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Xiao Y, Xia Z, Hu W, Liu B, Lü C. Phenanthroline Derived N-Doped Carbon Dots as Robust Metal-Free Photocatalysts for PET-RAFT Polymerization and Polymerization-Induced Self-Assembly. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2309893. [PMID: 38516960 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202309893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Metal-free organic photocatalysts for photo-mediated reversible deactivation radical polymerization (photo-RDRP) are witnessed to make increasing advancement in the precise synthesis of polymers. However, challenges still exist in the development of high-efficiency and environmentally sustainable carbon dots (CDs)-based organocatalysts. Herein, N-doped CDs derived from phenanthroline derivative (Aphen) are prepared as metal-free photocatalysts for photoinduced electron transfer reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (PET-RAFT) polymerization. The introduction of phenanthroline structure enhances the excited state lifetime of CDs and expands the conjugated length of their internal structure to enable the light-absorption to reach green light region, thereby enhancing photocatalytic activity. The as-designed CDs exhibit unprecedented photocatalytic capacity in photopolymerization even in large-volume reaction (100 mL) with high monomer conversion and narrow polymer dispersity (Mw/Mn < 1.20) under green light. The photocatalytic system is compatible with PET-RAFT polymerization of numerous monomers and the production of high molecular weight polyacrylate (Mn >250 000) with exquisite spatiotemporal control. Above results confirm the potential of CDs as photocatalyst, which has not been achieved with other CDs catalysts used in photo-RDRP. In addition, the construction of fluorescent polymer nanoparticles using CDs as both photocatalyst and phosphor through photoinitiated polymerization-induced self-assembly (Photo-PISA) technology is successfully demonstrated for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xiao
- Institute of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, P. R. China
| | - Zhinan Xia
- Institute of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, P. R. China
| | - Wanchao Hu
- Institute of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, P. R. China
| | - Bei Liu
- Institute of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, P. R. China
| | - Changli Lü
- Institute of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, P. R. China
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2
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Puffer KO, Corbin DA, Miyake GM. Impact of Alkyl Core Substitution Kinetics in Diaryl Dihydrophenazine Photoredox Catalysts on Properties and Performance in O-ATRP. ACS Catal 2023; 13:14042-14051. [PMID: 38883439 PMCID: PMC11178316 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.3c04060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Organocatalyzed atom transfer radical polymerization (O-ATRP) is a controlled radical polymerization method mediated by organic photoredox catalysts (PCs) for producing polymers with well-defined structures. While N,N-diaryl dihydrophenazine PCs have successfully produced polymers with low dispersity (Đ < 1.3) in O-ATRP, low initiator efficiencies (I* ~ 60-80%) indicate an inability to achieve targeted molecular weights and have been attributed to the addition of radicals to the PC core. In this work, we measure the rates of alkyl core substitution (AkCS) to gain insight into why PCs differing in N-aryl group connectivity exhibit differences in polymerization control. Additionally, we evaluate how PC properties evolve during O-ATRP when a non-core-substituted PC is used. PC 1 with 1-naphthyl groups in the N-aryl position resulted in faster AkCS (k 1 = 1.21 ± 0.16 × 10-3 s-1, k 2 = 2.04 ± 0.11 × 10-3 s-1) and better polymerization control at early reaction times as indicated by plots of molecular weight (number average molecular weight = M n) vs conversion compared to PC 2 with 2-naphthyl groups (k 1 = 6.28 ± 0.38 × 10-4 s-1, k 2 = 1.15 ± 0.07 × 10-3 s-1). The differences in rates indicate that N-aryl connectivity can influence polymerization control by changing the rate of AkCS PC formation. The rate of AkCS increased from the initial to the second substitution, suggesting that PC properties are modified by AkCS. Increased PC radical cation (PC•+) oxidation potentials (E 1/2 = 0.26-0.27 V vs SCE) or longer triplet excited-state lifetimes (τ T1 = 1.4-33 μs) for AkCS PCs 1b and 2b compared to parent PCs 1 and 2 (E 1/2 = 0.21-0.22 V vs SCE, τ T1 = 0.61-3.3 μs) were observed and may explain changes to PC performance with AkCS. Insight from evaluation of the formation, properties, and performance of AkCS PCs will facilitate their use in O-ATRP and in other PC-driven organic transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine O Puffer
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Daniel A Corbin
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Garret M Miyake
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
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3
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PVDF-Based Fluoropolymer Modifications via Photoinduced Atom Transfer Radical Polymerizations. ADVANCES IN POLYMER TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/7798967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Graft modifications of PVDF fluoropolymers have been identified as the efficient route to improve the properties and expand the applications. Taking advantage of C-F and C-Cl bonds in the repeat units, atom transfer radical polymerizations (ATRP) were widely used for graft modification. Recently, photoinduced ATRP has shown good spatial and temporal control over the polymerization process in contrast to thermal activation mode. This minireview highlights the progress in PVDF-based fluoropolymer modifications by using photoinduced Cu(II)-mediated ATRP and organocatalyzed ATRP. The challenges and opportunities are proposed with the aim at advancing the development of synthesis and applications of fluoropolymer.
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4
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Zhang C, Geng X, Zhang X, Gnanou Y, Feng X. Alkyl Borane-Mediated Metal-Free Ring-Opening (Co)Polymerizations of Oxygenated Monomers. Prog Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2022.101644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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5
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Lorandi F, Fantin M, Matyjaszewski K. Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization: A Mechanistic Perspective. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:15413-15430. [PMID: 35882005 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c05364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Since its inception, atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) has seen continuous evolution in terms of the design of the catalyst and reaction conditions; today, it is one of the most useful techniques to prepare well-defined polymers as well as one of the most notable examples of catalysis in polymer chemistry. This Perspective highlights fundamental advances in the design of ATRP reactions and catalysts, focusing on the crucial role that mechanistic studies play in understanding, rationalizing, and predicting polymerization outcomes. A critical summary of traditional ATRP systems is provided first; we then focus on the most recent developments to improve catalyst selectivity, control polymerizations via external stimuli, and employ new photochemical or dual catalytic systems with an outlook to future research directions and open challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Lorandi
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States.,Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 9, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Marco Fantin
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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6
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Kamigaito M. Evolutions of precision radical polymerizations from metal-catalyzed radical addition: living polymerization, step-growth polymerization, and monomer sequence control. Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1038/s41428-022-00680-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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7
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Dworakowska S, Lorandi F, Gorczyński A, Matyjaszewski K. Toward Green Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization: Current Status and Future Challenges. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2106076. [PMID: 35175001 PMCID: PMC9259732 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202106076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Reversible-deactivation radical polymerizations (RDRPs) have revolutionized synthetic polymer chemistry. Nowadays, RDRPs facilitate design and preparation of materials with controlled architecture, composition, and functionality. Atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) has evolved beyond traditional polymer field, enabling synthesis of organic-inorganic hybrids, bioconjugates, advanced polymers for electronics, energy, and environmentally relevant polymeric materials for broad applications in various fields. This review focuses on the relation between ATRP technology and the 12 principles of green chemistry, which are paramount guidelines in sustainable research and implementation. The green features of ATRP are presented, discussing the environmental and/or health issues and the challenges that remain to be overcome. Key discoveries and recent developments in green ATRP are highlighted, while providing a perspective for future opportunities in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Dworakowska
- Department of ChemistryCarnegie Mellon University4400 Fifth AvenuePittsburghPA15213USA
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and TechnologyCracow University of TechnologyWarszawska 24Cracow31‐155Poland
| | - Francesca Lorandi
- Department of ChemistryCarnegie Mellon University4400 Fifth AvenuePittsburghPA15213USA
- Department of Industrial EngineeringUniversity of Padovavia Marzolo 9Padova35131Italy
| | - Adam Gorczyński
- Department of ChemistryCarnegie Mellon University4400 Fifth AvenuePittsburghPA15213USA
- Faculty of ChemistryAdam Mickiewicz UniversityUniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8Poznań61‐614Poland
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8
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Wu C, Corrigan N, Lim CH, Liu W, Miyake G, Boyer C. Rational Design of Photocatalysts for Controlled Polymerization: Effect of Structures on Photocatalytic Activities. Chem Rev 2022; 122:5476-5518. [PMID: 34982536 PMCID: PMC9815102 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decade, the use of photocatalysts (PCs) in controlled polymerization has brought new opportunities in sophisticated macromolecular synthesis. However, the selection of PCs in these systems has been typically based on laborious trial-and-error strategies. To tackle this limitation, computer-guided rational design of PCs based on knowledge of structure-property-performance relationships has emerged. These rational strategies provide rapid and economic methodologies for tuning the performance and functionality of a polymerization system, thus providing further opportunities for polymer science. This review provides an overview of PCs employed in photocontrolled polymerization systems and summarizes their progression from early systems to the current state-of-the-art. Background theories on electronic transitions are also introduced to establish the structure-property-performance relationships from a perspective of quantum chemistry. Typical examples for each type of structure-property relationships are then presented to enlighten future design of PCs for photocontrolled polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyu Wu
- Qingdao Institute for Theoretical and Computational Sciences, Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | | | - Chern-Hooi Lim
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
- New Iridium Incorporated, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Wenjian Liu
- Qingdao Institute for Theoretical and Computational Sciences, Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Garret Miyake
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
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9
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Martinez MR, Zhuang Z, Treichel M, Cuthbert J, Sun M, Pietrasik J, Matyjaszewski K. Thermally Degradable Poly( n-butyl acrylate) Model Networks Prepared by PhotoATRP and Radical Trap-Assisted Atom Transfer Radical Coupling. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:713. [PMID: 35215627 PMCID: PMC8880605 DOI: 10.3390/polym14040713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Model poly(n-butyl acrylate) (PBA) networks were prepared by photoinduced atom transfer radical polymerization (photoATRP), followed by curing of polymer stars via atom transfer radical coupling (ATRC) with a nitrosobenzene radical trap. The resulting nitroxyl radical installed thermally labile alkoxyamine functional groups at the junctions of the network. The alkoxyamine crosslinks of the network were degraded back to star-like products upon exposure to temperatures above 135 °C. Characterization of the degraded products via gel permeation chromatography (GPC) confirmed the inversion of polymer topology after thermal treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R. Martinez
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; (M.R.M.); (Z.Z.); (M.T.); (J.C.); (M.S.)
| | - Ziye Zhuang
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; (M.R.M.); (Z.Z.); (M.T.); (J.C.); (M.S.)
| | - Megan Treichel
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; (M.R.M.); (Z.Z.); (M.T.); (J.C.); (M.S.)
| | - Julia Cuthbert
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; (M.R.M.); (Z.Z.); (M.T.); (J.C.); (M.S.)
| | - Mingkang Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; (M.R.M.); (Z.Z.); (M.T.); (J.C.); (M.S.)
| | - Joanna Pietrasik
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 16, 90-537 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; (M.R.M.); (Z.Z.); (M.T.); (J.C.); (M.S.)
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10
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Corbin DA, Miyake GM. Photoinduced Organocatalyzed Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization (O-ATRP): Precision Polymer Synthesis Using Organic Photoredox Catalysis. Chem Rev 2022; 122:1830-1874. [PMID: 34842426 PMCID: PMC9815475 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The development of photoinduced organocatalyzed atom transfer radical polymerization (O-ATRP) has received considerable attention since its introduction in 2014. Expanding on many of the advantages of traditional ATRP, O-ATRP allows well-defined polymers to be produced under mild reaction conditions using organic photoredox catalysts. As a result, O-ATRP has opened access to a range of sensitive applications where the use of a metal catalyst could be of concern, such as electronics, certain biological applications, and the polymerization of coordinating monomers. However, key limitations of this method remain and necessitate further investigation to continue the development of this field. As such, this review details the achievements made to-date as well as future research directions that will continue to expand the capabilities and application landscape of O-ATRP.
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11
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Matsuda M, Uchiyama M, Itabashi Y, Ohkubo K, Kamigaito M. Acridinium salts as photoredox organocatalysts for photomediated cationic RAFT and DT polymerizations of vinyl ethers. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py01568k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of acridinium salts with high excited-state oxidative power are employed as photoredox organocatalysts for photomediated cationic RAFT and DT polymerizations under visible light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Matsuda
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Mineto Uchiyama
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Yuki Itabashi
- Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kei Ohkubo
- Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Institute for Advanced Co-Creation Studies, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masami Kamigaito
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
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12
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Soly S, Mistry B, Murthy CN. Photo‐mediated metal‐free atom transfer radical polymerization: recent advances in organocatalysts and perfection towards polymer synthesis. POLYM INT 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.6336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sneha Soly
- Macromolecular Materials Laboratory, Applied Chemistry Department, Faculty of Technology and Engineering The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda Vadodara 390001 India
| | - Bhavita Mistry
- Macromolecular Materials Laboratory, Applied Chemistry Department, Faculty of Technology and Engineering The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda Vadodara 390001 India
| | - CN Murthy
- Macromolecular Materials Laboratory, Applied Chemistry Department, Faculty of Technology and Engineering The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda Vadodara 390001 India
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13
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Organic Photocatalysts Based on Dithieno[3,2-b:2′,3′-d]pyrrole for Photoinduced Metal-Free Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization. Macromol Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-021-9085-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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14
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Cheng J, Huang L, Xiao H, Jiang S. One-Pot Transformation of Hypervalent Iodines into Diversified Phenoxazine Analogues as Promising Photocatalysts. J Org Chem 2021; 86:15792-15799. [PMID: 34648296 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A facile and efficient quinoline-fused 4H-benzo[b][1,4]oxazine has been successfully fabricated through an oxidative O-arylation, Pd-catalyzed double N-arylation of 4-hydroxyquinoline derivatives and trivalent aryl iodides. Diversified fused heterocycles could be easily constructed in overall high isolated yields with great substrate scope. The afforded heteroatom-"doped" phenoxazine 3 demonstrated high molar absorptivities and excellent stability and redox reversibility. These phenoxazine analogues therefore could be utilized as promising catalysts in the photoredox catalyzed perfluoroalkylation of heteroarenes and photopromoted radical polymerization (OATRP).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China
| | - Liangsen Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China
| | - Hongxiang Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China
| | - Shulin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China
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15
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Zhu Y, Egap E. Light-Mediated Polymerization Induced by Semiconducting Nanomaterials: State-of-the-Art and Future Perspectives. ACS POLYMERS AU 2021; 1:76-99. [PMID: 36855427 PMCID: PMC9954404 DOI: 10.1021/acspolymersau.1c00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Direct capture of solar energy for chemical transformation via photocatalysis proves to be a cost-effective and energy-saving approach to construct organic compounds. With the recent growth in photosynthesis, photopolymerization has been established as a robust strategy for the production of specialty polymers with complex structures, precise molecular weight, and narrow dispersity. A key challenge in photopolymerization is the scarcity of effective photomediators (photoinitiators, photocatalysts, etc.) that can provide polymerization with high yield and well-defined polymer products. Current efforts on developing photomediators have mainly focused on organic dyes and metal complexes. On the other hand, nanomaterials (NMs), particularly semiconducting nanomaterials (SNMs), are suitable candidates for photochemical reactions due to their unique optical and electrical properties, such as high absorption coefficients, large charge diffusion lengths, and broad absorption spectra. This review provides a comprehensive insight into SNMs' photomediated polymerizations and highlights the roles SNMs play in photopolymerizations, types of polymerizations, applications in producing advanced materials, and the future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Zhu
- †Department
of Materials Science and Nanoengineering and ‡Department of Chemical and Biomolecular
Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Eilaf Egap
- †Department
of Materials Science and Nanoengineering and ‡Department of Chemical and Biomolecular
Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States,
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16
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Sneha M, Bhattacherjee A, Lewis-Borrell L, Clark IP, Orr-Ewing AJ. Structure-Dependent Electron Transfer Rates for Dihydrophenazine, Phenoxazine, and Phenothiazine Photoredox Catalysts Employed in Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:7840-7854. [PMID: 34237215 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c05069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Organic photocatalysts (PCs) are gaining popularity in applications of photoredox catalysis, but few studies have explored their modus operandi. We report a detailed mechanistic investigation of the electron transfer activation step of organocatalyzed atom transfer radical polymerization (O-ATRP) involving electronically excited organic PCs and a radical initiator, methyl 2-bromopropionate (MBP). This study compares nine N-aryl modified PCs possessing dihydrophenazine, phenoxazine, or phenothiazine core chromophores. Transient electronic and vibrational absorption spectroscopies over subpicosecond to nanosecond and microsecond time intervals, respectively, track spectroscopic signatures of both the reactants and products of photoinduced electron transfer in N,N-dimethylformamide, dichloromethane, and toluene solutions. The rate coefficients for electron transfer exhibit a range of values up to ∼1010 M-1 s-1 influenced systematically by the PC structures. These rate coefficients are an order of magnitude smaller for catalysts with charge transfer character in their first excited singlet (S1) or triplet (T1) states than for photocatalysts with locally excited character. The latter species show nearly diffusion-limited rate coefficients for the electron transfer to MBP. The derived kinetic parameters are used to model the contributions to electron transfer from the S1 state of each PC for different concentrations of MBP. Comparisons of singlet and triplet reactivity for one of the phenoxazine PCs reveal that the rate coefficient kET(T1) = (2.7 ± 0.3) × 107 M-1 s-1 for electron transfer from the T1 state is 2 orders of magnitude lower than that from the S1 state, kET(S1) = (2.6 ± 0.4) × 109 M-1 s-1. The trends in bimolecular electron transfer rate coefficients are accounted for using a modified Marcus theory for dissociative electron transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahima Sneha
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
| | - Aditi Bhattacherjee
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
| | - Luke Lewis-Borrell
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
| | - Ian P Clark
- Central Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, Science and Technology Facilities Council, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Oxford, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0QX, U.K
| | - Andrew J Orr-Ewing
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
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de Ávila Gonçalves S, R Rodrigues P, Pioli Vieira R. Metal-Free Organocatalyzed Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization: Synthesis, Applications, and Future Perspectives. Macromol Rapid Commun 2021; 42:e2100221. [PMID: 34223686 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202100221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Reversible deactivation radical polymerization (RDRP) is a class of powerful techniques capable of synthesizing polymers with a well-defined structure, properties, and functionalities. Among the available RDRPs, ATRP is the most investigated. However, the necessity of a metal catalyst represents a drawback and limits its use for some applications. O-ATRP emerged as an alternative to traditional ATRP that uses organic compounds that catalyze polymerization under light irradiation instead of metal. The friendly nature and the robustness of O-ATRP allow its use in the synthesis of tailorable advanced materials with unique properties. In this review, the fundamental aspects of the reductive and oxidative quenching mechanism of O-ATRP are provided, as well as insights into each component and its role in the reaction. Besides, the breakthrough recent studies that applied O-ATRP for the synthesis of functional materials are presented, which illustrate the significant potential and impact of this technique across diverse fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayeny de Ávila Gonçalves
- Department of Bioprocess and Materials Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-852, Brazil
| | - Plínio R Rodrigues
- Department of Bioprocess and Materials Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-852, Brazil
| | - Roniérik Pioli Vieira
- Department of Bioprocess and Materials Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-852, Brazil
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18
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Dadashi-Silab S, Lorandi F, DiTucci MJ, Sun M, Szczepaniak G, Liu T, Matyjaszewski K. Conjugated Cross-linked Phenothiazines as Green or Red Light Heterogeneous Photocatalysts for Copper-Catalyzed Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:9630-9638. [PMID: 34152140 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c04428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Using the power of light to drive controlled radical polymerizations has provided significant advances in synthesis of well-defined polymers. Photoinduced atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) systems often employ UV light to regenerate copper activator species to mediate the polymerization. Taking full advantage of long-wavelength visible light for ATRP would require developing appropriate photocatalytic systems that engage in photoinduced electron transfer processes with the ATRP components to generate activating species. Herein, we developed conjugated microporous polymers (CMP) as heterogeneous photocatalysts to exploit the power of visible light in promoting copper-catalyzed ATRP. The photocatalyst was designed by cross-linking phenothiazine (PTZ) as a photoactive core in the presence of dimethoxybenzene as a cross-linker via the Friedel-Crafts reaction. The resulting PTZ-CMP network showed photoactivity in the visible region due to the extended conjugation throughout the network because of the aromatic groups connecting the PTZ units. Therefore, photoinduced copper-catalyzed ATRP was performed with CMPs that regenerated activator species under green or red light irradiation to start the ATRP process. This resulted in efficient polymerization of acrylate and methacrylate monomers with high conversion and well-controlled molecular weight. The heterogeneous nature of the photocatalyst enabled easy separation and efficient reusability in subsequent polymerizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajjad Dadashi-Silab
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Francesca Lorandi
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Matthew J DiTucci
- PPG Coatings Innovation Center, 4325 Rosanna Drive, Allison Park, Pennsylvania 15101, United States
| | - Mingkang Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Grzegorz Szczepaniak
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Tong Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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19
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Zhu Y, Jin T, Lian T, Egap E. Enhancing the efficiency of semiconducting quantum dot photocatalyzed atom transfer radical polymerization by ligand shell engineering. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:204903. [PMID: 34241152 DOI: 10.1063/5.0051893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Manipulating the ligand shell of semiconducting quantum dots (QDs) has proven to be a promising strategy to enhance their photocatalytic performance for small molecule transformations, such as H2 evolution and CO2 reduction. However, ligand-controlled catalysis for macromolecules, which differ from small molecules in penetrability and charge transfer behavior due to their bulky sizes, still remains undiscovered. Here, we systematically investigate the role of surface ligands in the photocatalytic performance of cadmium selenide (CdSe) QDs in light-induced atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) by using thiol-based ligands with various polarities and chain lengths. A highly enhanced polymerization efficiency was observed when 3-mercapto propionic acid (MPA), a short-chain and polar ligand, was used to modify the CdSe QDs' surface, achieving high chain-end fidelity, good temporal control, and a dispersity of 1.18, while also tolerating a wide-range of functional monomers ranging from acrylates to methacrylates and fluorinated monomers. Transient absorption spectroscopy and time-resolved photoluminescence studies reveal interesting mechanistic details of electron and hole transfers from the excited QDs to the initiators and 3-MPA capping ligands, respectively, providing key mechanistic insight of these ligand controlled and QD photocatalyzed ATRP processes. The thiolate ligands were found to serve as an efficient hole acceptor for QDs, which facilitates the formation of a charge-separated state, followed by electron transfer from the conduction band edge to initiators and ultimately suppressing charge recombination within the QD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Zhu
- Department of Materials Science and Nanoengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
| | - Tao Jin
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive Nebraska, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Tianquan Lian
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive Nebraska, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Eilaf Egap
- Department of Materials Science and Nanoengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
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20
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Corbin DA, McCarthy BG, van de Lindt Z, Miyake GM. Radical Cations of Phenoxazine and Dihydrophenazine Photoredox Catalysts and Their Role as Deactivators in Organocatalyzed Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization. Macromolecules 2021; 54:4726-4738. [PMID: 34483367 PMCID: PMC8411649 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Radical cations of photoredox catalysts used in organocatalyzed atom transfer radical polymerization (O-ATRP) have been synthesized and investigated to gain insight into deactivation in O-ATRP. The stability and reactivity of these compounds were studied in two solvents, N,N-dimethylacetamide and ethyl acetate, to identify possible side reactions in O-ATRP and to investigate the ability of these radical cations to deactivate alkyl radicals. A number of other factors that could influence deactivation in O-ATRP were also probed, such as ion pairing with the radical cations, radical cation oxidation potential, and halide oxidation potential. Ultimately, these studies enabled radical cations to be employed as reagents during O-ATRP to demonstrate improvements in polymerization control with increasing radical cation concentrations. In the polymerization of acrylates, this approach enabled superior molecular weight control, a decrease in polymer dispersity from 1.90 to 1.44, and an increase in initiator efficiency from 78 to 102%. This work highlights the importance of understanding the mechanism and side reactions of O-ATRP, as well as the importance of catalyst radical cations for successful O-ATRP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Corbin
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
| | - Blaine G McCarthy
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
| | - Zach van de Lindt
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
| | - Garret M Miyake
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
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21
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Li F, Zhou L, Zhang Z, Li M, Lei L. Sub-ppm-level organic dyes catalyzed reversible deactivation radical polymerization (RDRP) via in situ bromine-iodine exchange under LED light irradiation. Eur Polym J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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22
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Organocatalyzed β-pinene polymerization in UV light: Assessment of reaction conditions and material characterization. Eur Polym J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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23
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Bhattacherjee A, Sneha M, Lewis-Borrell L, Amoruso G, Oliver TAA, Tyler J, Clark IP, Orr-Ewing AJ. Singlet and Triplet Contributions to the Excited-State Activities of Dihydrophenazine, Phenoxazine, and Phenothiazine Organocatalysts Used in Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:3613-3627. [PMID: 33629835 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c00279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The photochemical dynamics of three classes of organic photoredox catalysts employed in organocatalyzed atom-transfer radical polymerization (O-ATRP) are studied using time-resolved optical transient absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy. The nine catalysts selected for study are examples of N-aryl and core-substituted dihydrophenazine, phenoxazine and phenothiazine compounds with varying propensities for control of polymerization outcomes. Excited singlet-state lifetimes extracted from the spectroscopic measurements are reported in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), dichloromethane (DCM), and toluene. Ultrafast (<200 fs to 3 ps) electronic relaxation of the photocatalysts after photoexcitation at near-UV wavelengths (318-390 nm) populates the first singlet excited state (S1). The S1-state lifetimes range from 130 ps to 40 ns with a considerable dependence on the photocatalyst structure and the solvent. The competition between ground electronic state recovery and intersystem crossing controls triplet state populations and is a minor pathway in the dihydrophenazine derivatives but is of greater importance for phenoxazine and phenothiazine catalysts. A comparison of our results with previously reported O-ATRP performances of the various photoredox catalysts shows that high triplet-state quantum yields are not a prerequisite for controlling polymer dispersity. For example, the photocatalyst 5,10-bis(4-cyanophenyl)-5,10-dihydrophenazine, shown previously to exert good polymerization control, possesses the shortest S1-state lifetime (135 ps in DMF and 180 ps in N,N-dimethylacetamide) among the nine examples reported here and a negligible triplet-state quantum yield. The results call for a re-evaluation of the excited-state properties of most significance in governing the photocatalytic behavior of organic photoredox catalysts in O-ATRP reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Bhattacherjee
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
| | - Mahima Sneha
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
| | - Luke Lewis-Borrell
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
| | - Giordano Amoruso
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
| | - Thomas A A Oliver
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
| | - Jasper Tyler
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
| | - Ian P Clark
- Central Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, Science and Technology Facilities Council, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Oxford, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX, U.K
| | - Andrew J Orr-Ewing
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
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24
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Biocatalytic Approach for Novel Functional Oligoesters of ε-Caprolactone and Malic Acid. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9020232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Biocatalysis has developed in the last decades as a major tool for green polymer synthesis. The particular ability of lipases to catalyze the synthesis of novel polymeric materials has been demonstrated for a large range of substrates. In this work, novel functional oligoesters were synthesized from ε-caprolactone and D,L/L-malic acid by a green and sustainable route, using two commercially available immobilized lipases as catalysts. The reactions were carried out at different molar ratios of the comonomers in organic solvents, but the best results were obtained in solvent-free systems. Linear and cyclic oligomeric products with average molecular weights of about 1500 Da were synthesized, and the formed oligoesters were identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) analysis. The oligoester synthesis was not enantioselective in the studied reaction conditions. The operational stability of both biocatalysts (Novozyme 435 and GF-CalB-IM) was excellent after reutilization in 13 batch reaction cycles. The thermal properties of the reaction products were investigated by thermogravimetric (TG) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis. The presence of polar pendant groups in the structure of these oligomers could widen the possible applications compared to the oligomers of ε-caprolactone or allow the conversion to other functional materials.
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25
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Ma Q, Song J, Zhang X, Jiang Y, Ji L, Liao S. Metal-free atom transfer radical polymerization with ppm catalyst loading under sunlight. Nat Commun 2021; 12:429. [PMID: 33462235 PMCID: PMC7814125 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20645-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Organocatalytic atom transfer radical polymerization (O-ATRP) is recently emerging as an appealing method for the synthesis of metal-free polymer materials with well-defined microstructures and architectures. However, the development of highly effective catalysts that can be employed at a practical low loading are still a challenging task. Herein, we introduce a catalyst design logic based on heteroatom-doping of polycyclic arenes, which leads to the discovery of oxygen-doped anthanthrene (ODA) as highly effective organic photoredox catalysts for O-ATRP. In comparison with known organocatalysts, ODAs feature strong visible-light absorption together with high molar extinction coefficient (ε455nm up to 23,950 M-1 cm-1), which allow for the establishment of a controlled polymerization under sunlight at low ppm levels of catalyst loading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Ma
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Jinshuai Song
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Xun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Yu Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Li Ji
- Grubbs Institute, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Saihu Liao
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China.
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Science (BNLMS), Beijing, 100190, China.
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26
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Fouilloux H, Thomas CM. Production and Polymerization of Biobased Acrylates and Analogs. Macromol Rapid Commun 2021; 42:e2000530. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.202000530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Fouilloux
- PSL University Chimie ParisTech CNRS Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris Paris 75005 France
| | - Christophe M. Thomas
- PSL University Chimie ParisTech CNRS Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris Paris 75005 France
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27
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Price MJ, Puffer KO, Kudisch M, Knies D, Miyake GM. Structure–property relationships of core-substituted diaryl dihydrophenazine organic photoredox catalysts and their application in O-ATRP. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py01060c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Photoinduced organocatalyzed atom-transfer radical polymerization (O-ATRP) is a controlled radical polymerization technique that can be driven using low-energy, visible light and makes use of organic photocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariel J. Price
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1872, USA
| | - Katherine O. Puffer
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1872, USA
| | - Max Kudisch
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1872, USA
| | - Declan Knies
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1872, USA
| | - Garret M. Miyake
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1872, USA
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28
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Farnaz Fazlalizadeh, Massoumi B, Banaei A, Jaymand M. A Thermal-Responsive Y-Shaped Miktoarm Amphiphilic Block Copolymer Composed of Poly(ε-caprolactone) and Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) as a Nano-micellar Carrier for Anti-cancer Drugs. POLYMER SCIENCE SERIES B 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1560090420050061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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29
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Lu P, Kensy VK, Tritt RL, Seidenkranz DT, Boydston AJ. Metal-Free Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization: From Concept to Creation. Acc Chem Res 2020; 53:2325-2335. [PMID: 32960558 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.0c00427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP), which is derived from transition-metal-based olefin metathesis, has evolved into one of the most prevalent technologies for making functional polymeric materials in academia and in industry. The initial discovery of and advances in ROMP used ill-defined mixtures of metal salts to initiate polymerization. The initiators most commonly used today, developed with tremendous efforts, are well-defined metal-alkylidene complexes that have enabled a good mechanistic understanding of the polymerization as well as improvement of the initiators' activity, stability, and functional group tolerance.The evolution of ROMP has been decidedly metal-centric, with the path to accolades being paved primarily in ruthenium-, molybdenum-, and tungsten-based systems. Our departure from the ROMP trailhead was inspired in part by recent breakthroughs in radical-mediated polymerizations, whereby their mechanisms were leveraged to develop metal-free reaction conditions. Inventing a metal-free complement to traditional ROMP would essentially involve stepping away from decades of inorganic and organometallic developments, but with the promise of crossing new synthetic capabilities and curiosities.Driven by this motivation, as well as a community-inspired desire to develop "greener" controlled polymerizations, our team pioneered the search for, and discovery of, a wholly organic alternative to traditional metal-mediated ROMP. In this Account, we review our recent efforts to develop metal-free ring-opening metathesis polymerization (MF-ROMP), which is inspired by previous reports in electro- and photo-mediated organic transformations.This work began with an exploration of the direct oxidation of enol ethers and the propensity of the ensuing radical cations to initiate ROMP. To overcome limitations of the electrochemical conditions, a photoredox-mediated method was investigated next, using photoexcited pyrylium salts to oxidize the enol ethers. With this system, we demonstrated the ability to produce ROMP products and temporally control the polymerization.Further investigations into different aspects of the reaction included monomer scope, functional group tolerance, the impact of changing photocatalyst properties, and the ability to control molecular weight. The unique mechanism of MF-ROMP, along with the relative ease of synthesizing enol ether initiators, enabled the preparation of numerous polymeric materials that are hard to access through traditional metal-mediated pathways. At the end of this Account, we provide a perspective on future opportunities in this emerging area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengtao Lu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98115, United States
| | - Victoria K. Kensy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98115, United States
| | - Rachel L. Tritt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin−Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Daniel T. Seidenkranz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin−Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Andrew J. Boydston
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98115, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin−Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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30
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da Silva RVDCA, Vieira RP. An Experimental and Computational Approach on Controlled Radical Photopolymerization of Limonene. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202000199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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31
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Yu X, Herberg A, Kuckling D. Micellar Organocatalysis Using Smart Polymer Supports: Influence of Thermoresponsive Self-Assembly on Catalytic Activity. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2265. [PMID: 33019724 PMCID: PMC7600719 DOI: 10.3390/polym12102265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Micellar catalysts with a switchable core are attractive materials in organic synthesis. However, little is known about the role of the shell forming block on the performance of the catalyst. Thermoresponsive block copolymers based on poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-vinyl-4,4-dimethylazlactone) attached to different permanently hydrophilic blocks, namely poly(ethylene glycol), poly(N,N-dimethylacrylamide), and poly(2,3-dihydroxypropyl acrylate), were successfully synthesized via reversible addition/fragmentation chain transfer radical polymerization (RAFT). Post-polymerization attachment of an amino-functionalized L-prolineamide using the azlactone ring-opening reaction afforded functionalized thermoresponsive block copolymers. Temperature-induced aggregation of the functionalized block copolymers was studied using dynamic light scattering. It was shown that the chemical structure of the permanently hydrophilic block significantly affected the size of the polymer self-assemblies. The functionalized block copolymers were subjected to an aldol reaction between p-nitrobenzaldehyde and cyclohexanone in water. Upon temperature-induced aggregation, an increase in conversion was observed. The enantioselectivity of the polymer-bound organocatalyst improved with an increasing hydrophilic/hydrophobic interface as a result of the different stability of the polymer aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dirk Kuckling
- Department of Chemistry, Paderborn University, Warburger Str. 100, D-33098 Paderborn, Germany; (X.Y.); (A.H.)
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32
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Fabrication of novel electrochemical immunosensor by mussel-inspired chemistry and surface-initiated PET-ATRP for the simultaneous detection of CEA and AFP. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2020.104632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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33
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34
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Corbin DA, McCarthy BG, Miyake GM. Impacts of Performing Electrolysis During Organocatalyzed Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization. Polym Chem 2020; 11:4978-4985. [PMID: 33456501 PMCID: PMC7805480 DOI: 10.1039/d0py00643b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An electrochemical variant of organocatalyzed atom transfer radical polymerization (O-ATRP) is developed and investigated. Inspired by electrochemically mediated atom transfer radical polymerization (eATRP), potentiostatic electrolysis is used to manipulate the catalyst's redox states in O-ATRP to understand whether deactivation in O-ATRP can be enhanced to improve polymerization control. During the course of this work, several possible side reactions are investigated, and the electrochemical apparatus is optimized to reduce side reactions at the counter electrode. This electrochemically modified O-ATRP method (eO-ATRP) is then studied at different applied potentials, under different irradiation conditions, and with two photoredox catalysts to understand the impact of electrolysis on polymerization control. Ultimately, although electrolysis was successfully used to improve polymerization control in O-ATRP, some additional challenges have been identified. Several key questions are postulated to guide future work in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Corbin
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, USA
| | - Blaine G McCarthy
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, USA
| | - Garret M Miyake
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, USA
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35
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Liu Y, Chen Q, Tong Y, Ma Y. 9,9-Dimethyl Dihydroacridine-Based Organic Photocatalyst for Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization from Modifying “Unstable” Electron Donor. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c00377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Key Lab of Polymer Chemistry & Physics of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Qi Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Key Lab of Polymer Chemistry & Physics of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yujie Tong
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Key Lab of Polymer Chemistry & Physics of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yuguo Ma
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Key Lab of Polymer Chemistry & Physics of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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36
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Fromel M, Li M, Pester CW. Surface Engineering with Polymer Brush Photolithography. Macromol Rapid Commun 2020; 41:e2000177. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.202000177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michele Fromel
- Department of Chemical Engineering The Pennsylvania State University University Park PA 16802 USA
| | - Mingxiao Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering The Pennsylvania State University University Park PA 16802 USA
| | - Christian W. Pester
- Department of Chemical Engineering The Pennsylvania State University University Park PA 16802 USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering The Pennsylvania State University University Park PA 16802 USA
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37
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Dadashi-Silab S, Lee IH, Anastasaki A, Lorandi F, Narupai B, Dolinski ND, Allegrezza ML, Fantin M, Konkolewicz D, Hawker CJ, Matyjaszewski K. Investigating Temporal Control in Photoinduced Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c00888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sajjad Dadashi-Silab
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - In-Hwan Lee
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Athina Anastasaki
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Francesca Lorandi
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Benjaporn Narupai
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Neil D. Dolinski
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Michael L. Allegrezza
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, 651 E High Street, Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
| | - Marco Fantin
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Dominik Konkolewicz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, 651 E High Street, Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
| | - Craig J. Hawker
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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38
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Zartner L, Muthwill MS, Dinu IA, Schoenenberger CA, Palivan CG. The rise of bio-inspired polymer compartments responding to pathology-related signals. J Mater Chem B 2020; 8:6252-6270. [PMID: 32452509 DOI: 10.1039/d0tb00475h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Self-organized nano- and microscale polymer compartments such as polymersomes, giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs), polyion complex vesicles (PICsomes) and layer-by-layer (LbL) capsules have increasing potential in many sensing applications. Besides modifying the physicochemical properties of the corresponding polymer building blocks, the versatility of these compartments can be markedly expanded by biomolecules that endow the nanomaterials with specific molecular and cellular functions. In this review, we focus on polymer-based compartments that preserve their structure, and highlight the key role they play in the field of medical diagnostics: first, the self-assembling abilities that result in preferred architectures are presented for a broad range of polymers. In the following, we describe different strategies for sensing disease-related signals (pH-change, reductive conditions, and presence of ions or biomolecules) by polymer compartments that exhibit stimuli-responsiveness. In particular, we distinguish between the stimulus-sensitivity contributed by the polymer itself or by additional compounds embedded in the compartments in different sensing systems. We then address necessary properties of sensing polymeric compartments, such as the enhancement of their stability and biocompatibility, or the targeting ability, that open up new perspectives for diagnostic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Zartner
- Chemistry Department, University of Basel, Mattenstr. 24a, BPR1096, Basel, Switzerland.
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39
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Haraguchi R, Nishikawa T, Kanazawa A, Aoshima S. Metal-Free Living Cationic Polymerization Using Diaryliodonium Salts as Organic Lewis Acid Catalysts. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c00823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Haraguchi
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Nishikawa
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Arihiro Kanazawa
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Sadahito Aoshima
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
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40
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Yin X, Wang L, Zhang X, Zhao H, Cui Z, Fu P, Liu M, Pang X, Qiao X. Synthesis of amphiphilic star-shaped block copolymers through photo-induced metal free atom transfer radical polymerization. Eur Polym J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2020.109557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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41
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Continuous flow photoinduced phenothiazine derivatives catalyzed atom transfer radical polymerization. Eur Polym J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2020.109565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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42
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Xia L, Cheng B, Zeng T, Nie X, Chen G, Zhang Z, Zhang W, Hong C, You Y. Polymer Nanofibers Exhibiting Remarkable Activity in Driving the Living Polymerization under Visible Light and Reusability. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:1902451. [PMID: 32195082 PMCID: PMC7080551 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201902451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Visible light-driving syntheses have emerged as a powerful tool for organic synthesis and for the preparation of macromolecules under mild and environmentally benign conditions. However, precious but nonreusable photosensitizers or photocatalysts are often required to activate the reaction, limiting its practicality. Here, it is reported that poly(1,4-diphenylbutadiyne) (PDPB) nanofibers exhibit remarkable activity in driving the living free radical polymerization under visible light. Moreover, PDPB nanofibers are very stable under irradiation of visible light and can be reused without appreciable loss of activity even after repeated cycling. The nanofiber will be a promising photocatalyst with excellent reusability and stability for the reactions driven by visible light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Xia
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the MicroscaleCAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter ChemistryDepartment of Polymer Science and EngineeringUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei230026P. R. China
| | - Bo‐Fei Cheng
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the MicroscaleCAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter ChemistryDepartment of Polymer Science and EngineeringUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei230026P. R. China
| | - Tian‐You Zeng
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the MicroscaleCAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter ChemistryDepartment of Polymer Science and EngineeringUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei230026P. R. China
| | - Xuan Nie
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the MicroscaleCAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter ChemistryDepartment of Polymer Science and EngineeringUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei230026P. R. China
| | - Guang Chen
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the MicroscaleCAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter ChemistryDepartment of Polymer Science and EngineeringUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei230026P. R. China
| | - Ze Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the MicroscaleCAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter ChemistryDepartment of Polymer Science and EngineeringUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei230026P. R. China
| | - Wen‐Jian Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the MicroscaleCAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter ChemistryDepartment of Polymer Science and EngineeringUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei230026P. R. China
| | - Chun‐Yan Hong
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the MicroscaleCAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter ChemistryDepartment of Polymer Science and EngineeringUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei230026P. R. China
| | - Ye‐Zi You
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the MicroscaleCAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter ChemistryDepartment of Polymer Science and EngineeringUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei230026P. R. China
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43
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Cuneo T, Wang X, Shi Y, Gao H. Synthesis of Hyperbranched Polymers via Metal‐Free ATRP in Solution and Microemulsion. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202000008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Cuneo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Notre Dame Notre Dame IN 46556 USA
| | - Xiaofeng Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Notre Dame Notre Dame IN 46556 USA
| | - Yi Shi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Notre Dame Notre Dame IN 46556 USA
| | - Haifeng Gao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Notre Dame Notre Dame IN 46556 USA
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44
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Buss BL, Lim CH, Miyake GM. Dimethyl Dihydroacridines as Photocatalysts in Organocatalyzed Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization of Acrylate Monomers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:3209-3217. [PMID: 31773858 PMCID: PMC7012661 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201910828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Development of photocatalysts (PCs) with diverse properties has been essential in the advancement of organocatalyzed atom transfer radical polymerization (O-ATRP). Dimethyl dihydroacridines are presented here as a new family of organic PCs, for the first time enabling controlled polymerization of challenging acrylate monomers by O-ATRP. Structure-property relationships for seven PCs are established, demonstrating tunable photochemical and electrochemical properties, and accessing a strongly oxidizing 2 PC.+ intermediate for efficient deactivation. In O-ATRP, the combination of PC, implementation of continuous-flow reactors, and promotion of deactivation through addition of LiBr are critical to producing well-defined acrylate polymers with dispersities as low as 1.12. The utility of this approach is established through demonstration of the oxygen-tolerance of the system and application to diverse acrylate monomers, including the synthesis of well-defined di- and triblock copolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonnie L Buss
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Chern-Hooi Lim
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
- New Iridium LLC, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
| | - Garret M Miyake
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
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45
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Yang L, Huang Y, Peng Y, Liu F, Zhang Q, He H, Wang J, Jiang L, Zhou Y. Pyridine-Diketopyrrolopyrrole-Based Novel Metal-Free Visible-Light Organophotoredox Catalyst for Atom-Transfer Radical Polymerization. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:1068-1075. [PMID: 31958227 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b10404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In the field of electronics, organocatalysts are in high demand for use in the synthesis of clean polymers using solar radiation rather than potentially contaminating metals. Combining theoretical design, simulation, and experiments, this work presents a novel, pyridine-diketopyrrolopyrrole (P-DPP)-based metal-free visible-light organophotoredox catalyst (P-DPP). It is effective in the photocontrolled organocatalytic atom-transfer radical polymerization (O-ATRP) of methyl methacrylate (MMA) and styrene. The use of this catalyst and white light-emitting diode (LED) irradiation produces polymers with a cross-linked feature. In O-ATRP, the P-DPP catalyst has an oxidative quenching catalytic mechanism with an excited-state reductive potential of -1.8 V, fluorescence lifetime of 7.5 ns, and radical-cation oxidative potential of 0.45 V. Through molecular simulation, we found that the adjacent pyridine group is key to reducing the alkyl halide initiator and generating radicals, while the diketopyrrolopyrrole core stabilizes the triplet state of the catalyst through intramolecular charge transfer. The findings related to this novel photoredox catalyst will aid in the search for much more effective organophotoredox catalysts for use in controlled radical polymerization. They will also be of value in the fields of polymer chemistry and physics and in various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Southwest University of Science and Technology , Mianyang 621010 , Sichuan , China
| | - Yujie Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Southwest University of Science and Technology , Mianyang 621010 , Sichuan , China
| | - Yuting Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Southwest University of Science and Technology , Mianyang 621010 , Sichuan , China
| | - Fei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering of China (Sichuan University) , Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University , Chengdu 610065 , China
| | - Qingchun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Southwest University of Science and Technology , Mianyang 621010 , Sichuan , China
| | - Huichao He
- State Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Southwest University of Science and Technology , Mianyang 621010 , Sichuan , China
| | - Jun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Southwest University of Science and Technology , Mianyang 621010 , Sichuan , China
| | - Long Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering of China (Sichuan University) , Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University , Chengdu 610065 , China
| | - Yong Zhou
- School of Physics , Nanjing University , Nanjing 211102 , Jiangsu , China
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46
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Buss BL, Lim C, Miyake GM. Dimethyl Dihydroacridines as Photocatalysts in Organocatalyzed Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization of Acrylate Monomers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201910828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bonnie L. Buss
- Department of Chemistry Colorado State University Fort Collins CO 80523 USA
| | - Chern‐Hooi Lim
- Department of Chemistry Colorado State University Fort Collins CO 80523 USA
- New Iridium LLC Boulder CO 80303 USA
| | - Garret M. Miyake
- Department of Chemistry Colorado State University Fort Collins CO 80523 USA
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47
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Zhu Y, Egap E. PET-RAFT polymerization catalyzed by cadmium selenide quantum dots (QDs): Grafting-from QDs photocatalysts to make polymer nanocomposites. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py01604j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report herein the first example of light-controlled radical reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer polymerization facilitated by cadmium selenide quantum dots and the grafting-from CdSe QDs to create polymer-QDs nanocomposites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Zhu
- Department of Materials Science and Nanoengineering
- Rice University
- Houston
- USA
| | - Eilaf Egap
- Department of Materials Science and Nanoengineering
- Rice University
- Houston
- USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
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48
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Lewis SE, Wilhelmy BE, Leibfarth FA. Organocatalytic C–H fluoroalkylation of commodity polymers. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py01884k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Organocatalytic post-polymerization modification of commodity aromatic polymers diversifies their material properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally E. Lewis
- Department of Chemistry
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
- Chapel Hill
- USA
| | - Bradley E. Wilhelmy
- Department of Chemistry
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
- Chapel Hill
- USA
| | - Frank A. Leibfarth
- Department of Chemistry
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
- Chapel Hill
- USA
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49
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Li F, Yang W, Li M, Zhou L, Lei L. Cationic quaternary ammonium salt-catalyzed LED-induced living radical polymerization with in situhalogen exchange. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py00474j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cationic quaternary ammonium salts were employed as organocatalysts for light-emitting diode (LED)-induced living radical polymerization (LRP) with thein situhalogen exchange of methacrylate monomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Li
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecular Chemistry of the Ministry of Education College of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Northwest University
- Xi'an
- P. R. China
| | - Wanting Yang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecular Chemistry of the Ministry of Education College of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Northwest University
- Xi'an
- P. R. China
| | - Mengmeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecular Chemistry of the Ministry of Education College of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Northwest University
- Xi'an
- P. R. China
| | - Lin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecular Chemistry of the Ministry of Education College of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Northwest University
- Xi'an
- P. R. China
| | - Lin Lei
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecular Chemistry of the Ministry of Education College of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Northwest University
- Xi'an
- P. R. China
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50
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Martinez MR, Sobieski J, Lorandi F, Fantin M, Dadashi-Silab S, Xie G, Olszewski M, Pan X, Ribelli TG, Matyjaszewski K. Understanding the Relationship between Catalytic Activity and Termination in photoATRP: Synthesis of Linear and Bottlebrush Polyacrylates. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b02397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael R. Martinez
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Julian Sobieski
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Francesca Lorandi
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Marco Fantin
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Sajjad Dadashi-Silab
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Guojun Xie
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Mateusz Olszewski
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Xiangcheng Pan
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Thomas G. Ribelli
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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