1
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Horbaczewskyj CS, Fairlamb IJS. Pd-Catalyzed Cross-Couplings: On the Importance of the Catalyst Quantity Descriptors, mol % and ppm. Org Process Res Dev 2022; 26:2240-2269. [PMID: 36032362 PMCID: PMC9396667 DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.2c00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
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This Review examines parts per million (ppm) palladium
concentrations
in catalytic cross-coupling reactions and their relationship with
mole percentage (mol %). Most studies in catalytic cross-coupling
chemistry have historically focused on the concentration ratio between
(pre)catalyst and the limiting reagent (substrate), expressed as mol
%. Several recent papers have outlined the use of “ppm level”
palladium as an alternative means of describing catalytic cross-coupling
reaction systems. This led us to delve deeper into the literature
to assess whether “ppm level” palladium is a practically
useful descriptor of catalyst quantities in palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling
reactions. Indeed, we conjectured that many reactions could, unknowingly,
have employed low “ppm levels” of palladium (pre)catalyst,
and generally, what would the spread of ppm palladium look like across
a selection of studies reported across the vast array of the cross-coupling
chemistry literature. In a few selected examples, we have examined
other metal catalyst systems for comparison with palladium.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ian J. S. Fairlamb
- University of York, Heslington, York, North Yorkshire, YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
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2
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Grześ G, Wolski K, Uchacz T, Bała J, Louis B, Scheblykin IG, Zapotoczny S. Ladder-like Polymer Brushes Containing Conjugated Poly(Propylenedioxythiophene) Chains. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23115886. [PMID: 35682563 PMCID: PMC9180196 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23115886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The high stability and conductivity of 3,4-disubstituted polythiophenes such as poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) make them attractive candidates for commercial applications. However, next-generation nanoelectronic devices require novel macromolecular strategies for the precise synthesis of advanced polymer structures as well as their arrangement. In this report, we present a synthetic route to make ladder-like polymer brushes with poly(3,4-propylenedioxythiophene) (PProDOT)-conjugated chains. The brushes were prepared via a self-templating surface-initiated technique (ST-SIP) that combines the surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (SI-ATRP) of bifunctional ProDOT-based monomers and subsequent oxidative polymerization of the pendant ProDOT groups in the parent brushes. The brushes prepared in this way were characterized by grazing-angle FTIR, XPS spectroscopy, and AFM. Steady-state and time-resolved photoluminescence measurements were used to extract the information about the structure and effective conjugation length of PProDOT-based chains. Stability tests performed in ambient conditions and under exposure to standardized solar light revealed the remarkable stability of the obtained materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Grześ
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (G.G.); (T.U.); (J.B.)
| | - Karol Wolski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (G.G.); (T.U.); (J.B.)
- Correspondence: (K.W.); (S.Z.)
| | - Tomasz Uchacz
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (G.G.); (T.U.); (J.B.)
| | - Justyna Bała
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (G.G.); (T.U.); (J.B.)
| | - Boris Louis
- Division of Chemical Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden; (B.L.); (I.G.S.)
- Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ivan G. Scheblykin
- Division of Chemical Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden; (B.L.); (I.G.S.)
| | - Szczepan Zapotoczny
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (G.G.); (T.U.); (J.B.)
- Correspondence: (K.W.); (S.Z.)
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3
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Szuwarzyński M, Wolski K, Kruk T, Zapotoczny S. Macromolecular strategies for transporting electrons and excitation energy in ordered polymer layers. Prog Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2021.101433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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4
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New methods in polymer brush synthesis: Non-vinyl-based semiflexible and rigid-rod polymer brushes. Prog Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2021.101361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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5
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VonWald IA, Frye SG, Moog MM, Donley CL, Tsui F, You W. Initiation and Polymer Density of Conjugated Polymer Brushes. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:9734-9744. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c06923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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6
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Zhang K, Tkachov R, Ditte K, Kiriy N, Kiriy A, Voit B. AB- Versus AA+BB-Suzuki Polycondensation: A Palladium/Tris(tert-butyl)phosphine Catalyst Can Outperform Conventional Catalysts. Macromol Rapid Commun 2019; 41:e1900521. [PMID: 31788895 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201900521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A Pd/Pt-Bu3 catalyst having bulky, electron-rich ligands significantly outperforms conventional "step-growth catalysts" Pd(PPh3 )4 and Pd(Po-Tol3 )3 in the Suzuki polycondensation of the AB-type arylene-based monomers, such as some of the substituted fluorenes, carbazoles, and phenylenes. In the AA+BB polycondensation, Pd/Pt-Bu3 also performs better under homogeneous reaction conditions, in combination with the organic base Et4 NOH. The superior performance of Pd/Pt-Bu3 is discussed in terms of its higher reactivity in the oxidative addition step and inherent advantages of the intramolecular catalyst transfer, which is a key step joining catalytic cycles of the AB-polycondensation. These findings are applied to the synthesis of a carbazole-based copolymer designed for the use as a hole conductor in solution-processed organic light-emitting diodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenan Zhang
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Hohe Straße 6, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Roman Tkachov
- Fraunhofer-Institut für Werkstoff- und Strahltechnik, Winterbergstr. 28, 01277, Dresden, Germany
| | - Kristina Ditte
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Hohe Straße 6, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Nataliya Kiriy
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Hohe Straße 6, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Anton Kiriy
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Hohe Straße 6, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Brigitte Voit
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Hohe Straße 6, 01069, Dresden, Germany.,Organic Chemistry of Polymers, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
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7
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Gruszkiewicz A, Słowikowska M, Grześ G, Wójcik A, Rokita J, Fiocco A, Wytrwal-Sarna M, Marzec M, Trzebicka B, Kopeć M, Wolski K, Zapotoczny S. Enhancement of the growth of polymer brushes via ATRP initiated from ions-releasing indium tin oxide substrates. Eur Polym J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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8
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Lutz JP, Hannigan MD, McNeil AJ. Polymers synthesized via catalyst-transfer polymerization and their applications. Coord Chem Rev 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2018.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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9
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Leone AK, Mueller EA, McNeil AJ. The History of Palladium-Catalyzed Cross-Couplings Should Inspire the Future of Catalyst-Transfer Polymerization. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:15126-15139. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b09103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda K. Leone
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecular Science and Engineering Program, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Emily A. Mueller
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecular Science and Engineering Program, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Anne J. McNeil
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecular Science and Engineering Program, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
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10
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Nelson DJ, Cazin CSJ, Nolan SP. Grignard Reagents and Palladium. PHYSICAL SCIENCES REVIEWS 2018. [DOI: 10.1515/psr-2016-0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David J. Nelson
- WestCHEM Department of Pure & Applied Chemistry University of Strathclyde 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow Lanarkshire , G1 1XL UK
| | - Catherine S. J. Cazin
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry University of St Andrews Purdie Building North Haugh St Andrews Fife , KY16 9ST UK
| | - Steven P. Nolan
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry Ghent University Krijgslaan 281 - S3, 9000 Gent , Belgium
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11
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Dong J, Guo H, Hu QS. Controlled Pd(0)/Ad 3P-Catalyzed Suzuki Cross-Coupling Polymerization of AB-Type Monomers with Ad 3P-Coordinated Acetanilide-Based Palladacycle Complex as Initiator. ACS Macro Lett 2017; 6:1301-1304. [PMID: 35650786 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.7b00759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Controlled Pd(0)-catalyzed Suzuki cross-coupling polymerizations of AB-type monomers with tris(1-adamantyl)phosphine (Ad3P) as the ligand was described. Ad3P-coordinated acetanilide-based palladacycle complex (1) was demonstrated to be an efficient initiator for controlled Suzuki cross-coupling polymerization, affording polymers with narrow Đs and well-controlled end groups. Our study provided an efficient ligand and an efficient initiator for controlled Suzuki cross-coupling polymerizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Dong
- Department of Chemistry, College of Staten Island of the City University of New York, Staten Island, New York 10314, United States
- Ph.D.
Program in Chemistry, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Hui Guo
- Department of Chemistry, College of Staten Island of the City University of New York, Staten Island, New York 10314, United States
- Ph.D.
Program in Chemistry, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Qiao-Sheng Hu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Staten Island of the City University of New York, Staten Island, New York 10314, United States
- Ph.D.
Program in Chemistry, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, New York 10016, United States
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12
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Page Z, Narupai B, Pester CW, Bou Zerdan R, Sokolov A, Laitar DS, Mukhopadhyay S, Sprague S, McGrath AJ, Kramer JW, Trefonas P, Hawker CJ. Novel Strategy for Photopatterning Emissive Polymer Brushes for Organic Light Emitting Diode Applications. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2017; 3:654-661. [PMID: 28691078 PMCID: PMC5492409 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.7b00165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
A light-mediated methodology to grow patterned, emissive polymer brushes with micron feature resolution is reported and applied to organic light emitting diode (OLED) displays. Light is used for both initiator functionalization of indium tin oxide and subsequent atom transfer radical polymerization of methacrylate-based fluorescent and phosphorescent iridium monomers. The iridium centers play key roles in photocatalyzing and mediating polymer growth while also emitting light in the final OLED structure. The scope of the presented procedure enables the synthesis of a library of polymers with emissive colors spanning the visible spectrum where the dopant incorporation, position of brush growth, and brush thickness are readily controlled. The chain-ends of the polymer brushes remain intact, affording subsequent chain extension and formation of well-defined diblock architectures. This high level of structure and function control allows for the facile preparation of random ternary copolymers and red-green-blue arrays to yield white emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachariah
A. Page
- Materials Research Laboratory and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Benjaporn Narupai
- Materials Research Laboratory and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Christian W. Pester
- Materials Research Laboratory and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Raghida Bou Zerdan
- Materials Research Laboratory and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Anatoliy Sokolov
- The
Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan 48674, United States
| | - David S. Laitar
- The
Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan 48674, United States
| | | | - Scott Sprague
- The
Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan 48674, United States
| | - Alaina J. McGrath
- Materials Research Laboratory and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - John W. Kramer
- The
Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan 48674, United States
| | - Peter Trefonas
- The
Dow Electronic Materials Company, 455 Forest Street, Marlborough, Massachusetts 01752, United States
| | - Craig J. Hawker
- Materials Research Laboratory and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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13
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Verheyen L, Leysen P, Van Den Eede MP, Ceunen W, Hardeman T, Koeckelberghs G. Advances in the controlled polymerization of conjugated polymers. POLYMER 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2016.09.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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14
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Wolski K, Gruszkiewicz A, Wytrwal-Sarna M, Bernasik A, Zapotoczny S. The grafting density and thickness of polythiophene-based brushes determine the orientation, conjugation length and stability of the grafted chains. Polym Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py01418j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A self-templating surface-initiated method combining ATRP and oxidative polymerization leads to the formation of ladder-like polythiophene-based brushes with a 90–100 mer conjugation length.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Wolski
- Jagiellonian University
- Faculty of Chemistry
- 30-387 Krakow
- Poland
| | - A. Gruszkiewicz
- Jagiellonian University
- Faculty of Chemistry
- 30-387 Krakow
- Poland
| | - M. Wytrwal-Sarna
- AGH University of Science and Technology
- Academic Centre for Materials and Nanotechnology
- Krakow
- Poland
| | - A. Bernasik
- AGH University of Science and Technology
- Academic Centre for Materials and Nanotechnology
- Krakow
- Poland
- AGH University of Science and Technology
| | - S. Zapotoczny
- Jagiellonian University
- Faculty of Chemistry
- 30-387 Krakow
- Poland
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15
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Roy A, Bougher TL, Geng R, Ke Y, Locklin J, Cola BA. Thermal Conductance of Poly(3-methylthiophene) Brushes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:25578-85. [PMID: 27579585 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b04429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
A wide variety of recent work has demonstrated that the thermal conductivity of polymers can be improved dramatically through the alignment of polymer chains in the direction of heat transfer. Most of the polymeric samples exhibit high conductivity in either the axial direction of a fiber or in the in-plane direction of a thin film, while the most useful direction for thermal management is often the cross-plane direction of a film. Here we show poly(3-methylthiophene) brushes grafted from phosphonic acid monolayers using surface initiated polymerization can exhibit through-plane thermal conductivity greater than 2 W/(m K), a 6-fold increase compared to spin-coated poly(3-hexylthiophene) samples. The thickness of these films (10-40 nm) is somewhat less than that required in most applications, but the method demonstrates a route toward higher thermal conductivity in covalently grafted, aligned polymer films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anandi Roy
- Department of Chemistry and College of Engineering and ‡Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering and ∥School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Thomas L Bougher
- Department of Chemistry and College of Engineering and ‡Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering and ∥School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Rugang Geng
- Department of Chemistry and College of Engineering and ‡Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering and ∥School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Yutian Ke
- Department of Chemistry and College of Engineering and ‡Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering and ∥School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Jason Locklin
- Department of Chemistry and College of Engineering and ‡Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering and ∥School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Baratunde A Cola
- Department of Chemistry and College of Engineering and ‡Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering and ∥School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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16
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Paniagua SA, Giordano AJ, Smith OL, Barlow S, Li H, Armstrong NR, Pemberton JE, Brédas JL, Ginger D, Marder SR. Phosphonic Acids for Interfacial Engineering of Transparent Conductive Oxides. Chem Rev 2016; 116:7117-58. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sergio A. Paniagua
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and
Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
| | - Anthony J. Giordano
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and
Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
| | - O’Neil L. Smith
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and
Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
| | - Stephen Barlow
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and
Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
| | - Hong Li
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and
Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
- Division
of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, KAUST, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Neal R. Armstrong
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Jeanne E. Pemberton
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Jean-Luc Brédas
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and
Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
- Division
of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, KAUST, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - David Ginger
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Seth R. Marder
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and
Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
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17
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Suraru SL, Lee JA, Luscombe CK. Preparation of an Aurylated Alkylthiophene Monomer via C-H Activation for Use in Pd-PEPPSI-iPr Catalyzed-Controlled Chain Growth Polymerization. ACS Macro Lett 2016; 5:533-536. [PMID: 35607224 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.6b00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
In the search for new synthetic routes toward greener and more facile syntheses of conjugated polymers, C-H functionalization provides a promising solution by minimizing the production and processing of aryl halide monomer precursors used in traditional organometallic coupling reactions. In this paper, we investigate the use of Au(I) and its ability to directly C-H activate 2-bromo-3-hexylthiophene to form a reactive monomer species, bypassing the typical Grignard monomer formation from a dihalogenated thiophene. Addition of Pd-PEPPSI-iPr as a palladium catalyst source in the presence of the resultant aurylated thiophene monomer yielded poly(3-hexylthiophene) as observed by both NMR and GPC. Studies on the growth of these polymers show linear dependence between Mn and monomer conversion, low dispersities, as well as Mn predicted by catalyst loading, which is supportive of a living-type chain growth mechanism. This Au-Pd system represents a novel methodology for incorporating C-H activation into the synthesis of P3HT with control over Mn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabin-Lucian Suraru
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-2120, United States
| | - Jason A. Lee
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Christine K. Luscombe
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-2120, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
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18
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Bryan ZJ, Hall AO, Zhao CT, Chen J, McNeil AJ. Limitations of Using Small Molecules to Identify Catalyst-Transfer Polycondensation Reactions. ACS Macro Lett 2016; 5:69-72. [PMID: 35668581 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.5b00746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Catalyst-transfer polycondensation (CTP) is a relatively new method for synthesizing conjugated polymers in a chain-growth fashion using transition metal catalysis. Recent research has focused on screening catalysts to broaden the monomer scope. In this effort, small molecule reactions have played an important role. Specifically, when selective difunctionalization occurs, even with limiting quantities of reaction partner, it suggests an associative intermediate similar to CTP. Several new chain-growth polymerizations have been discovered using this approach. We report herein an attempt to use this method to develop chain-growth conditions for synthesizing poly(2,5-bis(hexyloxy)phenylene ethynylene) via Sonogashira cross-coupling. Hundreds of small molecule experiments were performed and selective difunctionalization was observed with a Buchwald-type precatalyst. Unexpectedly, these same reaction conditions led to a step-growth polymerization. Further investigation revealed that the product ratios in the small molecule reactions were dictated by reactivity differences rather than an associative intermediate. The lessons learned from these studies have broad implications on other small molecule reactions being used to identify new catalysts for CTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary J. Bryan
- Department
of Chemistry and
Macromolecular Science and Engineering Program, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Ariana O. Hall
- Department
of Chemistry and
Macromolecular Science and Engineering Program, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Carolyn T. Zhao
- Department
of Chemistry and
Macromolecular Science and Engineering Program, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Jing Chen
- Department
of Chemistry and
Macromolecular Science and Engineering Program, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Anne J. McNeil
- Department
of Chemistry and
Macromolecular Science and Engineering Program, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
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19
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Huddleston NE, Roy A, Bilbrey JA, Zhao Y, Locklin J. Functionalization of Reactive End Groups in Surface-Initiated Kumada Catalyst-Transfer Polycondensation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/masy.201300126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. Eric Huddleston
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of North Georgia; 82 College Circle Dahlonega GA 30597 USA
| | - Anandi Roy
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and the Center for Nanoscale Science and Engineering; University of Georgia; Athens Georgia 30602 USA
| | - Jenna A. Bilbrey
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and the Center for Nanoscale Science and Engineering; University of Georgia; Athens Georgia 30602 USA
| | - Yiping Zhao
- Department of Chemistry; College of Engineering, and the Center for Nanoscale Science and Engineering; University of Georgia; Athens Georgia 30602 USA
| | - Jason Locklin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and the Center for Nanoscale Science and Engineering; University of Georgia; Athens Georgia 30602 USA
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20
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Minar NK, Docampo P, Fattakhova-Rohlfing D, Bein T. Guided in Situ Polymerization of MEH-PPV in Mesoporous Titania Photoanodes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:10356-10364. [PMID: 25893850 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b01262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Incorporation of conjugated polymers into porous metal oxide networks is a challenging task, which is being pursued via many different approaches. We have developed the guided in situ polymerization of poly(2-methoxy-5-(2'-ethylhexyloxy)-p-phenylenevinylene) (MEH-PPV) in porous titania films by means of surface functionalization. The controlled polymerization via the Gilch route was induced by an alkoxide base and by increasing the temperature. The selected and specially designed surface-functionalizing linker molecules mimic the monomer or its activated form, respectively. In this way, we drastically enhanced the amount of MEH-PPV incorporated into the porous titania phase compared to nonfunctionalized samples by a factor of 6. Additionally, photovoltaic measurements were performed. The devices show shunting or series resistance limitations, depending on the surface functionalization prior to in situ polymerization of MEH-PPV. We suggest that the reason for this behavior can be found in the orientation of the grown polymer chains with respect to the titania surface. Therefore, the geometry of the anchoring via the linker molecules is relevant for exploiting the full electronic potential of the conjugated polymer in the resulting hybrid composite. This observation will help to design future synthesis methods for new hybrid materials from conjugated polymers and n-type semiconductors to take full advantage of favorable electronic interactions between the two phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norma K Minar
- Department of Chemistry and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Pablo Docampo
- Department of Chemistry and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Dina Fattakhova-Rohlfing
- Department of Chemistry and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Bein
- Department of Chemistry and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
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21
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Murugan P, Krishnamurthy M, Jaisankar SN, Samanta D, Mandal AB. Controlled decoration of the surface with macromolecules: polymerization on a self-assembled monolayer (SAM). Chem Soc Rev 2015; 44:3212-43. [PMID: 25839067 DOI: 10.1039/c4cs00378k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Polymer functionalized surfaces are important components of various sensors, solar cells and molecular electronic devices. In this context, the use of self-assembled monolayer (SAM) formation and subsequent reactions on the surface have attracted a lot of interest due to its stability, reliability and excellent control over orientation of functional groups. The chemical reactions to be employed on a SAM must ensure an effective functional group conversion while the reaction conditions must be mild enough to retain the structural integrity. This synthetic constraint has no universal solution; specific strategies such as "graft from", "graft to", "graft through" or "direct" immobilization approaches are employed depending on the nature of the substrate, polymer and its area of applications. We have reviewed current developments in the methodology of immobilization of a polymer in the first part of the article. Special emphasis has been given to the merits and demerits of certain methods. Another issue concerns the utility - demonstrated or perceived - of conjugated or non-conjugated macromolecules anchored on a functionally decorated SAM in the areas of material science and biotechnology. In the last part of the review article, we looked at the collective research efforts towards SAM-based polymer devices and identified major pointers of progress (236 references).
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Affiliation(s)
- P Murugan
- Polymer Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-CLRI, Adyar, Chennai-600020, India.
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22
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Qiu Y, Mohin J, Tsai CH, Tristram-Nagle S, Gil RR, Kowalewski T, Noonan KJT. Stille Catalyst-Transfer Polycondensation Using Pd-PEPPSI-IPr for High-Molecular-Weight Regioregular Poly(3-hexylthiophene). Macromol Rapid Commun 2015; 36:840-4. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201500030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yunyan Qiu
- Department of Chemistry; Carnegie Mellon University; 4400 Fifth Avenue Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA
| | - Jacob Mohin
- Department of Chemistry; Carnegie Mellon University; 4400 Fifth Avenue Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA
| | - Chia-Hua Tsai
- Department of Chemistry; Carnegie Mellon University; 4400 Fifth Avenue Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA
| | | | - Roberto R. Gil
- Department of Chemistry; Carnegie Mellon University; 4400 Fifth Avenue Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA
| | - Tomasz Kowalewski
- Department of Chemistry; Carnegie Mellon University; 4400 Fifth Avenue Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA
| | - Kevin J. T. Noonan
- Department of Chemistry; Carnegie Mellon University; 4400 Fifth Avenue Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA
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23
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Zhang HH, Xing CH, Hu QS, Hong K. Controlled Pd(0)/t-Bu3P-Catalyzed Suzuki Cross-Coupling Polymerization of AB-Type Monomers with ArPd(t-Bu3P)X or Pd2(dba)3/t-Bu3P/ArX as the Initiator. Macromolecules 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/ma502521u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Hai Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Staten Island and the Graduate Center of the City University of New York, Staten Island, New York 10314, United States
| | - Chun-Hui Xing
- Department of Chemistry, College of Staten Island and the Graduate Center of the City University of New York, Staten Island, New York 10314, United States
| | - Qiao-Sheng Hu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Staten Island and the Graduate Center of the City University of New York, Staten Island, New York 10314, United States
| | - Kunlun Hong
- Center
for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
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24
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Groombridge BJ, Goldup SM, Larrosa I. Selective and general exhaustive cross-coupling of di-chloroarenes with a deficit of nucleophiles mediated by a Pd–NHC complex. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:3832-4. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc08920k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report the first example of a general, exhaustive Pd-mediated cross-coupling of polychloroarenes in the presence of a deficit of nucleophiles, mediated by the highly active PEPPSI-IPent catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Igor Larrosa
- School of Chemistry
- The University of Manchester
- Manchester
- UK
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25
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Bousquet A, Awada H, Hiorns RC, Dagron-Lartigau C, Billon L. Conjugated-polymer grafting on inorganic and organic substrates: A new trend in organic electronic materials. Prog Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2014.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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26
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Tkachov R, Komber H, Rauch S, Lederer A, Oertel U, Häußler L, Voit B, Kiriy A. One-Pot Synthesis of All-Conjugated Block-Like Bisthiophene–Naphthalenediimide/Fluorene Copolymer. Macromolecules 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ma5006588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roman Tkachov
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V. Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Hartmut Komber
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V. Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Sebastian Rauch
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V. Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Albena Lederer
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V. Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Ulrich Oertel
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V. Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Liane Häußler
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V. Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Brigitte Voit
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V. Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
- Center
for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed), Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Anton Kiriy
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V. Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
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27
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28
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Tkachov R, Karpov Y, Senkovskyy V, Raguzin I, Zessin J, Lederer A, Stamm M, Voit B, Beryozkina T, Bakulev V, Zhao W, Facchetti A, Kiriy A. Efficient Tin-Free Route to a Donor–Acceptor Semiconducting Copolymer with Variable Molecular Weights. Macromolecules 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ma5007667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roman Tkachov
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V, Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Yevhen Karpov
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V, Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Ivan Raguzin
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V, Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Jakob Zessin
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V, Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Albena Lederer
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V, Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Manfred Stamm
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V, Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
- Ural Federal University, Mira
str., 28, 620002, Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Brigitte Voit
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V, Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
- Center
for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed), Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Vasiliy Bakulev
- Ural Federal University, Mira
str., 28, 620002, Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Wei Zhao
- Polyera Corporation, Skokie Illinois 60077, United States
| | - Antonio Facchetti
- Center
of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research (CEAMR), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Polyera Corporation, Skokie Illinois 60077, United States
| | - Anton Kiriy
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V, Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
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29
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Tkachov R, Senkovskyy V, Beryozkina T, Boyko K, Bakulev V, Lederer A, Sahre K, Voit B, Kiriy A. Palladium-Catalyzed Chain-Growth Polycondensation of AB-type Monomers: High Catalyst Turnover and Polymerization Rates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:2402-7. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201310045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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30
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Tkachov R, Senkovskyy V, Beryozkina T, Boyko K, Bakulev V, Lederer A, Sahre K, Voit B, Kiriy A. Palladium-Catalyzed Chain-Growth Polycondensation of AB-type Monomers: High Catalyst Turnover and Polymerization Rates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201310045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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31
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Verswyvel M, Hoebers C, De Winter J, Gerbaux P, Koeckelberghs G. Study of the controlled chain-growth polymerization of poly(3,6-phenanthrene). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.26938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michiel Verswyvel
- Laboratory for Polymer Synthesis, Group of Polymer Chemistry & Materials; KU Leuven; Celestijnenlaan 200F B-3001 Heverlee Leuven Belgium
| | - Charly Hoebers
- Laboratory for Polymer Synthesis, Group of Polymer Chemistry & Materials; KU Leuven; Celestijnenlaan 200F B-3001 Heverlee Leuven Belgium
| | - Julien De Winter
- Mass Spectrometry Research Group, Interdisciplinary Center for Mass Spectrometry; University of Mons-UMONS; 23 Place du Parc B-7000 Mons Belgium
| | - Pascal Gerbaux
- Mass Spectrometry Research Group, Interdisciplinary Center for Mass Spectrometry; University of Mons-UMONS; 23 Place du Parc B-7000 Mons Belgium
| | - Guy Koeckelberghs
- Laboratory for Polymer Synthesis, Group of Polymer Chemistry & Materials; KU Leuven; Celestijnenlaan 200F B-3001 Heverlee Leuven Belgium
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32
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Bryan ZJ, McNeil AJ. Conjugated Polymer Synthesis via Catalyst-Transfer Polycondensation (CTP): Mechanism, Scope, and Applications. Macromolecules 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ma401314x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zachary J. Bryan
- Department
of Chemistry and
Macromolecular Science and Engineering Program, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Anne J. McNeil
- Department
of Chemistry and
Macromolecular Science and Engineering Program, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
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33
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Palermo EF, van der Laan HL, McNeil AJ. Impact of π-conjugated gradient sequence copolymers on polymer blend morphology. Polym Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3py00601h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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34
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Alonzi M, Lanari D, Marrocchi A, Petrucci C, Vaccaro L. Synthesis of polymeric semiconductors by a surface-initiated approach. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra43680b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
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35
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Yameen B, Rodriguez-Emmenegger C, Preuss CM, Pop-Georgievski O, Verveniotis E, Trouillet V, Rezek B, Barner-Kowollik C. A facile avenue to conductive polymer brushes via cyclopentadiene–maleimide Diels–Alder ligation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:8623-5. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc44683b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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