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Knol WC, de Vries QL, Brooijmans T, Gruendling T, Pirok BWJ, Peters RAH. Hyphenation of liquid chromatography and pyrolysis-flame ionization detection/mass spectrometry for polymer quantification and characterization. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1257:341157. [PMID: 37062568 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) hyphenated to pyrolysis-gas chromatography (Py-GC) has been demonstrated as a powerful tool in polymer analysis. A main limitation to the wider application of the method are the long second-dimension Py-GC analysis times, resulting in limited first-dimension sampling and/or long overall run times. Therefore, we set out to develop an online hyphenated SEC×Py-MS/FID method, removing the GC separation and allowing for a drastically reduced second-dimension analysis time compared to SEC-Py-GC. The pyrolysis method had a cycle time of 1.31 min, which was facilitated by liquid nitrogen cooling of the programmable temperature vaporizer (PTV) used for pyrolysis. The developed method featured no molar mass discrimination for masses above ±1.3 kDa, rendering it applicable to most commercial polymer systems. The method was demonstrated on multiple samples, including a complex industrial sample, yielding chemical composition heterogeneity and in some cases sequence heterogeneity information over the molar mass distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter C Knol
- Analytical Chemistry Group, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Quincy L de Vries
- Analytical Chemistry Group, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ton Brooijmans
- Analytical Chemistry Group, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Covestro, Group Innovation, Sluisweg 12, Waalwijk, the Netherlands
| | - Till Gruendling
- BASF SE, Carl-Bosch-Strasse 38, Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Bob W J Pirok
- Analytical Chemistry Group, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ron A H Peters
- Analytical Chemistry Group, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Covestro, Group Innovation, Sluisweg 12, Waalwijk, the Netherlands
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Meunier DM, Wade JH, Janco M, Cong R, Gao W, Li Y, Mekap D, Wang G. Recent Advances in Separation-Based Techniques for Synthetic Polymer Characterization. Anal Chem 2020; 93:273-294. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c04352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David M. Meunier
- Core R&D, Analytical Science, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan 48640, United States
| | - James H. Wade
- Core R&D, Analytical Science, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan 48640, United States
| | - Miroslav Janco
- Core R&D, Analytical Science, The Dow Chemical Company, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Rongjuan Cong
- Packaging and Specialty Plastics, Characterization, The Dow Chemical Company, Lake Jackson, Texas 77566, United States
| | - Wei Gao
- Core R&D, Analytical Science, The Dow Chemical Company, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Yongfu Li
- Core R&D, Analytical Science, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan 48640, United States
| | - Dibyaranjan Mekap
- Packaging and Specialty Plastics, Characterization, Dow Benelux, 4542 NM Terneuzen, The Netherlands
| | - Grace Wang
- School of Cinematic Arts, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
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Knol WC, Pirok BWJ, Peters RAH. Detection challenges in quantitative polymer analysis by liquid chromatography. J Sep Sci 2020; 44:63-87. [PMID: 32935906 PMCID: PMC7821191 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202000768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Accurate quantification of polymer distributions is one of the main challenges in polymer analysis by liquid chromatography. The response of contemporary detectors is typically influenced by compositional features such as molecular weight, chain composition, end groups, and branching. This renders the accurate quantification of complex polymers of which there are no standards available, extremely challenging. Moreover, any (programmed) change in mobile-phase composition may further limit the applicability of detection techniques. Current methods often rely on refractive index detection, which is not accurate when dealing with complex samples as the refractive-index increment is often unknown. We review current and emerging detection methods in liquid chromatography with the aim of identifying detectors, which can be applied to the quantitative analysis of complex polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter C Knol
- Analytical Chemistry Group, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bob W J Pirok
- Analytical Chemistry Group, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ron A H Peters
- Analytical Chemistry Group, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,DSM Resins & Functional Materials, Analytical Technology Centre, Waalwijk, The Netherlands
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Song Y, Cong Y, Wang B, Zhang N. Applications of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy to pharmaceutical preparations. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2020; 17:551-571. [PMID: 32116058 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2020.1737671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Various pharmaceutical preparations are widely used for clinical treatment. Elucidation of the mechanisms of drug release and evaluation of drug efficacy in biological samples are important in drug design and drug quality control.Areas covered: This review classifies recent applications of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy in the field of medicine to comprehend drug release and diffusion. Drug release is affected by many factors of preparations, such as drug delivery system and microstructure polymorphism. The applications of FTIR imaging and nano-FTIR technique in biological samples lay a foundation for studying drug mechanism in vivo.Expert opinion: FTIR spectroscopy meets the research needs on preparations to understand the processes and mechanisms underlying drug release. The combination of attenuated total reflectance-FTIR imaging and nano-FTIR accompanied by chemometrics is a potent tool to overcome the deficiency of conventional infrared detection. FTIR shows an enormous potential in drug characterization, drug quality control, and bio-sample detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijie Song
- Experiment Center for Science and Technology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanhua Cong
- Center for Pharmaceutics Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Bing Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Center for Pharmaceutics Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Experiment Center for Science and Technology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Kübel JM, Botha C, Bucka A, Höpfner J, Zimmermann H, Godejohann M, Wilhelm M. A New Quantum Cascade IR‐Laser Online Detector: Chemical‐Sensitive Size‐Exclusion Chromatography Measurement at Unprecedented Low Levels. Macromol Rapid Commun 2019; 40:e1900228. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201900228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M. Kübel
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Polymer ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesserstraße 18 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Carlo Botha
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Polymer ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesserstraße 18 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Aleksandra Bucka
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Polymer ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesserstraße 18 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Johannes Höpfner
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Polymer ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesserstraße 18 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Henrik Zimmermann
- neoplas control GmbH Walther‐Rathenau‐Straße 49a 17489 Greifswald Germany
| | | | - Manfred Wilhelm
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Polymer ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesserstraße 18 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
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Botha C, Höpfner J, Mayerhöfer B, Wilhelm M. On-line SEC-MR-NMR hyphenation: optimization of sensitivity and selectivity on a 62 MHz benchtop NMR spectrometer. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py00140a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The development of sophisticated synthetic routes for polymeric materials and more complex formulation used in current polymers require more advanced analytical techniques. A direct correlation between molar mass distribution and chemical composition is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Botha
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry
- 76131 Karlsruhe
- Germany
| | - Johannes Höpfner
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry
- 76131 Karlsruhe
- Germany
| | - Britta Mayerhöfer
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry
- 76131 Karlsruhe
- Germany
| | - Manfred Wilhelm
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry
- 76131 Karlsruhe
- Germany
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