1
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Huang H, Lu Y, Bi S, Yan C, Yang Y. Space-confined twin-polymerization enabling homogeneous integration of ultrafine TiO 2 nanoparticles into a sulfur-doped carbon matrix for boosting lithium storage. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024. [PMID: 38456200 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc00765d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Homogeneous integration of ultrafine TiO2 nanoparticles into a conductive sulfur-doped carbon skeleton was readily crafted by unusual space-confined twin-polymerization of a titanium-containing single-source coupled monomer and subsequent carbonization, producing a robust hetero-architecture for boosting lithium storage with large reversible capacity, high rate capability, and long-term cycling stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haisheng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing Technologies, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, China.
| | - Yun Lu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Shuguang Bi
- State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing Technologies, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, China.
| | - Changwang Yan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Yingkui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing Technologies, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, China.
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
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2
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Scharf S, Notz S, Thomas R, Mehring M, Tegenkamp C, Formánek P, Hübner R, Lang H. Porous Magnesium Oxide by Twin Polymerization: From Hybrid Materials to Catalysis. Eur J Inorg Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202200663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Scharf
- Research Center for Materials Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN) Research Group Organometallic Chemistry Technische Universität Chemnitz Rosenbergstraße 6 D-09126 Chemnitz Germany
| | - Sebastian Notz
- Research Center for Materials Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN) Research Group Organometallic Chemistry Technische Universität Chemnitz Rosenbergstraße 6 D-09126 Chemnitz Germany
| | - Rico Thomas
- Technische Universität Chemnitz Faculty of Natural Sciences Institute of Chemistry Coordination Chemistry D-09107 Chemnitz Germany
| | - Michael Mehring
- Technische Universität Chemnitz Faculty of Natural Sciences Institute of Chemistry Coordination Chemistry D-09107 Chemnitz Germany
| | - Christoph Tegenkamp
- Technische Universität Chemnitz Faculty of Natural Sciences Institute of Physics Solid Surfaces Analyses D-09107 Chemnitz Germany
| | - Petr Formánek
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V Institut Physikalische Chemie und Physik der Polymere D-01005 Dresden Germany
| | - René Hübner
- Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf D-01328 Dresden Germany
| | - Heinrich Lang
- Research Center for Materials Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN) Research Group Organometallic Chemistry Technische Universität Chemnitz Rosenbergstraße 6 D-09126 Chemnitz Germany
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3
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Kaßner L, Zhu X, Schaefer K, Chen Z, Moeller M, Uhlig T, Simon F, Dentel D, Tegenkamp C, Spange S, Mehring M. Textile functionalization by combination of twin polymerization and polyalkoxysiloxane‐based sol–gel chemistry. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lysann Kaßner
- Institute of Chemistry, Coordination Chemistry Chemnitz University of Technology Chemnitz Germany
| | - Xiaomin Zhu
- DWI – Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials e. V. and Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry (ITMC) of RWTH Aachen University Aachen Germany
| | - Karola Schaefer
- DWI – Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials e. V. and Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry (ITMC) of RWTH Aachen University Aachen Germany
| | - Zhi Chen
- DWI – Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials e. V. and Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry (ITMC) of RWTH Aachen University Aachen Germany
| | - Martin Moeller
- DWI – Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials e. V. and Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry (ITMC) of RWTH Aachen University Aachen Germany
| | - Tina Uhlig
- Institute of Chemistry, Polymer Materials Chemnitz University of Technology Chemnitz Germany
| | - Frank Simon
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research e. V. Dresden Germany
| | - Doreen Dentel
- Institute of Physics, Solid Surfaces Analysis Chemnitz University of Technology Chemnitz Germany
| | - Christoph Tegenkamp
- Institute of Physics, Solid Surfaces Analysis Chemnitz University of Technology Chemnitz Germany
| | - Stefan Spange
- Institute of Chemistry, Polymer Materials Chemnitz University of Technology Chemnitz Germany
| | - Michael Mehring
- Institute of Chemistry, Coordination Chemistry Chemnitz University of Technology Chemnitz Germany
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4
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Ternary hybrid materials based on the photoinduced cationic polymerization of functional twin monomer and epoxides. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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5
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Schnucklake M, Kaßner L, Mehring M, Roth C. Porous carbon-carbon composite electrodes for vanadium redox flow batteries synthesized by twin polymerization. RSC Adv 2020; 10:41926-41935. [PMID: 35516555 PMCID: PMC9057876 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra07741k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly porous carbon–carbon composite electrodes have been synthesized by surface twin polymerization on a macroporous polyacrylonitrile (PAN)-based substrate. For this purpose the compound 2,2′-spirobi[benzo-4H-1,3,2-dioxasiline] (Spiro), being a molecular precursor for phenolic resin and silica, was polymerized onto PAN-based felts with subsequent thermal transformation of the hybrid material-coated felt into silica-containing carbon. The following etching step led to high surface carbon–carbon composite materials, where each carbon component served a different function in the battery electrode: the carbon fiber substrate possesses a high electron conductivity, while the amorphous carbon coating provides the catalytic function. For characterization of the composite materials with respect to structure, porosity and pore size distribution scanning electron microscopy (SEM) as well as nitrogen sorption measurements (BET) were performed. The electrochemical performance of the carbon felts (CF) for application in all-vanadium redox flow batteries was evaluated by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Compared to the pristine PAN-based felt the composite electrodes show significantly enhanced surface areas (up to 35 times higher), which increases the amount of vanadium ions that could be adsorbed onto the surface and thus contributes to an increased performance. Synthesis, characterization and electrochemical evaluation of composite electrodes – synthesized via twin polymerization – for utilization in vanadium redox flow batteries.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Maike Schnucklake
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin Arnimallee 22 D-14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Lysann Kaßner
- Technische Universität Chemnitz, Fakultät für Naturwissenschaften, Institut für Chemie, Professur Koordinationschemie D-09107 Chemnitz Germany
| | - Michael Mehring
- Technische Universität Chemnitz, Fakultät für Naturwissenschaften, Institut für Chemie, Professur Koordinationschemie D-09107 Chemnitz Germany
| | - Christina Roth
- Electrochemical Process Engineering, Universität Bayreuth Universitätsstraße 30 D-95447 Bayreuth Germany
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6
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Uhlig D, Seifert A, Schreiter K, Rüffer T, Lang H, Thielbeer F, Stoll R, Müller P, Spange S. Cationic Polymerization of (3‐Aminopropyl)‐
tris
‐furfuryloxysilane Derivatives—a New Strategy for Complex Hybrid Material Synthesis. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201900050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Uhlig
- Department of Polymer ChemistryChemnitz University of TechnologyFaculty of Natural Science 09107 Chemnitz Germany
| | - Andreas Seifert
- Department of Polymer ChemistryChemnitz University of TechnologyFaculty of Natural Science 09107 Chemnitz Germany
| | - Katja Schreiter
- Department of Polymer ChemistryChemnitz University of TechnologyFaculty of Natural Science 09107 Chemnitz Germany
| | - Tobias Rüffer
- Department of Inorganic ChemistryChemnitz University of TechnologyFaculty of Natural Science 09107 Chemnitz Germany
| | - Heinrich Lang
- Department of Inorganic ChemistryChemnitz University of TechnologyFaculty of Natural Science 09107 Chemnitz Germany
| | | | - Ragnar Stoll
- BASF Polyurethanes GmbH Elastogranstraße 60 49448 Lemfoerde Germany
| | | | - Stefan Spange
- Department of Polymer ChemistryChemnitz University of TechnologyFaculty of Natural Science 09107 Chemnitz Germany
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7
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Prehl J, Huster C. Morphology on Reaction Mechanism Dependency for Twin Polymerization. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11050878. [PMID: 31091752 PMCID: PMC6572015 DOI: 10.3390/polym11050878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
An in-depth knowledge of the structure formation process and the resulting dependency of the morphology on the reaction mechanism is a key requirement in order to design application-oriented materials. For twin polymerization, the basic idea of the reaction process is established, and important structural properties of the final nanoporous hybrid materials are known. However, the effects of changing the reaction mechanism parameters on the final morphology is still an open issue. In this work, the dependence of the morphology on the reaction mechanism is investigated based on a previously introduced lattice-based Monte Carlo method, the reactive bond fluctuation model. We analyze the effects of the model parameters, such as movability, attraction, or reaction probabilities on structural properties, like the specific surface area, the radial distribution function, the local porosity distribution, or the total fraction of percolating elements. From these examinations, we can identify key factors to adapt structural properties to fulfill desired requirements for possible applications. Hereby, we point out which implications theses parameter changes have on the underlying chemical structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janett Prehl
- Institut für Physik, Technische Universität Chemnitz, D-09107 Chemnitz, Germany.
| | - Constantin Huster
- Institut für Physik, Technische Universität Chemnitz, D-09107 Chemnitz, Germany.
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8
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Molecular structure formation as function of the catalytic process during the simultaneous twin polymerization of a hexadienyloxy-functionalized twin monomer with 2,2′-spirobi[4H-1,3,2-benzodioxasiline]. POLYMER 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2019.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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9
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Radical induced cationic frontal twin polymerization of Si-spiro compound in combination with bisphenol-A-diglycidylether. POLYMER 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2018.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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10
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Kitschke P, Preda AM, Auer AA, Scholz S, Rüffer T, Lang H, Mehring M. Spirocyclic tin salicyl alcoholates - a combined experimental and theoretical study on their structures, 119Sn NMR chemical shifts and reactivity in thermally induced twin polymerization. Dalton Trans 2018; 48:220-230. [PMID: 30516218 DOI: 10.1039/c8dt03695k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The spirocyclic tin salicyl alcoholate, 4H,4'H-2,2'-spirobi[benzo[d][1,3,2]dioxastannine] (1), and its 6,6'-dimethoxy (2) and 8,8'-di-tert-butyl-6,6'-dimethyl derivative (3) were synthesized and thermally induced twin polymerization of precursor 2 was performed to give a SnO2-containing hybrid material. Studies on the molecular structures of 1-3 were carried out using 119Sn{1H} CP MAS NMR spectroscopy and DFT calculations. Crystallization of compound 3 from dimethyl sulfoxide solution provided the Lewis acid-base adduct 3(dmso)2 exhibiting a hexacoordinated tin atom in the solid state, in agreement with the results of the spectroscopic and DFT calculation data. 119Sn NMR spectroscopy of the compounds 1-3 and 3(dmso)2 revealed equilibria among the diverse oligomers in solution phase pointing at hexacoordinated tin atoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Kitschke
- Technische Universität Chemnitz, Fakultät für Naturwissenschaften, Institut für Chemie, Professur Koordinationschemie, 09107 Chemnitz, Germany.
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11
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A reactive bond fluctuation model (rBFM) for twin polymerization: Comparison of simulated morphologies with experimental data. Chem Phys Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2018.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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12
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Hoffmann KH, Prehl J. Modeling the structure formation process of twin polymerization. REACTION KINETICS MECHANISMS AND CATALYSIS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11144-017-1303-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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13
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Weißhuhn J, Seifert A, Dzhagan V, Palaniyappan S, Zahn DRT, Wagner G, Spange S. B 2
O 3
/SiO 2
/Phenolic Resin Hybrid Materials Produced by Simultaneous Twin Polymerization of Spiromonomers. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201700487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Weißhuhn
- Department of Polymer Chemistry; Institute of Natural Science; TU Chemnitz; Straße der Nationen 62 09111 Chemnitz Germany
| | - Andreas Seifert
- Department of Polymer Chemistry; Institute of Natural Science; TU Chemnitz; Straße der Nationen 62 09111 Chemnitz Germany
| | - Volodymyr Dzhagan
- Department of Semiconductor Physics Institute of Natural Science; TU Chemnitz; Reichenhainer Straße 70 09126 Chemnitz Germany
| | - Saravanan Palaniyappan
- Department of Composite Materials and Materials Compounds; Faculty of Mechanical Engineering; TU Chemnitz; Erfenschlager Straße 73 09125 Chemnitz Germany
| | - Dietrich R. T. Zahn
- Department of Semiconductor Physics Institute of Natural Science; TU Chemnitz; Reichenhainer Straße 70 09126 Chemnitz Germany
| | - Guntram Wagner
- Department of Composite Materials and Materials Compounds; Faculty of Mechanical Engineering; TU Chemnitz; Erfenschlager Straße 73 09125 Chemnitz Germany
| | - Stefan Spange
- Department of Polymer Chemistry; Institute of Natural Science; TU Chemnitz; Straße der Nationen 62 09111 Chemnitz Germany
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14
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Roschke F, Rüffer T, Seifert A, Nagel K, Spange S, Lang H, Mehring M. Chiral molecular fluoridosilicates and their twin polymerization for the preparation of fluorine-doped mesoporous silica and microporous carbon. Inorg Chem Front 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8qi00533h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of organic–inorganic hybrid materials, microporous carbon and fluorine-doped mesoporous silica by the twin polymerization of pentacoordinated fluoridosilicates is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Roschke
- Technische Universität Chemnitz
- Fakultät für Naturwissenschaften
- Institut für Chemie
- Professur Koordinationschemie
- 09107 Chemnitz
| | - Tobias Rüffer
- Technische Universität Chemnitz
- Fakultät für Naturwissenschaften
- Institut für Chemie
- Professur Anorganische Chemie
- 09107 Chemnitz
| | - Andreas Seifert
- Technische Universität Chemnitz
- Fakultät für Naturwissenschaften
- Institut für Chemie
- Professur Polymerchemie
- 09107 Chemnitz
| | - Kevin Nagel
- Technische Universität Chemnitz
- Fakultät für Naturwissenschaften
- Institut für Chemie
- Professur Polymerchemie
- 09107 Chemnitz
| | - Stefan Spange
- Technische Universität Chemnitz
- Fakultät für Naturwissenschaften
- Institut für Chemie
- Professur Polymerchemie
- 09107 Chemnitz
| | - Heinrich Lang
- Technische Universität Chemnitz
- Fakultät für Naturwissenschaften
- Institut für Chemie
- Professur Anorganische Chemie
- 09107 Chemnitz
| | - Michael Mehring
- Technische Universität Chemnitz
- Fakultät für Naturwissenschaften
- Institut für Chemie
- Professur Koordinationschemie
- 09107 Chemnitz
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15
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Uhlig D, Spange S, Seifert A, Nagel K, Anders S, Kroll L, Stoll R, Thielbeer F, Müller P, Schreiter K. Design of nanostructured hybrid materials: twin polymerization of urethane-based twin prepolymers. RSC Adv 2018; 8:31673-31681. [PMID: 35548201 PMCID: PMC9085902 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra05310c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Organic–inorganic hybrid materials with urethane functionalities were obtained by simultaneous twin polymerization of twin prepolymers in combination with the ideal twin monomer 2,2′-spirobi[4H-1,3,2-benzodioxasiline]. The twin prepolymers consist of a urethane-based prepolymer with reactive terminal groups which can react during the twin polymerization process. Nanostructured hybrid materials with integrated dialkylsiloxane crosslinked urethane structures, phenolic resin and SiO2 are obtained in a one pot process. The effects of the polymerization temperature as well as those of various catalysts and reagent ratios on the polymerization behavior were investigated. The molecular structures of the obtained materials were determined by 13C- and 29Si-{1H}-CP-MAS NMR spectroscopies. HAADF-STEM-measurements were performed to prove the distribution of silicon in the hybrid material. Organic–inorganic hybrid materials with urethane functionalities were obtained by simultaneous twin polymerization of twin prepolymers in combination with the twin monomer 2,2′-spirobi[4H-1,3,2-benzodioxasiline].![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Uhlig
- Department of Polymer Chemistry
- Chemnitz University of Technology
- Faculty of Natural Science
- D-09107 Chemnitz
- Germany
| | - S. Spange
- Department of Polymer Chemistry
- Chemnitz University of Technology
- Faculty of Natural Science
- D-09107 Chemnitz
- Germany
| | - A. Seifert
- Department of Polymer Chemistry
- Chemnitz University of Technology
- Faculty of Natural Science
- D-09107 Chemnitz
- Germany
| | - K. Nagel
- Department of Polymer Chemistry
- Chemnitz University of Technology
- Faculty of Natural Science
- D-09107 Chemnitz
- Germany
| | - S. Anders
- Department of Lightweight Structures and Polymer Technology
- Chemnitz University of Technology
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
- D-09107 Chemnitz
- Germany
| | - L. Kroll
- Department of Lightweight Structures and Polymer Technology
- Chemnitz University of Technology
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
- D-09107 Chemnitz
- Germany
| | | | | | | | - K. Schreiter
- Department of Polymer Chemistry
- Chemnitz University of Technology
- Faculty of Natural Science
- D-09107 Chemnitz
- Germany
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16
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Wöckel L, Windberg T, John R, Seifert A, Spange S. Hierarchically structured carbon and silica by chemical foaming. Polym Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py01888f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Foamed organic/silica hybrid materials are synthesized via cationic polymerization of organic carbonates with twin monomers. They are converted into hierarchically structured carbon and silica.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Wöckel
- Polymer Chemistry
- Chemnitz University of Technology
- 09107 Chemnitz
- Germany
| | - T. Windberg
- Polymer Chemistry
- Chemnitz University of Technology
- 09107 Chemnitz
- Germany
| | - R. John
- Polymer Chemistry
- Chemnitz University of Technology
- 09107 Chemnitz
- Germany
| | - A. Seifert
- Polymer Chemistry
- Chemnitz University of Technology
- 09107 Chemnitz
- Germany
| | - S. Spange
- Polymer Chemistry
- Chemnitz University of Technology
- 09107 Chemnitz
- Germany
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17
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Auer AA, Bistoni G, Kitschke P, Mehring M, Ebert T, Spange S. Electronic Structure Calculations and Experimental Studies on the Thermal Initiation of the Twin Polymerization Process. Chempluschem 2017; 82:1396-1407. [PMID: 31957236 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201700358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Presented here is a combined computational and experimental study on the thermal initiation process of the twin polymerization. Although thermally initiated twin polymerization offers a versatile scheme for obtaining hybrid organic/inorganic nanocomposite materials, the mechanism for its initiation is very different from the proton-initiated twin polymerization. In this study, the basic mechanism of the early steps of the polymerization process of 4 H,4 H'-2,2'-spirobi[benzo[d][1,3,2]dioxasiline] was investigated by using electronic structure calculations in conjunction with experimental differential scanning calorimetry studies. This way, the influences on the thermally initiated twin polymerization process could be analyzed in detail. The previous mechanistic hypotheses are systematically assessed herein to show that, based on the results, a new hypothesis for an initiation mechanism can be formulated that is in agreement with all experimental observations. These results suggest that, before the formation of the polymer networks, the thermal initiation starts with the formation of low-molecular-weight fragments that react to yield acidic groups. If a sufficient amount of these form, the reaction is ultimately funneled into a mechanism similar to that of proton-initiated twin polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander A Auer
- Max-Planck-Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Giovanni Bistoni
- Max-Planck-Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Philipp Kitschke
- Technische Universität Chemnitz, Professur Korrdinationschemie, Strasse der Nationen 62, 09111, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Michael Mehring
- Technische Universität Chemnitz, Professur Korrdinationschemie, Strasse der Nationen 62, 09111, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Thomas Ebert
- Technische Universität Chemnitz, Professur Polymerchemie, Strasse der Nationen 62, 09111, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Stefan Spange
- Technische Universität Chemnitz, Professur Polymerchemie, Strasse der Nationen 62, 09111, Chemnitz, Germany
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18
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Ternary hybrid material formation by twin polymerization coupled with the bis-epoxide/amine step growth polymerization. POLYMER 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2017.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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19
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Wöckel L, Seifert A, Mende C, Roth-Panke I, Kroll L, Spange S. Resin and carbon foam production by cationic step-growth polymerization of organic carbonates. Polym Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6py01572g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Acid induced step-growth polymerizations of bis(p-methoxybenzyl) carbonate (pMBC), bis(m-methoxybenzyl) carbonate (mMBC) and difurfuryl carbonate (DFC) have been performed to produce resin-foams, because controlled release of carbon dioxide takes place during polymerization of those organic carbonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Wöckel
- Polymer Chemistry
- Technische Universität Chemnitz
- 09107 Chemnitz
- Germany
| | - A. Seifert
- Polymer Chemistry
- Technische Universität Chemnitz
- 09107 Chemnitz
- Germany
| | - C. Mende
- Department of Lightweight Structures and Polymer Technology
- Technische Universität Chemnitz
- 09107 Chemnitz
- Germany
| | - I. Roth-Panke
- Department of Lightweight Structures and Polymer Technology
- Technische Universität Chemnitz
- 09107 Chemnitz
- Germany
| | - L. Kroll
- Department of Lightweight Structures and Polymer Technology
- Technische Universität Chemnitz
- 09107 Chemnitz
- Germany
| | - S. Spange
- Polymer Chemistry
- Technische Universität Chemnitz
- 09107 Chemnitz
- Germany
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20
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Mertens L, Leonhardt C, Rüffer T, Toma A, Silvestru C, Mehring M. Heterobimetallic tin(II) oxido clusters of the type [{Sn 6 (μ 3 -O) 4 (μ 3 -OCH 2 R) 4 } {W(CO) 5 } 4 ] and [{Sn 5 (μ 3 -O) 2 (μ-OCH 2 R) 4 (μ 3 -OCH 2 R) 2 }{Fe(CO) 4 } 2 ]. J Organomet Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2016.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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21
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Kaßner L, Knoblauch A, Seifert A, Grützner RE, Cox G, Lange A, Csihony S, Simon F, Anders S, Kroll L, Rahaman M, Zahn D, Mertens L, Weber M, Mehring M, Spange S. Nanostructured Aniline Formaldehyde Resin/Polysilazane Hybrid Materials by Twin Polymerization. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201600152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lysann Kaßner
- Polymer Chemistry; Technische Universität Chemnitz; 09107 Chemnitz Germany
| | - Anja Knoblauch
- Polymer Chemistry; Technische Universität Chemnitz; 09107 Chemnitz Germany
| | - Andreas Seifert
- Polymer Chemistry; Technische Universität Chemnitz; 09107 Chemnitz Germany
| | | | - Gerhard Cox
- BASF SE; Carl-Bosch-Straße 38 67056 Ludwigshafen Germany
| | - Arno Lange
- BASF SE; Carl-Bosch-Straße 38 67056 Ludwigshafen Germany
| | | | - Frank Simon
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V; Hohe Straße 6 01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Susann Anders
- Lightweight Structures and Polymer Technology; Technische Universität Chemnitz; 09107 Chemnitz Germany
| | - Lothar Kroll
- Lightweight Structures and Polymer Technology; Technische Universität Chemnitz; 09107 Chemnitz Germany
| | - Mahfujur Rahaman
- Semiconductor Physics; Technische Universität Chemnitz; 09107 Chemnitz Germany
| | - Dietrich Zahn
- Semiconductor Physics; Technische Universität Chemnitz; 09107 Chemnitz Germany
| | - Lutz Mertens
- Coordination Chemistry; Technische Universität Chemnitz; 09107 Chemnitz Germany
| | - Marcus Weber
- Coordination Chemistry; Technische Universität Chemnitz; 09107 Chemnitz Germany
| | - Michael Mehring
- Coordination Chemistry; Technische Universität Chemnitz; 09107 Chemnitz Germany
| | - Stefan Spange
- Polymer Chemistry; Technische Universität Chemnitz; 09107 Chemnitz Germany
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22
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Kitschke P, Rüffer T, Lang H, Auer AA, Mehring M. Chiral Spirocyclic Germanium Thiolates - An Evaluation of Their Suitability for Twin Polymerization based on A Combined Experimental and Theoretical Study. ChemistrySelect 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201600314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Kitschke
- Technische Universität Chemnitz; Fakultät für Naturwissenschaften; Institut für Chemie, Professur Koordinationschemie; 09107 Chemnitz Germany
| | - Tobias Rüffer
- Technische Universität Chemnitz; Fakultät für Naturwissenschaften; Institut für Chemie, Professur Anorganische Chemie; 09107 Chemnitz Germany
| | - Heinrich Lang
- Technische Universität Chemnitz; Fakultät für Naturwissenschaften; Institut für Chemie, Professur Anorganische Chemie; 09107 Chemnitz Germany
| | - Alexander A. Auer
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Energiekonversion; Stiftsstraße 34-36 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | - Michael Mehring
- Technische Universität Chemnitz; Fakultät für Naturwissenschaften; Institut für Chemie, Professur Koordinationschemie; 09107 Chemnitz Germany
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23
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Kitschke P, Walter M, Rüffer T, Lang H, Kovalenko MV, Mehring M. From molecular germanates to microporous Ge@C via twin polymerization. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:5741-51. [PMID: 26932393 DOI: 10.1039/c6dt00049e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Four molecular germanates based on salicyl alcoholates, bis(dimethylammonium) tris[2-(oxidomethyl)phenolate(2-)]germanate (1), bis(dimethylammonium) tris[4-methyl-2-(oxidomethyl)phenolate(2-)]germanate (2), bis(dimethylammonium) tris[4-bromo-2-(oxidomethyl)phenolate(2-)]germanate (3) and dimethylammonium bis[2-tert-butyl-4-methyl-6-(oxidomethyl)phenolate(2-)][2-tert-butyl-4-methyl-6-(hydroxymethyl)phenolate(1-)]germanate (4), were synthesized and characterized including single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. In the solid state, compounds 1 and 2 exhibit one-dimensional hydrogen bonded networks, whereas compound 4 forms separate ion pairs, which are connected by hydrogen bonds between the dimethylammonium and the germanate moieties. The potential of these compounds for thermally induced twin polymerization (TP) was studied. Germanate 1 was converted by TP to give a hybrid material (HM-1) composed of phenolic resin and germanium dioxide. Subsequent reduction with hydrogen provided a microporous composite containing crystalline germanium and carbon (Ge@C -C-1, germanium content ∼20%). Studies on C-1 as an anode material for Li-ion batteries revealed reversible capacities of ∼370 mA h gGe@C(-1) at a current density up to 1384 mA g(-1) without apparent fading for 500 cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Kitschke
- Technische Universität Chemnitz, Fakultät für Naturwissenschaften, Institut für Chemie, Professur Koordinationschemie, 09107 Chemnitz, Germany.
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24
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Weißhuhn J, Mark T, Martin M, Müller P, Seifert A, Spange S. Ternary organic–inorganic nanostructured hybrid materials by simultaneous twin polymerization. Polym Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6py00903d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The acid and base catalyzed simultaneous twin polymerization to produce ternary organic–inorganic nanostructured hybrid materials consisting of a cross-linked phenolic resin, silica and a disubstituted polysiloxane.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Weißhuhn
- Department of Polymer Chemistry
- Institute of Chemistry
- Technische Universität Chemnitz
- D-09111 Chemnitz
- Germany
| | - T. Mark
- BASF SE
- D-67056 Ludwigshafen
- Germany
| | - M. Martin
- Department of Polymer Chemistry
- Institute of Chemistry
- Technische Universität Chemnitz
- D-09111 Chemnitz
- Germany
| | | | - A. Seifert
- Department of Polymer Chemistry
- Institute of Chemistry
- Technische Universität Chemnitz
- D-09111 Chemnitz
- Germany
| | - S. Spange
- Department of Polymer Chemistry
- Institute of Chemistry
- Technische Universität Chemnitz
- D-09111 Chemnitz
- Germany
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25
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Ebert T, Wollbrink A, Seifert A, John R, Spange S. Multiple polymerization – formation of hybrid materials consisting of two or more polymers from one monomer. Polym Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6py01619g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of hybrid materials consisting of three different components from only one monomer is reported for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Ebert
- Polymer Chemistry
- Technische Universität Chemnitz
- 09107 Chemnitz
- Germany
| | - A. Wollbrink
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry
- Leibniz University Hannover
- D-30167 Hannover
- Germany
| | - A. Seifert
- Polymer Chemistry
- Technische Universität Chemnitz
- 09107 Chemnitz
- Germany
| | - R. John
- Polymer Chemistry
- Technische Universität Chemnitz
- 09107 Chemnitz
- Germany
| | - S. Spange
- Polymer Chemistry
- Technische Universität Chemnitz
- 09107 Chemnitz
- Germany
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26
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Leonhardt C, Seifert A, Csihony S, Sommer H, Mehring M. Nanocomposites by the use of simultaneous twin polymerization: tin alloys in a carbon/silica matrix. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra18574b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Twin polymerization is used as a novel nonaqueous route to synthesize composites composed of nanoparticular tin alloys in a porous carbon/silica matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Leonhardt
- Technische Universität Chemnitz
- Fakultät für Naturwissenschaften
- Institut für Chemie
- Professur Koordinationschemie
- D-09107 Chemnitz
| | - Andreas Seifert
- Technische Universität Chemnitz
- Fakultät für Naturwissenschaften
- Institut für Chemie
- Professur Polymerchemie
- D-09107 Chemnitz
| | | | | | - Michael Mehring
- Technische Universität Chemnitz
- Fakultät für Naturwissenschaften
- Institut für Chemie
- Professur Koordinationschemie
- D-09107 Chemnitz
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27
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Freudensprung I, Klapper M, Müllen K. Triblock Terpolymers by Simultaneous Tandem Block Polymerization (STBP). Macromol Rapid Commun 2015; 37:209-14. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201500568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ines Freudensprung
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research; Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Markus Klapper
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research; Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research; Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
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28
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Kaßner L, Nagel K, Grützner RE, Korb M, Rüffer T, Lang H, Spange S. Polyamide 6/silica hybrid materials by a coupled polymerization reaction. Polym Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5py00815h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Polyamide 6/SiO2hybrid materials with an adjustable SiO2amount were produced by the coupled polymerisation of three monomeric components namely 1,1′,1′′,1′′′-silanetetrayltetrakis-(azepan-2-one), 6-aminocaproic acid and ε-caprolactam within one process.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Kaßner
- Polymer Chemistry
- Technische Universität Chemnitz
- 09107 Chemnitz
- Germany
| | - K. Nagel
- Polymer Chemistry
- Technische Universität Chemnitz
- 09107 Chemnitz
- Germany
| | | | - M. Korb
- Inorganic Chemistry
- Technische Universität Chemnitz
- 09107 Chemnitz
- Germany
| | - T. Rüffer
- Inorganic Chemistry
- Technische Universität Chemnitz
- 09107 Chemnitz
- Germany
| | - H. Lang
- Inorganic Chemistry
- Technische Universität Chemnitz
- 09107 Chemnitz
- Germany
| | - S. Spange
- Polymer Chemistry
- Technische Universität Chemnitz
- 09107 Chemnitz
- Germany
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