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Sun L, Xu X, Song S, Zhang Y, Miao C, Liu X, Xing G, Zhang S. Medium‐Bandgap Conjugated Polymer Donors for Organic Photovoltaics. Macromol Rapid Commun 2019; 40:e1900074. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201900074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liya Sun
- L. Sun, X. Xu, S. Song, Y. Zhang, Dr. C. Miao, Prof. X. Liu, Prof. S. ZhangKey Laboratory of Flexible Electronics & Institute of Advanced MaterialsJiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced MaterialsNanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech) 30 South Puzhu Road Nanjing 211816 P. R. China
| | - Xiangfei Xu
- L. Sun, X. Xu, S. Song, Y. Zhang, Dr. C. Miao, Prof. X. Liu, Prof. S. ZhangKey Laboratory of Flexible Electronics & Institute of Advanced MaterialsJiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced MaterialsNanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech) 30 South Puzhu Road Nanjing 211816 P. R. China
| | - Shan Song
- L. Sun, X. Xu, S. Song, Y. Zhang, Dr. C. Miao, Prof. X. Liu, Prof. S. ZhangKey Laboratory of Flexible Electronics & Institute of Advanced MaterialsJiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced MaterialsNanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech) 30 South Puzhu Road Nanjing 211816 P. R. China
| | - Yangqian Zhang
- L. Sun, X. Xu, S. Song, Y. Zhang, Dr. C. Miao, Prof. X. Liu, Prof. S. ZhangKey Laboratory of Flexible Electronics & Institute of Advanced MaterialsJiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced MaterialsNanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech) 30 South Puzhu Road Nanjing 211816 P. R. China
| | - Chunyang Miao
- L. Sun, X. Xu, S. Song, Y. Zhang, Dr. C. Miao, Prof. X. Liu, Prof. S. ZhangKey Laboratory of Flexible Electronics & Institute of Advanced MaterialsJiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced MaterialsNanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech) 30 South Puzhu Road Nanjing 211816 P. R. China
| | - Xiang Liu
- L. Sun, X. Xu, S. Song, Y. Zhang, Dr. C. Miao, Prof. X. Liu, Prof. S. ZhangKey Laboratory of Flexible Electronics & Institute of Advanced MaterialsJiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced MaterialsNanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech) 30 South Puzhu Road Nanjing 211816 P. R. China
| | - Guichuan Xing
- Institute of Applied Physics and Materials EngineeringUniversity of Macau Macao SAR 999078 China
| | - Shiming Zhang
- L. Sun, X. Xu, S. Song, Y. Zhang, Dr. C. Miao, Prof. X. Liu, Prof. S. ZhangKey Laboratory of Flexible Electronics & Institute of Advanced MaterialsJiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced MaterialsNanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech) 30 South Puzhu Road Nanjing 211816 P. R. China
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Yin Y, Zhang Y, Zhao L. Indaceno-Based Conjugated Polymers for Polymer Solar Cells. Macromol Rapid Commun 2018; 39:e1700697. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201700697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuli Yin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering; Harbin Institute of Technology; Harbin 150001 China
| | - Yong Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering; Harbin Institute of Technology; Harbin 150001 China
| | - Liancheng Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering; Harbin Institute of Technology; Harbin 150001 China
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3
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Qin T, Zang Y, Bai W, Yao K, Xu Y. The Influence of Oxygen Atoms on Conformation and π–π Stacking of Ladder‐Type Donor‐Based Polymers and Their Photovoltaic Properties. Macromol Rapid Commun 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201700156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tong Qin
- College of Polymer Science and EngineeringState Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials EngineeringSichuan University Chengdu 610065 China
| | - Yue Zang
- Electronics and Information CollegeHangzhou Dianzi University Xiasha Campus Hangzhou 310018 P. R. China
| | - Wei‐Yun Bai
- College of Polymer Science and EngineeringState Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials EngineeringSichuan University Chengdu 610065 China
| | - Kai Yao
- Institute of PhotovoltaicsNanchang University Nanchang 330031 China
| | - Yun‐Xiang Xu
- College of Polymer Science and EngineeringState Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials EngineeringSichuan University Chengdu 610065 China
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4
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Cai P, Xu X, Sun J, Chen J, Cao Y. Effects of including electron-withdrawing atoms on the physical and photovoltaic properties of indacenodithieno[3,2-b]thiophene-based donor–acceptor polymers: towards an acceptor design for efficient polymer solar cells. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra01049d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Three new D–A polymers using indacenodithieno[3,2-b]thiophene (IDTT) as an electron-rich unit and benzoxadiazole (BO), benzodiathiazole (BT) or difluorobenzothiadiazole (FBT) as an electron-deficient unit were synthesized and applied in solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Cai
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Information Materials
- Guilin University of Electronic Technology
- Guilin 541004
- P. R. China
| | - Xiaofeng Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Chalmers University of Technology
- Göteborg
- Sweden
| | - Jiangman Sun
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials & Devices
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials & Devices
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- P. R. China
| | - Junwu Chen
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials & Devices
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials & Devices
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- P. R. China
| | - Yong Cao
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials & Devices
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials & Devices
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- P. R. China
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5
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Juang TY, Hsu YC, Jiang BH, Chen CP. Highly Efficient Inverted Organic Photovoltaics Containing Aliphatic Hyperbranched Polymers as Cathode Modified Layers. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b01373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tzong-Yuan Juang
- Department
of Cosmeceutics, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chi Hsu
- Department of Materials Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City, 24301, Taiwan
| | - Bing-Huang Jiang
- Department of Materials Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City, 24301, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Ping Chen
- Department of Materials Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City, 24301, Taiwan
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6
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Han L, Chen W, Hu T, Ren J, Qiu M, Zhou Y, Zhu D, Wang N, Sun M, Yang R. Intra- and Intermolecular Steric Hindrance Effects Induced Higher Open-Circuit Voltage and Power Conversion Efficiency. ACS Macro Lett 2015; 4:361-366. [PMID: 35596322 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.5b00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A pair of donor-acceptor polymers PBDThDTBT and PBDTchDTBT are synthesized, which share the same conjugated backbone, but are designed with hexyl and cyclohexyl side chains, respectively. The stronger steric hindrance of cyclohexyl endows PBDTchDTBT a deeper lying HOMO energy level of -5.39 eV compared to -5.22 eV for PBDThDTBT. However, PBDThDTBT and PBDTchDTBT exhibit a similar optical bandgap around 1.72 eV and a hole mobility around 10-5 cm2 V-1 s-1. Interestingly, the PBDTchDTBT/PC71BM blends exhibited higher hole mobility than PBDThDTBT/PC71BM after DIO was added. The higher hole mobility and fibrillar network in the active layer endows PBDTchDTBT higher power conversion efficiency of 7.9%, together with simultaneously improved open-circuit voltage of 0.80 V, short-circuit current density of 13.50 mA cm-2, and fill factor of 72.74% after a systemic study of their solar cell devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangliang Han
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Bio-based Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy
and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Weichao Chen
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Bio-based Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy
and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Tong Hu
- Institute
of Material Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Junzhen Ren
- Institute
of Material Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Meng Qiu
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Bio-based Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy
and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Yuanhang Zhou
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Bio-based Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy
and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Dangqiang Zhu
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Bio-based Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy
and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Ning Wang
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Bio-based Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy
and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Mingliang Sun
- Institute
of Material Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Renqiang Yang
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Bio-based Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy
and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
- State
Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
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Xia B, Lu K, Zhao Y, Zhang J, Yuan L, Zhu L, Yi Y, Wei Z. Linked-Acceptor Type Conjugated Polymer for High Performance Organic Photovoltaics with an Open-Circuit Voltage Exceeding 1 V. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2015; 2:1500021. [PMID: 27980933 PMCID: PMC5115348 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201500021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A linked-acceptor type conjugated polymer is designed and sythesized based on 4,8-bis(5-(2-ethylhexyl)thiophen-2-yl)benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']dithiophene (BDTT) and linked-thieno[3,4-c]pyrrole-4,6-dione (LTPD). This polymer uses alkyl-substituted thiophene as a bridge. The PBDTT-LTPD includes two TPD units in one repeating unit, which can enhance acceptor density in the polymer backbone and lower the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) level. By contrast, variable alkyl substitutions in the thiophene-bridges ensure the subtle regulation of polymer properties. The solar cells based on PBDTT-LTPD display an open-circuit voltage (Voc) that exceeds 1 V, and a maximum power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 7.59% is obtained. This PCE value is the highest for conventional single-junction bulk heterojunction solar cells with Voc values of up to 1 V. Given that PBDTT-LTPD exhibits a low HOMO energy level and a band gap equivalent to that of poly(3-hexylthiophene), PBDTT-LTPD/phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester may be a promising candidate for the front cell in tandem polymer solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benzheng Xia
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology Beijing 100190 P. R. China
| | - Kun Lu
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology Beijing 100190 P. R. China
| | - Yifan Zhao
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology Beijing 100190 P. R. China
| | - Jianqi Zhang
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology Beijing 100190 P. R. China
| | - Liu Yuan
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology Beijing 100190 P. R. China
| | - Lingyun Zhu
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology Beijing 100190 P. R. China
| | - Yuanping Yi
- Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
| | - Zhixiang Wei
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology Beijing 100190 P. R. China
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Ren J, Bao X, Han L, Wang J, Qiu M, Zhu Q, Hu T, Sheng R, Sun M, Yang R. 4,7-Di-2-thienyl-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole with hexylthiophene side chains and a benzodithiophene based copolymer for efficient organic solar cells. Polym Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5py00199d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A hexylthiophene side chain can induce conformational torsion a polymer with a BDT-DTBT backbone. HighVocand PCE polymer solar cells can be achieved.
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Wei Y, Liu PJ, Lee RH, Chen CP. Thermally evaporable 5,10-dihydroindeno[2,1-a]indenes form efficient interfacial layers in organic solar cells. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra11696h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Several bis(diarylamino)dihydroindenoindene derivatives were synthesized for use as hole transporting materials (HTMs) in OPVs. An optimized device having the structure ITO/HTM/P3HT:PCBM/Ca/Al operated with a fill factor of 67.8%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wei
- Department of Chemistry
- Tamkang University
- New Taipei City 25137
- Republic of China
| | - Pei-Jun Liu
- Department of Chemistry
- Tamkang University
- New Taipei City 25137
- Republic of China
| | - Ren-Hao Lee
- Department of Materials Engineering
- Ming Chi University of Technology
- New Taipei City 24301
- Republic of China
| | - Chih-Ping Chen
- Department of Materials Engineering
- Ming Chi University of Technology
- New Taipei City 24301
- Republic of China
- Battery Research Center of Green Energy
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10
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Gu C, Zhu Q, Bao X, Wen S, Qiu M, Han L, Huang W, Zhu D, Yang R. Dithieno[3,2-b:2′,3′-d]silole-based low band gap polymers: the effect of fluorine and side chain substituents on photovoltaic performance. Polym Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5py00849b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The effect of the F atom and the side-chain of dithieno[3,2-b:2′,3′-d]silole-based polymers on the optical, carrier mobility and photovoltaic properties was investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuantao Gu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-based Materials
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Qingdao 266101
- China
| | - Qianqian Zhu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Qingdao University of Science and Technology
- Qingdao 266042
- China
| | - Xichang Bao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-based Materials
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Qingdao 266101
- China
| | - Shuguang Wen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-based Materials
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Qingdao 266101
- China
| | - Meng Qiu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-based Materials
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Qingdao 266101
- China
| | - Liangliang Han
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-based Materials
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Qingdao 266101
- China
| | - Wei Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-based Materials
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Qingdao 266101
- China
| | - Dangqiang Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-based Materials
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Qingdao 266101
- China
| | - Renqiang Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-based Materials
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Qingdao 266101
- China
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Yu YY, Chiang RS, Hsu HL, Yang CC, Chen CP. Perovskite photovoltaics featuring solution-processable TiO2 as an interfacial electron-transporting layer display to improve performance and stability. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:11403-11410. [PMID: 25148554 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr03366c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In this study we used solution-processable crystalline TiO2 nanoparticles as an interfacial modified layer between the active layer and aluminum cathode to fabricate CH3NH3PbI3/PCBM-based planar heterojunction perovskite photovoltaic (PPV) devices. We optimized the performance of the PPV device prepared without TiO2 by varying the preheating temperature of the indium tin oxide (ITO)/poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) substrate, obtaining a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 6.3% under simulated AM 1.5 G irradiation (100 mW cm(-2)). After incorporating the TiO2 layer, we obtained a much higher PCE of 7.0%. The TiO2-containing PPV device exhibited extremely high stability (retaining ∼96% of its PCE after 1000 h) under long-term storage in a dark N2-filled glove box; the unencapsulated device retained approximately 80% of its original efficiency (T80) after 1 week under ambient conditions (ISOS-D-1; defined as 23 °C/50% RH). In contrast, the normal device was sensitive to ambient conditions with a value of T80 at only 3 h. We attributed the improved device performance (PCE, stability) to the enhanced electron transporting, hole blocking, and barrier properties arising from the presence of the TiO2 layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang-Yen Yu
- Department of Materials Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, 84 Gunjuan Road, Taishan, New Taipei City, 243, Taiwan.
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Design of donor–acceptor geometry for tuning excited-state polarization: fluorescence solvatochromism of push–pull biphenyls with various torsional restrictions on their aryl–aryl bonds. Tetrahedron 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2014.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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13
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Hsu HL, Chen CP, Chang JY, Yu YY, Shen YK. Two-step thermal annealing improves the morphology of spin-coated films for highly efficient perovskite hybrid photovoltaics. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:10281-10288. [PMID: 25065461 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr02751e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we describe relationships between the morphologies and the power conversion efficiencies (PCE) of perovskite photovoltaics having a conventional p-i-n heterojunction structure, indium tin oxide (ITO)/poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrenesulfonate (PEDOT:PSS)/CH(3)NH(3)PbI(3-x)Cl(x)/PC(61)BM/Al. The PCE of such a device is highly dependent on the morphology of the perovskite film, which is governed by the concentrations of its precursors and the annealing conditions. A two-step annealing process allowed sufficient crystallization of the perovskite material, with a high coverage at a high precursor concentration. Relative to the device prepared using a one-step process (90 °C for 30 min), we observed a 60% increase in PCE for this optimized device. The corresponding devices exhibited extremely high stability after long-term storage (>1368 h) in the dark in a N2-filled glove box, with consistently high PCEs (AM 1.5 G, 100 mW cm(-2)) of up to 9.1%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiang-Lin Hsu
- Department of Materials Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, 84 Gunjuan Road, Taishan, New Taipei City, 243, Taiwan.
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14
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Wang HJ, Chen CP, Jeng RJ. Polythiophenes Comprising Conjugated Pendants for Polymer Solar Cells: A Review. MATERIALS 2014; 7:2411-2439. [PMID: 28788575 PMCID: PMC5453372 DOI: 10.3390/ma7042411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Revised: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Polythiophene (PT) is one of the widely used donor materials for solution-processable polymer solar cells (PSCs). Much progress in PT-based PSCs can be attributed to the design of novel PTs exhibiting intense and broad visible absorption with high charge carrier mobility to increase short-circuit current density (Jsc), along with low-lying highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) levels to achieve large open circuit voltage (Voc) values. A promising strategy to tailor the photophysical properties and energy levels via covalently attaching electron donor and acceptor pendants on PTs backbone has attracted much attention recently. The geometry, electron-donating capacity, and composition of conjugated pendants are supposed to be the crucial factors in adjusting the conformation, energy levels, and photovoltaic performance of PTs. This review will go over the most recent approaches that enable researchers to obtain in-depth information in the development of PTs comprising conjugated pendants for PSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsing-Ju Wang
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
| | - Chih-Ping Chen
- Department of Materials Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, 84 Gunjuan Road, Taishan, New Taipei City 243, Taiwan.
- Battery Research center of Green Energy, Ming Chi University of Technology, 84 Gunjuan Road, Taishan, New Taipei City 243, Taiwan.
| | - Ru-Jong Jeng
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
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