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Shimanovich U, Levin A, Eliaz D, Michaels T, Toprakcioglu Z, Frohm B, De Genst E, Linse S, Åkerfeldt KS, Knowles TPJ. pH-Responsive Capsules with a Fibril Scaffold Shell Assembled from an Amyloidogenic Peptide. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2007188. [PMID: 34050722 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202007188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Peptides and proteins have evolved to self-assemble into supramolecular entities through a set of non-covalent interactions. Such structures and materials provide the functional basis of life. Crucially, biomolecular assembly processes can be highly sensitive to and modulated by environmental conditions, including temperature, light, ionic strength and pH, providing the inspiration for the development of new classes of responsive functional materials based on peptide building blocks. Here, it is shown that the stimuli-responsive assembly of amyloidogenic peptide can be used as the basis of environmentally responsive microcapsules which exhibit release characteristics triggered by a change in pH. The microcapsules are biocompatible and biodegradable and may act as vehicles for controlled release of a wide range of biomolecules. Cryo-SEM images reveal the formation of a fibrillar network of the capsule interior with discrete compartments in which cargo molecules can be stored. In addition, the reversible formation of these microcapsules by modulating the solution pH is investigated and their potential application for the controlled release of encapsulated cargo molecules, including antibodies, is shown. These results suggest that the approach described here represents a promising venue for generating pH-responsive functional peptide-based materials for a wide range of potential applications for molecular encapsulation, storage, and release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulyana Shimanovich
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Materials Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Aviad Levin
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Dror Eliaz
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Materials Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Thomas Michaels
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Zenon Toprakcioglu
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Birgitta Frohm
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Lund University, Lund, 22100, Sweden
| | - Erwin De Genst
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Sara Linse
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Lund University, Lund, 22100, Sweden
| | - Karin S Åkerfeldt
- Department of Chemistry, Haverford College, Haverford, PA, 19041, USA
| | - Tuomas P J Knowles
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
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Wang C, Fischer A, Ehrlich A, Nahmias Y, Willner I. Biocatalytic reversible control of the stiffness of DNA-modified responsive hydrogels: applications in shape-memory, self-healing and autonomous controlled release of insulin. Chem Sci 2020; 11:4516-4524. [PMID: 34122910 PMCID: PMC8159436 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc01319f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The enzymes glucose oxidase (GOx), acetylcholine esterase (AchE) and urease that drive biocatalytic transformations to alter pH, are integrated into pH-responsive DNA-based hydrogels. A two-enzyme-loaded hydrogel composed of GOx/urease or AchE/urease and a three-enzyme-loaded hydrogel composed of GOx/AchE/urease are presented. The biocatalytic transformations within the hydrogels lead to the dictated reconfiguration of nucleic acid bridges and the switchable control over the stiffness of the respective hydrogels. The switchable stiffness features are used to develop biocatalytically guided shape-memory and self-healing matrices. In addition, loading of GOx/insulin in a pH-responsive DNA-based hydrogel yields a glucose-triggered matrix for the controlled release of insulin, acting as an artificial pancreas. The release of insulin is controlled by the concentrations of glucose, hence, the biocatalytic insulin-loaded hydrogel provides an interesting sense-and-treat carrier for controlling diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Wang
- Institute of Chemistry, The Minerva Center for Bio-hybrid Complex Systems, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Jerusalem 91904 Israel
| | - Amit Fischer
- Institute of Chemistry, The Minerva Center for Bio-hybrid Complex Systems, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Jerusalem 91904 Israel
| | - Avner Ehrlich
- Grass Center for Bioengineering, Benin School of Computer Science and Engineering, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem 91904 Israel
| | - Yaakov Nahmias
- Grass Center for Bioengineering, Benin School of Computer Science and Engineering, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem 91904 Israel
| | - Itamar Willner
- Institute of Chemistry, The Minerva Center for Bio-hybrid Complex Systems, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Jerusalem 91904 Israel
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Zhang Y, Liu Q, Ma CB, Wang Q, Yang M, Du Y. Point-of-care assay for drunken driving with Pd@Pt core-shell nanoparticles-decorated ploy(vinyl alcohol) aerogel assisted by portable pressure meter. Am J Cancer Res 2020; 10:5064-5073. [PMID: 32308768 PMCID: PMC7163434 DOI: 10.7150/thno.42601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol abuse causes health problems and security accidents. A reliable and sensitive detection system for alcohol has been an instinctive demand in law enforcement and forensic. More efforts are demanded in developing new sensing strategy preferably with portable and non-invasive traits for the pushforward of point-of-care (POC) device popularization. Methods: We developed a POC diagnosis system for alcohol assay with the aid of alcohol oxidase (AOX) pre-joining in the system as well as Pd@Pt core-shell nanoparticles (abbreviated to Pd@Pt) that were decorated on ploy(vinyl alcohol) aerogel with amphiphilicity. Biological samples like saliva and whole blood can be absorbed by the aerogel in a quick process, in which the analyte would go through a transformation from alcohol, H2O2, to a final production of O2, causing an analyte dose-dependent signal change in the commercial portable pressure meter. The cascade reactions are readily catalyzed by AOX and Pd@Pt, of which the latter one possesses excellent peroxidase-like activity. Results: Our design has smartness embodied in the aerogel circumvents the interference from methanol which is more ready to be catalyzed by AOX. Under the optimal conditions, the limit of detection for alcohol was 0.50 mM in saliva, and is able to distinguish the driving under the influence (DUI) (1.74 mM in saliva) and driving while impaired (DWI) (6.95 mM in saliva) in the national standard of China. Conclusion: Our proof-of-concept study provides the possibility for the establishment of POC device for alcohol and other target detection, not only owing to the sensing qualification but also thanks to the architecture of such sensor that has great flexibility by replacing the AOX with glucose oxidase (GOX), thenceforth realizing the accurate detection of glucose in 0.5% whole blood sample. With the advantages of easy accessibility and anti-interference ability, our sensor exhibits great potential for quantitative diagnostics in biological system.
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Ma CB, Zhang Y, Liu Q, Du Y, Wang E. Enhanced Stability of Enzyme Immobilized in Rationally Designed Amphiphilic Aerogel and Its Application for Sensitive Glucose Detection. Anal Chem 2020; 92:5319-5328. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b05858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chong-Bo Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun, Jilin 130022, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Nanobiosensing and Nanobioanalysis at Universities of Jilin Province, Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate Science of Ministry of Education, National & Local United Engineering Laboratory for Power Batteries, Institute of Functional Materials Chemistry, and Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130024, P. R. China
| | - Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun, Jilin 130022, P. R. China
| | - Qiong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun, Jilin 130022, P. R. China
| | - Yan Du
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun, Jilin 130022, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Erkang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun, Jilin 130022, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
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Chivers PRA, Kelly JA, Hill MJS, Smith DK. First-generation shaped gel reactors based on photo-patterned hybrid hydrogels. REACT CHEM ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0re00109k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
This paper reports the development of first-generation photo-patterned ring-shaped gel reactors that catalyse the hydrolysis of para-nitrophenol phosphate using a phosphatase enzyme.
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Falcone N, Shao T, Rashid R, Kraatz HB. Enzyme Entrapment in Amphiphilic Myristyl-Phenylalanine Hydrogels. Molecules 2019; 24:E2884. [PMID: 31398913 PMCID: PMC6721053 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24162884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Supramolecular amino acid and peptide hydrogels are functional materials with a wide range of applications, however, their ability to serve as matrices for enzyme entrapment have been rarely explored. Two amino acid conjugates were synthesized and explored for hydrogel formation. These hydrogels were characterized in terms of strength and morphology, and their ability to entrap enzymes while keeping them active and reusable was explored. It was found that the hydrogels were able to successfully entrap two common and significant enzymes-horseradish peroxidase and -amylase-thus keeping them active and stable, along with inducing recycling capabilities, which has potential to further advance the industrial biotransformation field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natashya Falcone
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, M5S 3E5, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1065 Military Trail, M1C 1A4, Scarborough, Canada
| | - Tsuimy Shao
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1065 Military Trail, M1C 1A4, Scarborough, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, M5S 3H6, Toronto, Canada
| | - Roomina Rashid
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1065 Military Trail, M1C 1A4, Scarborough, Canada
| | - Heinz-Bernhard Kraatz
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, M5S 3E5, Toronto, Canada.
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1065 Military Trail, M1C 1A4, Scarborough, Canada.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, M5S 3H6, Toronto, Canada.
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Datta D, Kumar V, Kumar S, Nagaraj R, Chaudhary N. Limpid hydrogels from β-turn motif-connected tandem repeats of Aβ 16-22. SOFT MATTER 2019; 15:4827-4835. [PMID: 31180412 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm00343f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Self-assembling peptides constitute an important class of functional biomaterials. A number of short amyloidogenic stretches have been identified from amyloid proteins. Such peptides, as such or through subtle modifications, can turn out to be promising candidates for functional biomaterials. End-capped Aβ16-22, the well-studied amyloidogenic stretch from β-amyloid, is reported to be non-hydrogelating up to 20 mM concentration. Here we investigated the hydrogelation propensity of Aβ16-22 repeats connected through β-turn-supporting motifs. The peptide repeats connected through Asn-Gly, Aib-DPro, and DPro-Gly formed transparent hydrogels at concentrations ≥2 mM. The repeats of the aromatic analog Aβ16-22(F20Y) also resulted in similar hydrogels. Like other peptide-based gels reported earlier, these gels could trap the anticancer drug doxorubicin and displayed steady release in water. In addition, the gels supported the growth of mammalian cell lines, HEK-293 and RIN-5F. These data show that turn-inducing motifs can have marked effects on the hydrogelating propensity of self-assembling peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debika Datta
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781 039, India.
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8
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Abstract
Self-assembly of molecules often results in new emerging properties. Even very short peptides can self-assemble into structures with a variety of physical and structural characteristics. Remarkably, many peptide assemblies show high catalytic activity in model reactions reaching efficiencies comparable to those found in natural enzymes by weight. In this review, we discuss different strategies used to rationally develop self-assembled peptide catalysts with natural and unnatural backbones as well as with metal-containing cofactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Zozulia
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, 111 College Place, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA.
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King PJS, Saiani A, Bichenkova EV, Miller AF. A de novo self-assembling peptide hydrogel biosensor with covalently immobilised DNA-recognising motifs. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 52:6697-700. [PMID: 27117274 DOI: 10.1039/c6cc01433j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
We report here the first experimental evidence of a self-assembling three-dimensional (3D) peptide hydrogel, with recognition motifs immobilized on the surface of fibres capable of sequence-specific oligonucleotide detection. These systems have the potential to be further developed into diagnostic and prognostic tools in human pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J S King
- Manchester School of Pharmacy, the University of Manchester, Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.
| | - Alberto Saiani
- School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK.
| | - Elena V Bichenkova
- Manchester School of Pharmacy, the University of Manchester, Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.
| | - Aline F Miller
- School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK.
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10
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Proteins behaving badly. Substoichiometric molecular control and amplification of the initiation and nature of amyloid fibril formation: lessons from and for blood clotting. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 123:16-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2016] [Revised: 08/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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11
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Visser F, Müller B, Rose J, Prüfer D, Noll GA. Forizymes - functionalised artificial forisomes as a platform for the production and immobilisation of single enzymes and multi-enzyme complexes. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30839. [PMID: 27502156 PMCID: PMC4977538 DOI: 10.1038/srep30839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The immobilisation of enzymes plays an important role in many applications, including biosensors that require enzyme activity, stability and recyclability in order to function efficiently. Here we show that forisomes (plant-derived mechanoproteins) can be functionalised with enzymes by translational fusion, leading to the assembly of structures designated as forizymes. When forizymes are expressed in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the enzymes are immobilised by the self-assembly of forisome subunits to form well-structured protein bodies. We used glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) and hexokinase 2 (HXK2) as model enzymes for the one-step production and purification of catalytically active forizymes. These structures retain the typical stimulus-response reaction of the forisome and the enzyme remains active even after multiple assay cycles, which we demonstrated using G6PDH forizymes as an example. We also achieved the co-incorporation of both HXK2 and G6PDH in a single forizyme, facilitating a two-step reaction cascade that was 30% faster than the coupled reaction using the corresponding enzymes on different forizymes or in solution. Our novel forizyme immobilisation technique therefore not only combines the sensory properties of forisome proteins with the catalytic properties of enzymes but also allows the development of multi-enzyme complexes for incorporation into technical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Visser
- University of Münster, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Münster, 48143, Germany
| | - Boje Müller
- University of Münster, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Münster, 48143, Germany
| | - Judith Rose
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Münster, 48143, Germany
| | - Dirk Prüfer
- University of Münster, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Münster, 48143, Germany.,Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Münster, 48143, Germany
| | - Gundula A Noll
- University of Münster, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Münster, 48143, Germany
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Elsawy M, Smith AM, Hodson N, Squires A, Miller AF, Saiani A. Modification of β-Sheet Forming Peptide Hydrophobic Face: Effect on Self-Assembly and Gelation. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:4917-23. [PMID: 27089379 PMCID: PMC4990315 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b03841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
β-Sheet forming peptides have attracted significant interest for the design of hydrogels for biomedical applications. One of the main challenges is the control and understanding of the correlations between peptide molecular structure, the morphology, and topology of the fiber and network formed as well as the macroscopic properties of the hydrogel obtained. In this work, we have investigated the effect that functionalizing these peptides through their hydrophobic face has on their self-assembly and gelation. Our results show that the modification of the hydrophobic face results in a partial loss of the extended β-sheet conformation of the peptide and a significant change in fiber morphology from straight to kinked. As a consequence, the ability of these fibers to associate along their length and form large bundles is reduced. These structural changes (fiber structure and network topology) significantly affect the mechanical properties of the hydrogels (shear modulus and elasticity).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed
A. Elsawy
- School of Materials, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, BioAFM Facility, Stopford
Building, and School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, M13
9PL Manchester, U.K.
| | - Andrew M. Smith
- School of Materials, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, BioAFM Facility, Stopford
Building, and School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, M13
9PL Manchester, U.K.
| | - Nigel Hodson
- School of Materials, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, BioAFM Facility, Stopford
Building, and School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, M13
9PL Manchester, U.K.
| | - Adam Squires
- Department
of Chemistry, Reading University, Whiteknights RG6 6AD, Reading, U.K.
| | - Aline F. Miller
- School of Materials, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, BioAFM Facility, Stopford
Building, and School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, M13
9PL Manchester, U.K.
| | - Alberto Saiani
- School of Materials, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, BioAFM Facility, Stopford
Building, and School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, M13
9PL Manchester, U.K.
- Phone +44
161 306 5981; Fax +44 161 306 3586; e-mail (A.S.)
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Du X, Zhou J, Shi J, Xu B. Supramolecular Hydrogelators and Hydrogels: From Soft Matter to Molecular Biomaterials. Chem Rev 2015; 115:13165-307. [PMID: 26646318 PMCID: PMC4936198 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1266] [Impact Index Per Article: 140.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In this review we intend to provide a relatively comprehensive summary of the work of supramolecular hydrogelators after 2004 and to put emphasis particularly on the applications of supramolecular hydrogels/hydrogelators as molecular biomaterials. After a brief introduction of methods for generating supramolecular hydrogels, we discuss supramolecular hydrogelators on the basis of their categories, such as small organic molecules, coordination complexes, peptides, nucleobases, and saccharides. Following molecular design, we focus on various potential applications of supramolecular hydrogels as molecular biomaterials, classified by their applications in cell cultures, tissue engineering, cell behavior, imaging, and unique applications of hydrogelators. Particularly, we discuss the applications of supramolecular hydrogelators after they form supramolecular assemblies but prior to reaching the critical gelation concentration because this subject is less explored but may hold equally great promise for helping address fundamental questions about the mechanisms or the consequences of the self-assembly of molecules, including low molecular weight ones. Finally, we provide a perspective on supramolecular hydrogelators. We hope that this review will serve as an updated introduction and reference for researchers who are interested in exploring supramolecular hydrogelators as molecular biomaterials for addressing the societal needs at various frontiers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuewen Du
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454, United States
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454, United States
| | - Junfeng Shi
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454, United States
| | - Bing Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454, United States
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