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Tahir U, Shim YB, Kamran MA, Kim DI, Jeong MY. Nanofabrication Techniques: Challenges and Future Prospects. JOURNAL OF NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 21:4981-5013. [PMID: 33875085 DOI: 10.1166/jnn.2021.19327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Nanofabrication of functional micro/nano-features is becoming increasingly relevant in various electronic, photonic, energy, and biological devices globally. The development of these devices with special characteristics originates from the integration of low-cost and high-quality micro/nano-features into 3D-designs. Great progress has been achieved in recent years for the fabrication of micro/nanostructured based devices by using different imprinting techniques. The key problems are designing techniques/approaches with adequate resolution and consistency with specific materials. By considering optical device fabrication on the large-scale as a context, we discussed the considerations involved in product fabrication processes compatibility, the feature's functionality, and capability of bottom-up and top-down processes. This review summarizes the recent developments in these areas with an emphasis on established techniques for the micro/nano-fabrication of 3-dimensional structured devices on large-scale. Moreover, numerous potential applications and innovative products based on the large-scale are also demonstrated. Finally, prospects, challenges, and future directions for device fabrication are addressed precisely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usama Tahir
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea
| | - Young Bo Shim
- Department of Opto-Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea
| | - Muhammad Ahmad Kamran
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea
| | - Doo-In Kim
- Department of Opto-Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea
| | - Myung Yung Jeong
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea
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2
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Das A, Bolleddu R, Singh AK, Bandyopadhyay D. Physicochemical defect guided dewetting of ultrathin films to fabricate nanoscale patterns. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 32:195303. [PMID: 33535200 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/abe2c8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Pathways to fabricate self-organized nanostructures have been identified exploiting the instabilities of ultrathin (<100 nm) polystyrene (PS) film on the polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrates loaded with discrete and closely packed gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). The AuNPs were deposited on the PDMS substrates by chemical treatment, and the size and periodicity of the AuNPs were varied before coating the PS films. The study unveils that the physicochemical heterogeneity created by the AuNPs on the PDMS surface could guide the hole-formation, influence the average spacing between the holes formed at the initial dewetting stage, and affects the spacing and periodicity of the droplets formed at the end of the dewetting phase. The size and spacing of the holes and the droplets could be tuned by varying the nanoparticle loading on the PDMS substrate. Interestingly, as compared to the dewetting of PS films on the homogeneous PDMS surfaces, the AuNP guided dewetted patterns show ten-fold miniaturization, leading to the formation of the micro-holes and nanodroplets. The spacing between the droplets could also see a ten-fold reduction resulting in high-density random patterns on the PDMS substrate. Further, the use of a physicochemical substrate with varying density of physicochemical heterogeneities could impose a long-range order to the dewetted patterns to develop a gradient surface. The reported results can be of significance in the fabrication of high-density nanostructures exploiting the self-organized instabilities of thin polymers films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhijna Das
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Ravi Bolleddu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Amit Kumar Singh
- Centre for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Dipankar Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
- Centre for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
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Jung WB, Jang S, Cho SY, Jeon HJ, Jung HT. Recent Progress in Simple and Cost-Effective Top-Down Lithography for ≈10 nm Scale Nanopatterns: From Edge Lithography to Secondary Sputtering Lithography. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1907101. [PMID: 32243015 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201907101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The development of a simple and cost-effective method for fabricating ≈10 nm scale nanopatterns over large areas is an important issue, owing to the performance enhancement such patterning brings to various applications including sensors, semiconductors, and flexible transparent electrodes. Although nanoimprinting, extreme ultraviolet, electron beams, and scanning probe litho-graphy are candidates for developing such nanopatterns, they are limited to complicated procedures with low throughput and high startup cost, which are difficult to use in various academic and industry fields. Recently, several easy and cost-effective lithographic approaches have been reported to produce ≈10 nm scale patterns without defects over large areas. This includes a method of reducing the size using the narrow edge of a pattern, which has been attracting attention for the past several decades. More recently, secondary sputtering lithography using an ion-bombardment technique was reported as a new method to create high-resolution and high-aspect-ratio structures. Recent progress in simple and cost-effective top-down lithography for ≈10 nm scale nanopatterns via edge and secondary sputtering techniques is reviewed. The principles, technical advances, and applications are demonstrated. Finally, the future direction of edge and secondary sputtering lithography research toward issues to be resolved to broaden applications is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo-Bin Jung
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK-21 Plus), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- KAIST Institute for NanoCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungwoo Jang
- Semiconductor R&D Center, Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd, 1, Samsungjeonja-ro, Hwaseong-si, Gyeonggi-do, 18448, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Yeon Cho
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK-21 Plus), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- KAIST Institute for NanoCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Hwan-Jin Jeon
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Korea Polytechnic University, Siheung-si, Gyeonggi-do, 15073, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Tae Jung
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK-21 Plus), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- KAIST Institute for NanoCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
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Liu G, Petrosko SH, Zheng Z, Mirkin CA. Evolution of Dip-Pen Nanolithography (DPN): From Molecular Patterning to Materials Discovery. Chem Rev 2020; 120:6009-6047. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Guoqiang Liu
- Laboratory for Advanced Interfacial Materials and Devices, Research Centre for Smart Wearable Technology, Institute of Textile and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Sarah Hurst Petrosko
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Zijian Zheng
- Laboratory for Advanced Interfacial Materials and Devices, Research Centre for Smart Wearable Technology, Institute of Textile and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Chad A. Mirkin
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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Roszkiewicz A, Jain A, Teodorczyk M, Nasalski W. Formation and Characterization of Hole Nanopattern on Photoresist Layer by Scanning Near-Field Optical Microscope. NANOMATERIALS 2019; 9:nano9101452. [PMID: 31614828 PMCID: PMC6836312 DOI: 10.3390/nano9101452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Patterning of lines of holes on a layer of positive photoresist SX AR-P 3500/6 (Allresist GmbH, Strausberg, Germany) spin-coated on a quartz substrate is carried out by using scanning near-field optical lithography. A green 532 nm-wavelength laser, focused on a backside of a nanoprobe of 90 nm diameter, is used as a light source. As a result, after optimization of parameters like laser power, exposure time, or sleep time, it is confirmed that it is possible to obtain a uniform nanopattern structure in the photoresist layer. In addition, the lines of holes are characterized by a uniform depth (71–87 nm) and relatively high aspect ratio ranging from 0.22 to 0.26. Numerical modelling performed with a rigorous method shows that such a structure can be potentially used as a phase zone plate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Roszkiewicz
- Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences (IPPT PAN), Adolfa Pawińskiego 5b, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Amrita Jain
- Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences (IPPT PAN), Adolfa Pawińskiego 5b, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Marian Teodorczyk
- Institute of Electronic Materials Technology (ITME), Wólczyńska 133, 01-919 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Wojciech Nasalski
- Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences (IPPT PAN), Adolfa Pawińskiego 5b, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland.
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Liu G, Hirtz M, Fuchs H, Zheng Z. Development of Dip-Pen Nanolithography (DPN) and Its Derivatives. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2019; 15:e1900564. [PMID: 30977978 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201900564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Dip-pen nanolithography (DPN) is a unique nanofabrication tool that can directly write a variety of molecular patterns on a surface with high resolution and excellent registration. Over the past 20 years, DPN has experienced a tremendous evolution in terms of applicable inks, a remarkable improvement in fabrication throughput, and the development of various derivative technologies. Among these developments, polymer pen lithography (PPL) is the most prominent one that provides a large-scale, high-throughput, low-cost tool for nanofabrication, which significantly extends DPN and beyond. These developments not only expand the scope of the wide field of scanning probe lithography, but also enable DPN and PPL as general approaches for the fabrication or study of nanostructures and nanomaterials. In this review, a focused summary and historical perspective of the technological development of DPN and its derivatives, with a focus on PPL, in one timeline, are provided and future opportunities for technological exploration in this field are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqiang Liu
- Laboratory for Advanced Interfacial Materials and Devices, Institute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Michael Hirtz
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT) and Karlsruhe, Nano Micro Facility (KNMF), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Harald Fuchs
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT) and Karlsruhe, Nano Micro Facility (KNMF), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Physical Institute and Center for Nanotechnology (CeNTech), University of Münster, Münster, 48149, Germany
| | - Zijian Zheng
- Laboratory for Advanced Interfacial Materials and Devices, Institute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
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7
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Wang CG, Yong HW, Goto A. Effective Synthesis of Patterned Polymer Brushes with Tailored Multiple Graft Densities. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:14478-14484. [PMID: 30938500 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b03570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports an effective method to prepare patterned polymer brushes on surfaces with tailored graft densities. High-density (concentrated), moderate-density (semidiluted), and low-density (diluted) polymer brushes were fabricated in patterned manners, offering defined three-dimensional patterned structures. This method uses a middle/near-UV (≥250 nm) lamp and needs only a short time (≤10 min) to fabricate prepatterns of the initiator, in sharp contrast to the previous high-energy lithography and time-consuming processes. The obtained patterned brush served as a molecular (protein) repellent/adsorptive interface based on a graft-density-dependent size-exclusion effect. This method is facile and accessible to wide ranges of tunable density and pattern shapes, which are attractive for extensive use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Gang Wang
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences , Nanyang Technological University , 21 Nanyang Link , 637371 Singapore
| | - Hui Wen Yong
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences , Nanyang Technological University , 21 Nanyang Link , 637371 Singapore
| | - Atsushi Goto
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences , Nanyang Technological University , 21 Nanyang Link , 637371 Singapore
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8
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Li P, Dou X, Schönherr H. Micropatterning and nanopatterning with polymeric materials for advanced biointerface‐controlled systems. POLYM INT 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.5770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Physical Chemistry I and Research Center of Micro and Nanochemistry and Engineering (Cµ)University of Siegen Siegen Germany
| | - Xiaoqiu Dou
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Physical Chemistry I and Research Center of Micro and Nanochemistry and Engineering (Cµ)University of Siegen Siegen Germany
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and EngineeringShanghai Jiaotong University Shanghai China
| | - Holger Schönherr
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Physical Chemistry I and Research Center of Micro and Nanochemistry and Engineering (Cµ)University of Siegen Siegen Germany
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Guardingo M, Busqué F, Ruiz-Molina D. Reactions in ultra-small droplets by tip-assisted chemistry. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:11617-26. [PMID: 27468750 DOI: 10.1039/c6cc03504c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The confinement of chemical reactions within small droplets has received much attention in the last few years. This approach has been proved successful for the in-depth study of naturally occurring chemical processes as well as for the synthesis of different sets of nanomaterials with control over their size, shape and properties. Different approaches such as the use of self-contained structures or microfluidic generated droplets have been followed over the years with success. However, novel approaches have emerged during the last years based on the deposition of femtolitre-sized droplets on surfaces using tip-assisted lithographic methods. In this feature article, we review the advances made towards the use of these ultra-small droplets patterned on surfaces as confined nano-reactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Guardingo
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, Bellaterra 08193, Barcelona, Spain.
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Mesquita V, Botton J, Valyaev DA, François C, Patrone L, Balaban TS, Abel M, Parrain JL, Chuzel O, Clair S. Catalytic Scanning Probe Nanolithography (cSPL): Control of the AFM Parameters in Order to Achieve Sub-100-nm Spatially Resolved Epoxidation of Alkenes Grafted onto a Surface. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:4034-4042. [PMID: 27027411 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b00543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Scanning probe lithography (SPL) appears to be a reliable alternative to the use of masks in traditional lithography techniques as it offers the possibility of directly producing specific chemical functionalities with nanoscale spatial control. We have recently extend the range of applications of catalytic SPL (cSPL) by introducing a homogeneous catalyst immobilized on the apex of a scanning probe. Here we investigate the importance of atomic force microscopy (AFM) physical parameters (applied force, writing speed, and interline distance) on the resultant chemical activity in this cSPL methodology through the direct topographic observation of nanostructured surfaces. Indeed, an alkene-terminated self-assembled monolayer (alkene-SAM) on a silicon wafer was locally epoxidized using a scanning probe tip with a covalently grafted manganese complex bearing the 1,4,7-triazacyclononane macrocycle as the ligand. In a post-transformation process, N-octylpiperazine was covalently grafted to the surface via a selective nucleophilic ring-opening reaction. With this procedure, we could write various patterns on the surface with high spatial control. The catalytic AFM probe thus appears to be very robust because a total area close to 500 μm(2) was patterned without any noticeable loss of catalytic activity. Finally, this methodology allowed us to reach a lower lateral line resolution down to 40 nm, thus being competitive and complementary to the other nanolithographical techniques for the nanostructuration of surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Mesquita
- Aix Marseille Université , CNRS, Université de Toulon, IM2NP UMR 7334, 13397 Marseille, France
| | - Julien Botton
- Aix Marseille Université , Centrale Marseille, CNRS, iSm2 UMR 7313, 13397 Marseille, France
| | - Dmitry A Valyaev
- Aix Marseille Université , Centrale Marseille, CNRS, iSm2 UMR 7313, 13397 Marseille, France
| | - Cyril François
- Aix Marseille Université , Centrale Marseille, CNRS, iSm2 UMR 7313, 13397 Marseille, France
| | - Lionel Patrone
- Aix Marseille Université , CNRS, Université de Toulon, IM2NP UMR 7334, 13397 Marseille, France
- Institut Supérieur de l'Electronique et du Numérique , CNRS, IM2NP UMR 7334, 83000 Toulon, France
| | - Teodor Silviu Balaban
- Aix Marseille Université , Centrale Marseille, CNRS, iSm2 UMR 7313, 13397 Marseille, France
| | - Mathieu Abel
- Aix Marseille Université , CNRS, Université de Toulon, IM2NP UMR 7334, 13397 Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Luc Parrain
- Aix Marseille Université , Centrale Marseille, CNRS, iSm2 UMR 7313, 13397 Marseille, France
| | - Olivier Chuzel
- Aix Marseille Université , Centrale Marseille, CNRS, iSm2 UMR 7313, 13397 Marseille, France
| | - Sylvain Clair
- Aix Marseille Université , CNRS, Université de Toulon, IM2NP UMR 7334, 13397 Marseille, France
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11
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Kandemir AC, Erdem D, Ma H, Reiser A, Spolenak R. Polymer nanocomposite patterning by dip-pen nanolithography. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 27:135303. [PMID: 26909592 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/27/13/135303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The ultimate aim of this study is to construct polymer nanocomposite patterns by dip-pen nanolithography (DPN). Recent investigations have revealed the effect of the amount of ink (Laplace pressure) on the mechanism of liquid ink writing. In this study it is shown that not only the amount of ink, but also physisorption and surface diffusion are relevant. After a few writing steps, physisorption and surface diffusion outweigh the influence of the amount of ink, allowing consistent patterning governed by dwell times and writing speeds. Polymer matrices can be utilized as a delivery medium to deposit functional particles. DPN patterning of polymer nanocomposites allows for local tuning of the functionality and mechanical strength of the written patterns in high resolution, with the benefit of pattern flexibility. Typically polymer matrices with volatile components are used as a delivery medium for nanoparticle deposition, with subsequent removal of loosely bound matrix material by heating or oxygen plasma. In our study, nanocomposite patterns were constructed, and the differences between polymer and nanocomposite patterning were investigated. Cross-sectional SEM and TEM analysis confirmed that nanoparticles can be deposited with the liquid-polymer ink and are evenly distributed in the polymer matrix.
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12
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Guardingo M, González-Monje P, Novio F, Bellido E, Busqué F, Molnár G, Bousseksou A, Ruiz-Molina D. Synthesis of Nanoscale Coordination Polymers in Femtoliter Reactors on Surfaces. ACS NANO 2016; 10:3206-3213. [PMID: 26839077 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b05071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In the present work, AFM-assisted lithography was used to perform the synthesis of a coordination polymer inside femtoliter droplets deposited on surfaces. For this, solutions of the metal salt and the organic ligand were independently transferred to adjacent tips of the same AFM probe array and were sequentially delivered on the same position of the surface, creating femtoliter-sized reaction vessels where the coordination reaction and particle growth occurred. Alternatively, the two reagents were mixed in the cantilever array by loading an excess of the inks, and transferred to the surface immediately after, before the precipitation of the coordination polymer took place. The in situ synthesis allowed the reproducible obtaining of round-shaped coordination polymer nanostructures with control over their XY positioning on the surface, as characterized by microscopy and spectroscopy techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireia Guardingo
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology , Campus UAB, Bellaterra 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pablo González-Monje
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology , Campus UAB, Bellaterra 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fernando Novio
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology , Campus UAB, Bellaterra 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elena Bellido
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology , Campus UAB, Bellaterra 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Félix Busqué
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB) , Campus UAB. Cerdanyola del Vallès 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gábor Molnár
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique , 205, route de Narbonne, Toulouse 31077 Cedex 04, France
| | - Azzedine Bousseksou
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique , 205, route de Narbonne, Toulouse 31077 Cedex 04, France
| | - Daniel Ruiz-Molina
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology , Campus UAB, Bellaterra 08193, Barcelona, Spain
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13
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Yu Q, Ista LK, Gu R, Zauscher S, López GP. Nanopatterned polymer brushes: conformation, fabrication and applications. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:680-700. [PMID: 26648412 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr07107k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Surfaces with end-grafted, nanopatterned polymer brushes that exhibit well-defined feature dimensions and controlled chemical and physical properties provide versatile platforms not only for investigation of nanoscale phenomena at biointerfaces, but also for the development of advanced devices relevant to biotechnology and electronics applications. In this review, we first give a brief introduction of scaling behavior of nanopatterned polymer brushes and then summarize recent progress in fabrication and application of nanopatterned polymer brushes. Specifically, we highlight applications of nanopatterned stimuli-responsive polymer brushes in the areas of biomedicine and biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Yu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
| | - Linnea K Ista
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Renpeng Gu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA and NSF Research Triangle Materials Research Science & Engineering Center, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Stefan Zauscher
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA and NSF Research Triangle Materials Research Science & Engineering Center, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Gabriel P López
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA and Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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14
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Chen C, Xie Z, Wei X, Zheng Z. Arbitrary and Parallel Nanofabrication of 3D Metal Structures with Polymer Brush Resists. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2015; 11:6013-6017. [PMID: 26439441 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201500796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Revised: 07/12/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
3D polymer brushes are reported for the first time as ideal resists for the alignment-free nanofabrication of complex 3D metal structures with sub-100 nm lateral resolution and sub-10 nm vertical resolution. Since 3D polymer brushes can be serially fabricated in parallel, this method is effective to generate arbitrary 3D metal structures over a large area at a high throughput.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaojian Chen
- Advanced Research Centre for Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518000, China
- Nanotechnology Center Institute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhuang Xie
- Advanced Research Centre for Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518000, China
- Nanotechnology Center Institute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiaoling Wei
- Advanced Research Centre for Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518000, China
- Nanotechnology Center Institute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zijian Zheng
- Advanced Research Centre for Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518000, China
- Nanotechnology Center Institute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
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Chen C, Zhou X, Xie Z, Gao T, Zheng Z. Construction of 3D polymer brushes by dip-pen nanodisplacement lithography: understanding the molecular displacement for ultrafine and high-speed patterning. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2015; 11:613-21. [PMID: 25256006 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201400642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Dip-pen nanodisplacement lithography (DNL) is a versatile scanning probe-based technique that can be employed for fabricating ultrafine 3D polymer brushes under ambient conditions. Many fundamental studies and applications require the large-area fabrication of 3D structures. However, the fabrication throughput and uniformity are still far from satisfactory. In this work, the molecular displacement mechanism of DNL is elucidated by systematically investigating the synergistic effect of z extension and contact time. The in-depth understanding of molecular displacement results in the successful achievement of ultrafine control of 3D structures and high-speed patterning at the same time. Remarkably, one can prepare arbitrary 3D polymer brushes on a large area (1.3 mm × 1.3 mm), with <5% vertical and lateral size variations, and a patterning speed as much as 200-fold faster than the current state-of-the-art.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaojian Chen
- Advanced Research Centre for Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic, University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518000, China; Nanotechnology Center, Institute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
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16
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Xie Z, Chen C, Zhou X, Gao T, Liu D, Miao Q, Zheng Z. Massively parallel patterning of complex 2D and 3D functional polymer brushes by polymer pen lithography. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:11955-11964. [PMID: 24417672 DOI: 10.1021/am405555e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We report the first demonstration of centimeter-area serial patterning of complex 2D and 3D functional polymer brushes by high-throughput polymer pen lithography. Arbitrary 2D and 3D structures of poly(glycidyl methacrylate) (PGMA) brushes are fabricated over areas as large as 2 cm × 1 cm, with a remarkable throughput being 3 orders of magnitudes higher than the state-of-the-arts. Patterned PGMA brushes are further employed as resist for fabricating Au micro/nanostructures and hard molds for the subsequent replica molding of soft stamps. On the other hand, these 2D and 3D PGMA brushes are also utilized as robust and versatile platforms for the immobilization of bioactive molecules to form 2D and 3D patterned DNA oligonucleotide and protein chips. Therefore, this low-cost, yet high-throughput "bench-top" serial fabrication method can be readily applied to a wide range of fields including micro/nanofabrication, optics and electronics, smart surfaces, and biorelated studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuang Xie
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute , Shenzhen, China
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17
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Xie LH, Yang SH, Lin JY, Yi MD, Huang W. Fluorene-based macromolecular nanostructures and nanomaterials for organic (opto)electronics. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2013; 371:20120337. [PMID: 24000368 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2012.0337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Nanotechnology not only opens up the realm of nanoelectronics and nanophotonics, but also upgrades organic thin-film electronics and optoelectronics. In this review, we introduce polymer semiconductors and plastic electronics briefly, followed by various top-down and bottom-up nano approaches to organic electronics. Subsequently, we highlight the progress in polyfluorene-based nanoparticles and nanowires (nanofibres), their tunable optoelectronic properties as well as their applications in polymer light-emitting devices, solar cells, field-effect transistors, photodetectors, lasers, optical waveguides and others. Finally, an outlook is given with regard to four-element complex devices via organic nanotechnology and molecular manufacturing that will spread to areas such as organic mechatronics in the framework of robotic-directed science and technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Hai Xie
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays, Center for Molecular Systems and Organic Devices, Institute of Advanced Materials, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210046, People's Republic of China
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18
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Gan T, Zhou X, Ma C, Liu X, Xie Z, Zhang G, Zheng Z. Liquid-mediated three-dimensional scanning probe nanosculpting. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2013; 9:2851-2856. [PMID: 23554330 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201300238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
3D functional polymer brushes are fabricated by liquid-mediated scanning probe nanosculpting (LSPN). Surface-tethered functional polymer brushes, which are immersed in their good solvent, are mechanically cleaved away from the substrate by the AFM tip at high forces, and immediately imaged in situ with the same AFM tip at low applied forces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiansheng Gan
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
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19
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Leigh SJ, Prieto JL, Bowen J, Lewis S, Robinson AP, Iqbal P, Preece JA. Controlling gold nanoparticle assembly on electron beam-reduced nitrophenyl self-assembled monolayers via electron dose. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2013.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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20
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Guo R, Yu Y, Xie Z, Liu X, Zhou X, Gao Y, Liu Z, Zhou F, Yang Y, Zheng Z. Matrix-assisted catalytic printing for the fabrication of multiscale, flexible, foldable, and stretchable metal conductors. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2013; 25:3343-3350. [PMID: 23670964 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201301184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Matrix-assisted catalytic printing (MACP) is developed as a low-cost and versatile printing method for the fabrication of multiscale metal conductors on a wide variety of plastic, elastomeric, and textile substrates. Highly conductive Cu interconnects (2.0 × 10⁸ S/m) fabricated by MACP at room temperature display excellent flexibility, foldability, and stretchability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruisheng Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
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21
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Yu Q, Shivapooja P, Johnson LM, Tizazu G, Leggett GJ, López GP. Nanopatterned polymer brushes as switchable bioactive interfaces. NANOSCALE 2013; 5:3632-3637. [PMID: 23532384 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr00312d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We report convenient methods for synthesis of nanopatterned, thermally responsive brushes of poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide) over large areas (e.g., 1 cm(2)) to form model, dynamic, biofunctional surfaces. The new nanopatterned brush structure can be used to control (i) the rate of both nonspecific and biospecific adsorption processes at the polymer-graft-free regions of the substrate, and (ii) the rate of cell detachment. These capabilities have potential implications in a number of areas of biotechnology including biosensing, separations and cell culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Yu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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22
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Zhou X, Liu Z, Xie Z, Liu X, Zheng Z. High-resolution, large-area, serial fabrication of 3D polymer brush structures by parallel dip-pen nanodisplacement lithography. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2012; 8:3568-72. [PMID: 22887938 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201201544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Parallel dip-pen nanodisplacement lithography (p-DNL) is used for high resolution, serial fabrication of 3D structures of polymer brushes over millimeter length scales. With p-DNL, 2D initiator templates consisting of arrays of nanolines and nanodots with rationally designed lateral spacings are fabricated in parallel via a locally tip-induced nanodisplacement process, from which highly defined 3D polymer structures are grown via surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuechang Zhou
- Nanotechnology Center, Institute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
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24
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Xie Z, Shen Y, Zhou X, Yang Y, Tang Q, Miao Q, Su J, Wu H, Zheng Z. Polymer pen lithography using dual-elastomer tip arrays. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2012; 8:2664-2669. [PMID: 22777920 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201200849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2012] [Revised: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Dual-elastomer tip arrays are developed as a simple and cost-effective approach to significantly improve the uniformity and precision of polymer pen lithography (PPL). Both experiment and mechanical simulation demonstrate that the hard-apex, soft-base tip structure of the dual-elastomer tip array leads to precise control of feature size and reduced variation among different tips over large areas through fine control of the tip deformation. The dual-elastomer tip array is believed to be readily applied to fabricate nano- and microstructures for fundamental study and applications such as bioassays, sensors, optical and electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuang Xie
- Nanotechnology Center, Institute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
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