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Initiated Chemical Vapor Deposition (iCVD) of Bio-Based Poly(tulipalin A) Coatings: Structure and Material Properties. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14193993. [PMID: 36235940 PMCID: PMC9572868 DOI: 10.3390/polym14193993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A solvent-free route of initiated chemical vapor deposition (iCVD) was used to synthesize a bio-renewable poly(α-Methylene-γ-butyrolactone) (PMBL) polymer. α-MBL, also known as tulipalin A, is a bio-based monomer that can be a sustainable alternative to produce polymer coatings with interesting material properties. The produced polymers were deposited as thin films on three different types of substrates—polycarbonate (PC) sheets, microscopic glass, and silicon wafers—and characterized via an array of characterization techniques, including Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H NMR), ultraviolet visible spectroscopy (UV–vis), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), size-exclusion chromatography (SEC), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Optically transparent thin films and coatings of PMBL were found to have high thermal stability up to 310 °C. The resulting PMBL films also displayed good optical characteristics, and a high glass transition temperature (Tg~164 °C), higher than the Tg of its structurally resembling fossil-based linear analogue-poly(methyl methacrylate). The effect of monomer partial pressure to monomer saturation vapor pressure (Pm/Psat) on the deposition rate was investigated in this study. Both the deposition rate and molar masses increased linearly with Pm/Psat following the normal iCVD mechanism and kinetics that have been reported in literature.
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Unger K, Coclite AM. Glucose-Responsive Boronic Acid Hydrogel Thin Films Obtained via Initiated Chemical Vapor Deposition. Biomacromolecules 2022; 23:4289-4295. [PMID: 36053563 PMCID: PMC9554909 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c00762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
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Glucose-responsive materials are of great importance
in the field
of monitoring the physiological glucose level or smart insulin management.
This study presents the first vacuum-based deposition of a glucose-responsive
hydrogel thin film. The successful vacuum-based synthesis of a glucose-responsive
hydrogel may open the door to a vast variety of new applications,
where, for example, the hydrogel thin film is applied on new possible
substrates. In addition, vacuum-deposited films are free of leachables
(e.g., plasticizers and residual solvents). Therefore, they are, in
principle, safe for in-body applications. A hydrogel made of but-3-enylboronic
acid units, a boronic acid compound, was synthesized via initiated
chemical vapor deposition. The thin film was characterized in terms
of chemical composition, surface morphology, and swelling response
toward pH and sucrose, a glucose–fructose compound. The film
was stable in aqueous solutions, consisting of polymerized boronic
acid and the initiator unit, and had an undulating texture appearance
(rms 2.1 nm). The hydrogel was in its shrunken state at pH 4–7
and swelled by increasing the pH to 9. The pKa was 8.2 ± 0.2. The response to glucose was observed
at pH 10 and resulted in thickness shrinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Unger
- Institute of Solid State Physics, NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Anna Maria Coclite
- Institute of Solid State Physics, NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria
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Ma D, Qian S, Zhou S, Bian D. Fabrication and Characterization of Polyelectrolyte Coatings by Polymerization and Co-Deposition of Acrylic Acid Using the Dopamine in Weak Acid Solution. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:10256-10264. [PMID: 35951557 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c01528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Existing medical materials (such as silicone rubber, glass slides, etc.) fail to meet the functional requirements of biosensing, cell culture, and drug delivery due to their poor wettability. The preparation of polyelectrolyte coatings with excellent wettability and protein adsorption helps broaden the application of medical materials. Poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) is a common polyelectrolyte with stronger protein adsorption, but the existing methods for obtaining PAA coating have certain shortcomings to limit their industrial applications. In this study, dopamine (DA) was used to polymerize and co-deposit acrylic acid (AA) in weak acid solution to functionalize the surface of materials, and the effects of different mass ratios of DA/AA on the wettability and protein adsorption of the coating were deeply investigated. The results demonstrate that PDA/PAA coating is successfully prepared on the surface of four substrates and greatly reduces the water contact angle of these surfaces. Moreover, these coatings show excellent protein adsorption, and the amount of adsorbed protein on the coated QCM chip is increased by 57.74% than the uncoated QCM chip. In addition, the coating has a certain pH responsiveness, and its wettability and protein adsorption are closely related to the pH of the solution. The preparation strategy proposed is simple and substrate-independent, which provides valuable insights into the application of the one-step polymerization and co-deposition strategy under weak acid conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deke Ma
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Shanhua Qian
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Food Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Shuaishuai Zhou
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Da Bian
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
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A polymer hybrid film based on poly(vinyl cinnamate) and poly(2-hydroxy ethyl methacrylate) for controlled flurbiprofen release. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2021. [PMCID: PMC7977491 DOI: 10.1007/s10965-021-02493-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A crosslinked polymer hybrid film, ipn-poly(vinyl cinnamate-graft-2-hydroxy ethyl methacrylate)-v-poly(ethylene glycol dimethacrylate) was synthesized by UV initiation using poly(vinyl cinnamate) (polyVCi), 2-hydroxy ethyl methacrylate (HEMA) monomer and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) crosslinker. Benzophenone (Ph2CO), was used as the photoinitiator. The synthesis was optimized by changing the concentration of HEMA, Ph2CO, EGDMA, and UV irradiation time. PolyVCi undergoes photocrosslinking by 2 + 2 photocylo addition while the monomer/crosslinker couple, HEMA/EGDMA, undergoes free radical polymerization and crosslinking to form EGDMA crosslinked polyHEMA. Hence, simultaneous interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) formation occurs. The IPN consists of dual network of photocrosslinked polyVCi and EGDMA crosslinked polyHEMA chains. Grafting of HEMA/EGDMA chains on the polyVCi backbone also occur during network formation. The chemical functionalities present in the polyVCi/polyHEMA/polyEGDMA IPN films obtained were characterized by FTIR and SEM analysis. The contact angle measurements show enhanced wettability of the IPN film compared to polyVCi surface. TGA analysis confirms thermal stability of the films. Swelling behavior of the films examined in water and in ethanol reveals the effects of the chemical natures of polyVCi and polyHEMA as well as that of crosslinking on the hydrophilicity of the film. The films were tested as drug release matrices using flurbiprofen. The drug was loaded into the film matrix during IPN formation under UV irradiation. PolyVCi/polyHEMA/polyEGDMA IPN proved to be a suitable release matrix for flurbiprofen demonstrating controlled release behavior and zero-order release kinetics. The release mechanism was confirmed by its Ritger-Peppas “n” value (1.00 to 1.42), which indicates super case II release.
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Suppression of Hydrophobic Recovery in Photo-Initiated Chemical Vapor Deposition. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10050534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Photo-initiated chemical vapor deposition (PICVD) functionalizes carbon nanotube (CNT)-enhanced porous substrates with a highly polar polymeric nanometric film, rendering them super-hydrophilic. Despite its ability to generate fully wettable surfaces at low temperatures and atmospheric pressure, PICVD coatings normally undergo hydrophobic recovery. This is a process by which a percentage of oxygenated functional group diffuse/re-arrange from the top layer of the deposited film towards the bulk of the substrate, taking the induced hydrophilic property of the material with them. Thus, hydrophilicity decreases over time. To address this, a vertical chemical gradient (VCG) can be deposited onto the CNT-substrate. The VCG consists of a first, thicker highly cross-linked layer followed by a second, thinner highly functionalized layer. In this article, we show, through water contact angle and XPS measurements, that the increased cross-linking density of the first layer can reduce the mobility of polar functional groups, forcing them to remain at the topmost layer of the PICVD coating and to suppress hydrophobic recovery. We show that employing a bi-layer VCG suppresses hydrophobic recovery for five days and reduces its effect afterwards (contact angle stabilizes to 42 ± 1° instead of 125 ± 3°).
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Yang H, Wang H, Feng J, Ye Y, Liu W. Solventless Synthesis and Patterning of UV‐Responsive Poly(allyl methacrylate) Film. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201900299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huidong Yang
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Specialty Polymers Faculty of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering Ningbo University Ningbo 315211 China
| | - Hong Wang
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Specialty Polymers Faculty of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering Ningbo University Ningbo 315211 China
| | - Jingang Feng
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Specialty Polymers Faculty of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering Ningbo University Ningbo 315211 China
| | - Yumin Ye
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Specialty Polymers Faculty of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering Ningbo University Ningbo 315211 China
| | - Wenna Liu
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Specialty Polymers Faculty of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering Ningbo University Ningbo 315211 China
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Buchberger A, Peterka S, Coclite AM, Bergmann A. Fast Optical Humidity Sensor Based on Hydrogel Thin Film Expansion for Harsh Environment. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 19:E999. [PMID: 30813631 PMCID: PMC6427288 DOI: 10.3390/s19050999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
With the application of a recently developed deposition method called initiated chemical vapor deposition (iCVD), responsive hydrogel thin films in the order of a few hundred nanometers were created. When in contact with humid air, the hydrogel layer increases its thickness considerably. The measurement of the thickness change was realized interferometrically with a laser and a broadband light source in two different implementations. The relative change in thickness with respect to humidity can be described with the Flory⁻Huggins theory. The required Flory⁻Huggins interaction parameter was determined for the actual hydrogel composition. The setup was designed without electric components in the vicinity of the active sensor layer and is therefore applicable in harsh environments such as explosive or corrosive ones. The implemented sensor prototype delivered reproducible relative humidity ( R H ) values and the achieved response time for an abrupt change of the humidity τ 63 ≤ 2.5 s was about three times faster compared to one of the fastest commercially available sensors on the market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Buchberger
- Institute of Electronic Sensor Systems, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Sebastian Peterka
- Institute of Solid State Physics, NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Anna Maria Coclite
- Institute of Solid State Physics, NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Alexander Bergmann
- Institute of Electronic Sensor Systems, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria.
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Chen N, Kim DH, Kovacik P, Sojoudi H, Wang M, Gleason KK. Polymer Thin Films and Surface Modification by Chemical Vapor Deposition: Recent Progress. Annu Rev Chem Biomol Eng 2017; 7:373-93. [PMID: 27276550 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-080615-033524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) polymerization uses vapor phase monomeric reactants to synthesize organic thin films directly on substrates. These thin films are desirable as conformal surface engineering materials and functional layers. The facile tunability of the films and their surface properties allow successful integration of CVD thin films into prototypes for applications in surface modification, device fabrication, and protective films. CVD polymers also bridge microfabrication technology with chemical and biological systems. Robust coatings can be achieved via CVD methods as antifouling, anti-icing, and antihydrate surfaces, as well as stimuli-responsive or biocompatible polymers and novel nanostructures. Use of low-energy input, modest vacuum, and room-temperature substrates renders CVD polymerization compatible with thermally sensitive substrates and devices. Compared with solution-based methods, CVD is particularly useful for insoluble materials, such as electrically conductive polymers and controllably crosslinked networks, and has the potential to reduce environmental, health, and safety impacts associated with solvents. This review discusses the relevant background and selected applications of recent advances by two methods that display and use the high retention of the organic functional groups from their respective monomers, initiated CVD (iCVD) and oxidative CVD (oCVD) polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139;
| | - Do Han Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139;
| | - Peter Kovacik
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139;
| | - Hossein Sojoudi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139; .,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Minghui Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139;
| | - Karen K Gleason
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139;
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Wang M, Wang X, Moni P, Liu A, Kim DH, Jo WJ, Sojoudi H, Gleason KK. CVD Polymers for Devices and Device Fabrication. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29:1604606. [PMID: 28032923 PMCID: PMC7161753 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201604606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) polymerization directly synthesizes organic thin films on a substrate from vapor phase reactants. Dielectric, semiconducting, electrically conducting, and ionically conducting CVD polymers have all been readily integrated into devices. The absence of solvent in the CVD process enables the growth of high-purity layers and avoids the potential of dewetting phenomena, which lead to pinhole defects. By limiting contaminants and defects, ultrathin (<10 nm) CVD polymeric device layers have been fabricated in multiple laboratories. The CVD method is particularly suitable for synthesizing insoluble conductive polymers, layers with high densities of organic functional groups, and robust crosslinked networks. Additionally, CVD polymers are prized for the ability to conformally cover rough surfaces, like those of paper and textile substrates, as well as the complex geometries of micro- and nanostructured devices. By employing low processing temperatures, CVD polymerization avoids damaging substrates and underlying device layers. This report discusses the mechanisms of the major CVD polymerization techniques and the recent progress of their applications in devices and device fabrication, with emphasis on initiated CVD (iCVD) and oxidative CVD (oCVD) polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Wang
- Department of Chemical EngineeringMassachusetts Institute of Technology77 Massachusetts AvenueCambridgeMA02139USA
| | - Xiaoxue Wang
- Department of Chemical EngineeringMassachusetts Institute of Technology77 Massachusetts AvenueCambridgeMA02139USA
| | - Priya Moni
- Department of Chemical EngineeringMassachusetts Institute of Technology77 Massachusetts AvenueCambridgeMA02139USA
| | - Andong Liu
- Department of Chemical EngineeringMassachusetts Institute of Technology77 Massachusetts AvenueCambridgeMA02139USA
| | - Do Han Kim
- Department of Chemical EngineeringMassachusetts Institute of Technology77 Massachusetts AvenueCambridgeMA02139USA
| | - Won Jun Jo
- Department of Chemical EngineeringMassachusetts Institute of Technology77 Massachusetts AvenueCambridgeMA02139USA
| | - Hossein Sojoudi
- Department of Chemical EngineeringMassachusetts Institute of Technology77 Massachusetts AvenueCambridgeMA02139USA
- Department of MechanicalIndustrial & Manufacturing EngineeringThe University of ToledoToledoOhio43606USA
| | - Karen K. Gleason
- Department of Chemical EngineeringMassachusetts Institute of Technology77 Massachusetts AvenueCambridgeMA02139USA
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Unger K, Resel R, Coclite AM. Dynamic Studies on the Response to Humidity of Poly (2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) Hydrogels Produced by Initiated Chemical Vapor Deposition. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201600271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Unger
- Institute of Solid State Physics; NAWI Graz; Graz University of Technology; Petersgasse 16 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Roland Resel
- Institute of Solid State Physics; NAWI Graz; Graz University of Technology; Petersgasse 16 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Anna Maria Coclite
- Institute of Solid State Physics; NAWI Graz; Graz University of Technology; Petersgasse 16 8010 Graz Austria
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Deng H, Yin Z, Jiang T, Liu H, Fan X, Wang M, Ma X, Fan Z, Zheng C, Deng K. Fabrication of a thermo-sensitive poly(N-acetyl-L-glutamic acid-co-lysine ester) with excellent biocompatibility. Colloid Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-015-3606-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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