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Chen Z, Chen Y, Hedenqvist MS, Chen C, Cai C, Li H, Liu H, Fu J. Multifunctional conductive hydrogels and their applications as smart wearable devices. J Mater Chem B 2021; 9:2561-2583. [PMID: 33599653 DOI: 10.1039/d0tb02929g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recently, hydrogel-based conductive materials and their applications as smart wearable devices have been paid tremendous attention due to their high stretchability, flexibility, and excellent biocompatibility. Compared with single functional conductive hydrogels, multifunctional conductive hydrogels are more advantageous to match various demands for practical applications. This review focuses on multifunctional conductive hydrogels applied for smart wearable devices. Representative strategies for conduction of hydrogels are discussed firstly: (1) electronic conduction based on the conductive fillers and (2) ionic conduction based on charged ions. Then, the common and intensive research on multiple functionalities of conductive hydrogels, such as mechanical properties, conductive and sensory properties, anti-freezing and moisturizing properties, and adhesion and self-healing properties is presented. The applications of multifunctional conductive hydrogels such as in human motion sensors, sensory skins, and personal healthcare diagnosis are provided in the third part. Finally, we offer our perspective on open challenges and future areas of interest for multifunctional conductive hydrogels used as smart wearable devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China.
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Chen Z, Liu J, Chen Y, Zheng X, Liu H, Li H. Multiple-Stimuli-Responsive and Cellulose Conductive Ionic Hydrogel for Smart Wearable Devices and Thermal Actuators. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:1353-1366. [PMID: 33351585 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c16719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Stimulus-responsive hydrogels, such as conductive hydrogels and thermoresponsive hydrogels, have been explored extensively and are considered promising candidates for smart materials such as wearable devices and artificial muscles. However, most of the existing studies on stimulus-responsive hydrogels have mainly focused on their single stimulus-responsive property and have not explored multistimulus-responsive or multifunction properties. Although some works involved multifunctionality, the prepared hydrogels were incompatible. In this work, a multistimulus-responsive and multifunctional hydrogel system (carboxymethyl cellulose/poly acrylic-acrylamide) with good elasticity, superior flexibility, and stable conductivity was prepared. The prepared hydrogel not only showed excellent human motion detection and physiological signal response but also possessed the ability to respond to environmental temperature changes. By integrating a conductive hydrogel with a thermoresponsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) hydrogel to form a bilayer hydrogel, the prepared bilayer also functioned as two kinds of actuators owing to the different degrees of swelling and shrinking under different thermal stimuli. Furthermore, the different thermochromic properties of each layer in the bilayer hydrogel endowed the hydrogel with a thermoresponsive "smart" feature, the ability to display and conceal information. Therefore, the prepared hydrogel system has excellent prospects as a smart material in different applications, such as ionic skin, smart info-window, and soft robotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Jing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Yujie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Xu Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Hezhou Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Hua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
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Zhang J, Huang C, Chen Y, Wang H, Gong Z, Chen W, Ge H, Hu X, Zhang X. Polyvinyl alcohol: a high-resolution hydrogel resist for humidity-sensitive micro-/nanostructure. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 31:425303. [PMID: 32554892 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab9da7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A high-resolution nanopatterning technique is desirable with the present rapid development of hydrogel nanodevices. Here, we demonstrate that polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), a popular polymeric hydrogel, can function as the negative-tone resist for electron beam lithography (EBL) with a resolution capability as narrow as 50 nm half-pitch. Furthermore, the hydrophilic groups of PVA are stable after EBL exposure, and thus the pattern still shows rapid responsivity to humidity change. An aqueous nanopatterning process including dissolution, spin-coating and development is setup, which is friendly for organic device fabrication free of organic solvent. This high-resolution nanopatterning technique with PVA is helpful for the design and realization of hydrogel-related nanodevices in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- Institute of Advanced Magnetic Materials, College of Materials & Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, People's Republic of China
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Lv R, Bei Z, Huang Y, Chen Y, Zheng Z, You Q, Zhu C, Cao Y. Mussel‐Inspired Flexible, Wearable, and Self‐Adhesive Conductive Hydrogels for Strain Sensors. Macromol Rapid Commun 2019; 41:e1900450. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201900450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Lv
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices of Ministry of EducationJianghan University Wuhan 430056 China
| | - Zhongwu Bei
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices of Ministry of EducationJianghan University Wuhan 430056 China
| | - Yuan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices of Ministry of EducationJianghan University Wuhan 430056 China
| | - Yangwei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices of Ministry of EducationJianghan University Wuhan 430056 China
| | - Zhiqiang Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices of Ministry of EducationJianghan University Wuhan 430056 China
| | - Qingliang You
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices of Ministry of EducationJianghan University Wuhan 430056 China
| | - Chao Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices of Ministry of EducationJianghan University Wuhan 430056 China
| | - Yiping Cao
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices of Ministry of EducationJianghan University Wuhan 430056 China
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Luo Z, Xu Y, Ye E, Li Z, Wu YL. Recent Progress in Macromolecule-Anchored Hybrid Gold Nanomaterials for Biomedical Applications. Macromol Rapid Commun 2019; 40:e1800029. [PMID: 29869424 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201800029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), with elegant thermal, optical, or chemical properties due to quantum size effects, may serve as unique species for therapeutic or diagnostic applications. It is worth mentioning that their small size also results in high surface activity, leading to significantly impaired stability, which greatly hinders their biomedical utilizations. To overcome this problem, various types of macromolecular materials are utilized to anchor AuNPs so as to achieve advanced synergistic effect by dispersing, protecting, and stabilizing the AuNPs in polymeric-Au hybrid self-assemblies. In this review, the most recent development of polymer-AuNP hybrid systems, including AuNPs@polymeric nanoparticles, AuNPs@polymeric micelle, AuNPs@polymeric film, and AuNPs@polymeric hydrogel are discussed with respect to their different synthetic strategies. These sophisticated materials with diverse functions, oriented toward biomedical applications, are further summarized into several active domains in the areas of drug delivery, gene delivery, photothermal therapy, antibacterials, bioimaging, etc. Finally, the possible approaches for future design of multifunctional polymer-AuNP hybrids by combining hybrid chemistry with biological interface science are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Luo
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research and State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Yang Xu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research and State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Enyi Ye
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Zibiao Li
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Yun-Long Wu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research and State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
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Lah NAC, Trigueros S. Synthesis and modelling of the mechanical properties of Ag, Au and Cu nanowires. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS 2019; 20:225-261. [PMID: 30956731 PMCID: PMC6442207 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2019.1585145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The recent interest to nanotechnology aims not only at device miniaturisation, but also at understanding the effects of quantised structure in materials of reduced dimensions, which exhibit different properties from their bulk counterparts. In particular, quantised metal nanowires made of silver, gold or copper have attracted much attention owing to their unique intrinsic and extrinsic length-dependent mechanical properties. Here we review the current state of art and developments in these nanowires from synthesis to mechanical properties, which make them leading contenders for next-generation nanoelectromechanical systems. We also present theories of interatomic interaction in metallic nanowires, as well as challenges in their synthesis and simulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurul Akmal Che Lah
- Innovative Manufacturing, Mechatronics and Sports Lab (iMAMS), Faculty of Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Pekan, Malaysia
- CONTACT Nurul Akmal Che Lah
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Ag-loaded thermo-sensitive composite microgels for enhanced catalytic reduction of methylene blue. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s41204-017-0026-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Hebbeker P, Steinschulte AA, Schneider S, Plamper FA. Balancing Segregation and Complexation in Amphiphilic Copolymers by Architecture and Confinement. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:4091-4106. [PMID: 28221801 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b04602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Segregation is a well-known principle for micellization, as solvophobic components try to minimize interactions with other entities (such as solvent) by self-assembly. An opposite principle is based on complexation (or coacervation), leading to the coassembly/association of different components. Most cases in the literature rely on only one of these modes, though the classical micellization scheme (such as spherical micelles, wormlike micelles, and vesicles) can be enriched by a subtle balance of segregation and complexation. Because of their counteraction, micellar constructs with unprecedented structure and behavior could be obtained. In this feature, systems are highlighted, which are between both mechanisms, and we study concentration, architecture, and confinement effects. Systems with inter- and intramolecular interactions are presented, and the effects of polymer topology and monomer sequence on the resulting structures are discussed. It is shown that complexation can lead to altered micellization behavior as the complex of one hydrophobic and one hydrophilic component can have a very low surface tension toward the solvent. Then, the more soluble component is enriched at the surface of the complex and acts as a microsurfactant. Although segregation dominates for amphiphilic copolymers in solution, the effect of the complexation can be enhanced by branching (change of architecture). Another possibility to enhance the complexation is by confining copolymers in a (pseudo-) 2D environment (like the one available at liquid-liquid interfaces). These observations show how new structural features can be achieved by tuning the subtle balance between segregation and complexation/solubilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Hebbeker
- Institute of Physical Chemistry II, RWTH Aachen University , Landoltweg 2, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Alexander A Steinschulte
- Institute of Physical Chemistry II, RWTH Aachen University , Landoltweg 2, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Stefanie Schneider
- Institute of Physical Chemistry II, RWTH Aachen University , Landoltweg 2, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Felix A Plamper
- Institute of Physical Chemistry II, RWTH Aachen University , Landoltweg 2, 52056 Aachen, Germany
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Abstract
Microgels are macromolecular networks swollen by the solvent in which they are dissolved. They are unique systems that are distinctly different from common colloids, such as, e.g., rigid nanoparticles, flexible macromolecules, micelles, or vesicles. The size of the microgel networks is in the range of several micrometers down to nanometers (then sometimes called "nanogels"). In a collapsed state, they might resemble hard colloids but they can still contain significant amounts of solvent. When swollen, they are soft and have a fuzzy surface with dangling chains. The presence of cross-links provides structural integrity, in contrast to linear and (hyper)branched polymers. Obviously, the cross-linker content will allow control of whether microgels behave more "colloidal" or "macromolecular". The combination of being soft and porous while still having a stable structure through the cross-linked network allows for designing microgels that have the same total chemical composition, but different properties due to a different architecture. Microgels based, e.g., on two monomers but have either statistical spatial distribution, or a core-shell or hollow-two-shell morphology will display very different properties. Microgels provide the possibility to introduce chemical functionality at different positions. Combining architectural diversity and compartmentalization of reactive groups enables thus short-range coexistence of otherwise instable combinations of chemical reactivity. The open microgel structure is beneficial for uptake-release purposes of active substances. In addition, the openness allows site-selective integration of active functionalities like reactive groups, charges, or markers by postmodification processes. The unique ability of microgels to retain their colloidal stability and swelling degree both in water and in many organic solvents allows use of different chemistries for the modification of microgel structure. The capability of microgels to adjust both their shape and volume in response to external stimuli (e.g., temperature, ionic strength and composition, pH, electrochemical stimulus, pressure, light) provides the opportunity to reversibly tune their physicochemical properties. From a physics point of view, microgels are particularly intriguing and challenging, since their intraparticle properties are intimately linked to their interparticle behavior. Microgels, which reveal interface activity without necessarily being amphiphilic, develop even more complex behavior when located at fluid or solid interfaces: the sensitivity of microgels to various stimuli allows, e.g., the modulation of emulsion stability, adhesion, sensing, and filtration. Hence, we envision an ever-increasing relevance of microgels in these fields including biomedicine and process technology. In sum, microgels unite properties of very different classes of materials. Microgels can be based on very different (bio)macromolecules such as, e.g., polysaccharides, peptides, or DNA, as well as on synthetic polymers. This Account focuses on synthetic microgels (mainly based on acrylamides); however, the general, fundamental features of microgels are independent of the chemical nature of the building moieties. Microgels allow combining features of chemical functionality, structural integrity, macromolecular architecture, adaptivity, permeability, and deformability in a unique way to include the "best" of the colloidal, polymeric, and surfactant worlds. This will open the door for novel applications in very different fields such as, e.g., in sensors, catalysis, and separation technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix A. Plamper
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 2, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Walter Richtering
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 2, 52056 Aachen, Germany
- DWI-Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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Lim MC, Kim SH, Park K, Kim YR, Kim JH, Ok G, Choi SW. Facile synthesis of self-aligned gold nanoparticles by crack templated reduction lithography. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra00768j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Crack templated reduction lithography for the facile synthesis of self-aligned gold nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Cheol Lim
- Food Safety Research Group
- Korea Food Research Institute
- Sungnam 13539
- Korea
| | - Sae-Hyung Kim
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology
- Ajou University
- Suwon 16499
- Korea
| | - Kisang Park
- Food Safety Research Group
- Korea Food Research Institute
- Sungnam 13539
- Korea
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology
| | - Young-Rok Kim
- Graduate School of Biotechnology
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology
- Kyung Hee University
- Yongin 17104
- Korea
| | - Jae-Ho Kim
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology
- Ajou University
- Suwon 16499
- Korea
| | - Gyeongsik Ok
- Food Safety Research Group
- Korea Food Research Institute
- Sungnam 13539
- Korea
| | - Sung-Wook Choi
- Food Safety Research Group
- Korea Food Research Institute
- Sungnam 13539
- Korea
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