change from Bromine‐Containing Polymers to Functional Polymers. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202000303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gang Yu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Hunan University Changsha Hunan 410082 P. R. China
| | - Qian Xu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Hunan University Changsha Hunan 410082 P. R. China
| | - Shuyi Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Hunan University Changsha Hunan 410082 P. R. China
| | - Yu Gu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Hunan University Changsha Hunan 410082 P. R. China
| | - Yanbing Lu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Hunan University Changsha Hunan 410082 P. R. China
| | - Weijian Xu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Hunan University Changsha Hunan 410082 P. R. China
| | - Ruoxi Wu
- Department of Water Science and Engineering College of Civil Engineering Hunan University Changsha Hunan 410082 P. R. China
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Zhu X, Bai T, Wang Z, Liu J, Min X, Wang T, Zhang W, Fan X. Synthesis and Properties of Side-Chain Functionalized Polytetrahydrofuran Derivatives via the Blue-Light Photocatalytic Thiol-Ene Reaction. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11040583. [PMID: 30960567 PMCID: PMC6523133 DOI: 10.3390/polym11040583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of side-chain functionalized polytetrahydrofuran (PTHF) derivatives were synthesized via the blue-light photocatalytic thiol-ene "click" reaction. Firstly, unsaturated polytetrahydrofuran (UPTHF) as a new unsaturated polyether was synthesized via condensation polymerization of cis-2-butene-1,4-diol and trans-1,4-dibromo-2-butene using potassium hydroxide (KOH) as a catalyst. Then, double bonds in the backbone of UPTHF were modified into different pendant functionality side groups by blue-light photocatalytic thiol-ene "click" reaction using Ru(bpy)₃Cl₂ as a photoredox catalyst, obtaining different side-chain functionalized PTHF derivatives. The structure and the morphology of the side-chain functionalized PTHF derivatives was characterized via Fourier-transform infrared spectra (FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), size exclusion chromatography/multi-angle laser light scattering (SEC/MALLS), and differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). The results showed that the blue-light photocatalytic thiol-ene reaction exhibited high efficiency, and all the unsaturated bonds were modified. Different branch units bestowed different performance of PTHF derivatives; we systematically investigated the thermal properties, pH-triggered and temperature-triggered, self-assembly behaviors of different PTHF derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuzhong Zhu
- The Key Laboratory of Space Applied Physics and Chemistry, Ministry of Education and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Science and Technology, School of Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
| | - Ting Bai
- The Key Laboratory of Space Applied Physics and Chemistry, Ministry of Education and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Science and Technology, School of Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
| | - Zichao Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Space Applied Physics and Chemistry, Ministry of Education and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Science and Technology, School of Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
| | - Jie Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Space Applied Physics and Chemistry, Ministry of Education and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Science and Technology, School of Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
| | - Xin Min
- The Key Laboratory of Space Applied Physics and Chemistry, Ministry of Education and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Science and Technology, School of Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
| | - Tong Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Space Applied Physics and Chemistry, Ministry of Education and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Science and Technology, School of Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
| | - Wanbin Zhang
- Shaanxi Collaborative Innovation Center of Industrial Auxiliary Chemistry and Technology, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China.
| | - Xiaodong Fan
- The Key Laboratory of Space Applied Physics and Chemistry, Ministry of Education and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Science and Technology, School of Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
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Liang S, Zhang H, Cong R, Liu H, Wang F, Hu Y, Zhang X. In-chain functionalized syndiotactic 1,2-polybutadiene by a Ziegler–Natta iron( iii) catalytic system. RSC Adv 2019; 9:33465-33471. [PMID: 35529129 PMCID: PMC9073536 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra06499k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Copolymerization of 1,3-butadiene with four 1-substituted 1,3-diene comonomers bearing amino and alkyoxy groups by a Ziegler–Natta iron(iii) catalytic system to access in-chain functionalized syndiotactic 1,2-polybutadiene is reported herein. The polar comonomer content can be easily regulated by varying the comonomer loadings or polymerization conditions, affording functionalized syndiotactic 1,2-polybutadiene with different amounts of functionalities. The incorporation of a polar comonomer showed little influence on the 1,2-content and stereoregularity of the resulting polymers, giving a 1,2-structure as high as ∼85% and an rrrr pentad of 81.0%. Significantly improved surface properties of the polymers was obtained after incorporation of polar comonomer, as revealed from the remarkably decreased water contact angles. In-chain functionalized syndiotactic 1,2-polybutadiene through copolymerization of 1,3-butadiene and 1-substituted 1,3-diene comonomer by a Ziegler–Natta iron(iii) catalytic system.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Liang
- College of Material Science and Engineering
- Shenyang University of Chemical Technology
- Shenyang 110142
- China
- CAS Key Laboratory of High-Performance Synthetic Rubber and Its Composite Materials
| | - Huaqiang Zhang
- Lanzhou Petrochemical Research Center
- Petrochemical Research Institute
- PetroChina
- Lanzhou
- China
| | - Rixin Cong
- Lanzhou Petrochemical Research Center
- Petrochemical Research Institute
- PetroChina
- Lanzhou
- China
| | - Heng Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of High-Performance Synthetic Rubber and Its Composite Materials
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022
- P. R. China
| | - Feng Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of High-Performance Synthetic Rubber and Its Composite Materials
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022
- P. R. China
| | - Yanming Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of High-Performance Synthetic Rubber and Its Composite Materials
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022
- P. R. China
| | - Xuequan Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of High-Performance Synthetic Rubber and Its Composite Materials
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022
- P. R. China
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7
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Arslan M, Acik G, Tasdelen MA. The emerging applications of click chemistry reactions in the modification of industrial polymers. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py00510b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Click chemistry reactions have been applied to the modification of major industrial polymers by analysing the synthetic approaches and the resulting material properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Arslan
- Department of Polymer Engineering
- Faculty of Engineering
- Yalova University
- 77100 Yalova
- Turkey
| | - Gokhan Acik
- Department of Polymer Engineering
- Faculty of Engineering
- Yalova University
- 77100 Yalova
- Turkey
| | - Mehmet Atilla Tasdelen
- Department of Polymer Engineering
- Faculty of Engineering
- Yalova University
- 77100 Yalova
- Turkey
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9
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Xin Y, Sakamoto J, van der Vlies AJ, Hasegawa U, Uyama H. Phase separation approach to a reactive polycarbonate monolith for “click” modifications. POLYMER 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2015.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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10
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Lowe AB. Thiol–ene “click” reactions and recent applications in polymer and materials synthesis: a first update. Polym Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4py00339j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 579] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This contribution serves as an update to a previous review (Polym. Chem.2010,1, 17–36) and highlights recent applications of thiol–ene ‘click’ chemistry as an efficient tool for both polymer/materials synthesis as well as modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew B. Lowe
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design
- UNSW Australia
- University of New South Wales
- Kensington Sydney, Australia
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11
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Qian YC, Ren N, Huang XJ, Chen C, Yu AG, Xu ZK. Glycosylation of Polyphosphazene Nanofibrous Membrane by Click Chemistry for Protein Recognition. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201300219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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12
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Zhao H, Gu W, Thielke MW, Sterner E, Tsai T, Russell TP, Coughlin EB, Theato P. Functionalized Nanoporous Thin Films and Fibers from Photocleavable Block Copolymers Featuring Activated Esters. Macromolecules 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ma400659h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhao
- Institue for Technical and Macromolecular
Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Bundesstr.
45, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Weiyin Gu
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, University of Massachusetts, 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003-4530, United States
| | - Michael W. Thielke
- Institue for Technical and Macromolecular
Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Bundesstr.
45, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Elizabeth Sterner
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, University of Massachusetts, 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003-4530, United States
| | - Tsunghan Tsai
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, University of Massachusetts, 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003-4530, United States
| | - Thomas P. Russell
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, University of Massachusetts, 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003-4530, United States
| | - E. Bryan Coughlin
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, University of Massachusetts, 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003-4530, United States
| | - Patrick Theato
- Institue for Technical and Macromolecular
Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Bundesstr.
45, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
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13
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Nanoporous materials modified with biodegradable polymers as models for drug delivery applications. J Colloid Interface Sci 2013; 395:58-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2012.12.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Revised: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Song J, Cho BK. Functionality- and Size-Dependent Target-Differentiation of Nanoporous Carboxylated Polystyrenes in Polar Protic Solvents. ACS Macro Lett 2012; 1:1375-1378. [PMID: 35607109 DOI: 10.1021/mz3005154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the functionality- and size-dependent differentiation capability of bulk nanoporous polystyrene (PS) materials in aqueous environments. A three-arm star block copolymer (consisting of dibranched PS and linear polylactide (PLA) blocks) was employed to prepare PS nanochannels with the average pore diameter of 14.2 nm. Due to the ester group at the junction of the PS and PLA blocks, a negatively charged carboxylate group could be placed as the wall functional group automatically after the PLA etching. Based on specific electrostatic interactions, the bulk PS channels with the carboxylated wall could selectively capture a water-soluble cationic dye (rhodamine 6G) in the aqueous and methanolic solutions. Furthermore, the well-defined porous PS displayed excellent size-dependent selectivity, which was proved by a fluorescence quenching experiment using differently sized gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). Rhodamine 6G dyes on the pore wall were effectively quenched by 2 nm AuNPs. In contrast, the 16 nm AuNPs (larger than the pore diameter) did not affect the brightness of the rhodamine 6G-loaded PS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Song
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Nanosensor and Biotechnology, Dankook University, Gyeonggi-Do, 448-701, Republic
of Korea
| | - Byoung-Ki Cho
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Nanosensor and Biotechnology, Dankook University, Gyeonggi-Do, 448-701, Republic
of Korea
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Li L, Szewczykowski P, Clausen LD, Hansen KM, Jonsson GE, Ndoni S. Ultrafiltration by gyroid nanoporous polymer membranes. J Memb Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2011.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Li L, Schulte L, Clausen LD, Hansen KM, Jonsson GE, Ndoni S. Gyroid nanoporous membranes with tunable permeability. ACS NANO 2011; 5:7754-66. [PMID: 21866958 DOI: 10.1021/nn200610r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the relevant permeability properties of ultrafiltration membranes is facilitated by using materials and procedures that allow a high degree of control on morphology and chemical composition. Here we present the first study on diffusion permeability through gyroid nanoporous cross-linked 1,2-polybutadiene (1,2-PB) membranes with uniform pores that, if needed, can be rendered hydrophilic. The gyroid porosity has the advantage of isotropic percolation with no need for structure prealignment. Closed (skin) or opened (nonskin) outer surface can be simply realized by altering the interface energy in the process of membrane fabrication. The morphology of the membranes' outer surface was investigated by scanning electron microscopy, contact angle, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The effective diffusion coefficient of glucose decreases from nonskin, to one-sided skin to two-sided skin membranes, much faster than expected by a naive resistance-in-series model; the flux through the two-sided skin membranes even increases with the membrane thickness. We propose a model that captures the physics behind the observed phenomena, as confirmed by flow visualization experiments. The chemistry of 1,2-PB nanoporous membranes can be controlled, for example, by hydrophilic patterning of the originally hydrophobic membranes, which allows for different active porosity toward aqueous solutions and, therefore, different permeability. The membrane selectivity is evaluated by comparing the effective diffusion coefficients of a series of antibiotics, proteins, and other biomolecules; solute permeation is discussed in terms of hindered diffusion. The combination of uniform bulk morphology, isotropically percolating porosity, controlled surface chemistry, and tunable permeability is distinctive for the presented gyroid nanoporous membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Danish Polymer Centre, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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