1
|
Van Damme L, Blondeel P, Van Vlierberghe S. Reconstructing Curves: A Bottom-Up Approach toward Adipose Tissue Regeneration with Recombinant Biomaterials. Macromol Biosci 2024:e2300466. [PMID: 38704814 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202300466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
The potential of recombinant materials in the field of adipose tissue engineering (ATE) is investigated using a bottom-up tissue engineering (TE) approach. This study explores the synthesis of different photo-crosslinkable gelatin derivatives, including both natural and recombinant materials, with a particular emphasis on chain growth and step growth polymerization. Gelatin type B (Gel-B) and a recombinant collagen peptide (RCPhC1) are used as starting materials. The gel fraction and mass swelling properties of 2D hydrogel films are evaluated, revealing high gel fractions exceeding 94% and high mass swelling ratios >15. In vitro experiments with encapsulated adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) indicate viable cells (>85%) throughout the experiment with the RCPhC1-based hydrogels showing a higher number of stretched ASCs. Triglyceride assays show the enhanced differentiation potential of RCPhC1 materials. Moreover, the secretome analysis reveal the production of adipose tissue-specific proteins including adiponectin, adipsin, lipocalin-2/NGAL, and PAL-1. RCPhC1-based materials exhibit higher levels of adiponectin and adipsin production, indicating successful differentiation into the adipogenic lineage. Overall, this study highlights the potential of recombinant materials for ATE applications, providing insights into their physico-chemical properties, mechanical strength, and cellular interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lana Van Damme
- Ghent University, Polymer Chemistry and Biomaterials Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC) - Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Krijgslaan 281 S4-Bis, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
- Ghent University, Department of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Corneel Heymanslaan 10 2K12, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
- 4Tissue BV, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 48, Ghent, 9052, Belgium
| | - Phillip Blondeel
- Ghent University, Department of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Corneel Heymanslaan 10 2K12, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
- 4Tissue BV, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 48, Ghent, 9052, Belgium
| | - Sandra Van Vlierberghe
- Ghent University, Polymer Chemistry and Biomaterials Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC) - Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Krijgslaan 281 S4-Bis, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
- 4Tissue BV, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 48, Ghent, 9052, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Nobus O, Parmentier L, Livens P, Muyshondt P, Szewcyk K, Jacobs C, Verdoodt D, Pieters L, Thijssen Q, Van Durme B, Vral A, Dirckx J, Van Rompaey V, Van Vlierberghe S. The importance of mechanical and biological cues of tympanic membrane grafts to ensure optimal regeneration. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2024; 159:213827. [PMID: 38490018 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2024.213827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) is often associated with permanent tympanic membrane (TM) perforation and conductive hearing loss. The current clinical gold standard, using autografts and allografts, suffers from several drawbacks. Artificial replacement materials can help to overcome these drawbacks. Therefore, scaffolds fabricated through digital light processing (DLP) were herein created to support TM regeneration. Various UV-curable printing inks, including gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA), gelatin-norbornene-norbornene (GelNBNB) (crosslinked with thiolated gelatin (GelSH)) and alkene-functionalized poly-ε-caprolactone (E-PCL) (crosslinked with pentaerythritol tetrakis(3-mercaptopropionate) (PETA4SH)) were optimized regarding photo-initiator (PI) and photo-absorber (PA) concentrations through viscosity characterization, photo-rheology and the establishment of working curves for DLP. Our material platform enabled the development of constructs with a range of mechanical properties (plateau storage modulus varying between 15 and 119 kPa). Excellent network connectivity for the GelNBNB and E-PCL constructs was demonstrated (gel fractions >95 %) whereas a post-crosslinking step was required for the GelMA constructs. All samples showed excellent biocompatibility (viability >93 % and metabolic activity >88 %). Finally, in vivo and ex vivo assessments, including histology, vibration and deformation responses measured through laser doppler vibrometry and digital image correlation respectively, were performed to investigate the effects of the scaffolds on the anatomical and physiological regeneration of acute TM perforations in rabbits. The data showed that the most efficient healing with the best functional quality was obtained when both mechanical (obtained with the PCL-based resin) and biological (obtained with the gelatin-based resins) material properties were taken into account.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oriana Nobus
- Polymer Chemistry and Biomaterials Group (PBM), Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Laurens Parmentier
- Polymer Chemistry and Biomaterials Group (PBM), Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Pieter Livens
- Laboratory of Biomedical Physics (BIMEF), University of Antwerp, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Pieter Muyshondt
- Laboratory of Biomedical Physics (BIMEF), University of Antwerp, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Krystyna Szewcyk
- Department of Translational Neurosciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Christel Jacobs
- Department of Translational Neurosciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Dorien Verdoodt
- Department of Translational Neurosciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Leen Pieters
- Department of Human Structure and Repair, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Quinten Thijssen
- Polymer Chemistry and Biomaterials Group (PBM), Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bo Van Durme
- Polymer Chemistry and Biomaterials Group (PBM), Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Anne Vral
- Department of Human Structure and Repair, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Joris Dirckx
- Laboratory of Biomedical Physics (BIMEF), University of Antwerp, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Vincent Van Rompaey
- Department of Translational Neurosciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery, Antwerp University Hospital, 2650 Edegem, Belgium.
| | - Sandra Van Vlierberghe
- Polymer Chemistry and Biomaterials Group (PBM), Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Parmentier L, D'Haese S, Carpentier N, Dmitriev RI, Van Vlierberghe S. Bottom-Up Extrusion-Based Biofabrication of the Osteoid Niche. Macromol Biosci 2024; 24:e2300395. [PMID: 37997022 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202300395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Bone regeneration remains a clinical challenge given the transplantation incidence rate and the associated economic burden. Bottom-up osteoid tissue engineering has the potential to offer an alternative approach to current clinical solutions that suffer from various drawbacks. In this paper, deposition-based bioprinting is exploited while the effect is explored of both the crosslinking mechanism (gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) versus gelatin norbornene (DS 91) crosslinked with thiolated gelatin (GelNBSH)) and the degree of substitution (GelNBSH versus norbornene-norbornene-modified gelatin (DS 169) crosslinked with thiolated gelatin (GelNBNBSH)) on the presented biophysical cues as well as on the osteogenic differentiation. The incorporation of tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine (TCEP) to the step-growth inks allows the production of reproducible and biocompatible scaffolds based on thiol-ene chemistry. Dental pulp stem cell encapsulation in GelNBNBSH biofabricated constructs shows a favorable response due to the combination of its stress relaxation and substrate rigidity (bulk compressive modulus of 11-30 kPa) as reflected by a sevenfold increase in calcium production compared to the tissue engineering standard GelMA. This work is the first to exploit a controlled biocompatible and cell-interactive thiolated macromolecular crosslinker (GelSH + TCEP) allowing the extrusion-based biofabrication of low concentration (5 w/v%) modified osteogenic gelatin-based inks (GelNBNBSH + TCEP).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laurens Parmentier
- Polymer Chemistry and Biomaterials group (PBM), Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, Building S4-Bis, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Sophie D'Haese
- Polymer Chemistry and Biomaterials group (PBM), Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, Building S4-Bis, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Nathan Carpentier
- Polymer Chemistry and Biomaterials group (PBM), Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, Building S4-Bis, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Ruslan I Dmitriev
- Tissue Engineering and Biomaterials Group, Department of Human Structure and Repair, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Ghent university, C. Heymanslaan 10, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Sandra Van Vlierberghe
- Polymer Chemistry and Biomaterials group (PBM), Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, Building S4-Bis, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Carpentier N, Ye S, Delemarre MD, Van der Meeren L, Skirtach AG, van der Laan LJW, Schneeberger K, Spee B, Dubruel P, Van Vlierberghe S. Gelatin-Based Hybrid Hydrogels as Matrices for Organoid Culture. Biomacromolecules 2024; 25:590-604. [PMID: 38174962 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c01496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
The application of liver organoids is very promising in the field of liver tissue engineering; however, it is still facing some limitations. One of the current major limitations is the matrix in which they are cultured. The mainly undefined and murine-originated tumor matrices derived from Engelbreth-Holm-Swarm (EHS) sarcoma, such as Matrigel, are still the standard culturing matrices for expansion and differentiation of organoids toward hepatocyte-like cells, which will obstruct its future clinical application potential. In this study, we exploited the use of newly developed highly defined hydrogels as potential matrices for the culture of liver organoids and compared them to Matrigel and two hydrogels that were already researched in the field of organoid research [i.e., polyisocyanopeptides, enriched with laminin-entactin complex (PIC-LEC) and gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA)]. The newly developed hydrogels are materials that have a physicochemical resemblance with native liver tissue. Norbornene-modified dextran cross-linked with thiolated gelatin (DexNB-GelSH) has a swelling ratio and macro- and microscale properties that highly mimic liver tissue. Norbornene-modified chondroitin sulfate cross-linked with thiolated gelatin (CSNB-GelSH) contains chondroitin sulfate, which is a glycosaminoglycan (GAG) that is present in the liver ECM. Furthermore, CSNB-GelSH hydrogels with different mechanical properties were evaluated. Bipotent intrahepatic cholangiocyte organoids (ICOs) were applied in this work and encapsulated in these materials. This research revealed that the newly developed materials outperformed Matrigel, PIC-LEC, and GelMA in the differentiation of ICOs toward hepatocyte-like cells. Furthermore, some trends indicate that an interplay of both the chemical composition and the mechanical properties has an influence on the relative expression of certain hepatocyte markers. Both DexNB-GelSH and CSNB-GelSH showed promising results for the expansion and differentiation of intrahepatic cholangiocyte organoids. The stiffest CSNB-GelSH hydrogel even significantly outperformed Matrigel based on ALB, BSEP, and CYP3A4 gene expression, being three important hepatocyte markers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Carpentier
- Polymer Chemistry & Biomaterials Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Shicheng Ye
- Department Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584 CT, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten D Delemarre
- Department Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584 CT, The Netherlands
| | - Louis Van der Meeren
- Nano-Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - André G Skirtach
- Nano-Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Luc J W van der Laan
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - Kerstin Schneeberger
- Department Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584 CT, The Netherlands
| | - Bart Spee
- Department Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584 CT, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Dubruel
- Polymer Chemistry & Biomaterials Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Sandra Van Vlierberghe
- Polymer Chemistry & Biomaterials Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Carpentier N, Parmentier L, Van der Meeren L, Skirtach AG, Dubruel P, Van Vlierberghe S. Optimization of hybrid gelatin-polysaccharide bioinks exploiting thiol-norbornene chemistry using a reducing additive. Biomed Mater 2024; 19:025025. [PMID: 38266277 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/ad2211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Thiol-norbornene chemistry offers great potential in the field of hydrogel development, given its step growth crosslinking mechanism. However, limitations exist with regard to deposition-based bioprinting of thiol-containing hydrogels, associated with premature crosslinking of thiolated (bio)polymers resulting from disulfide formation in the presence of oxygen. More specifically, disulfide formation can result in an increase in viscosity thereby impeding the printing process. In the present work, hydrogels constituting norbornene-modified dextran (DexNB) combined with thiolated gelatin (GelSH) are selected as case study to explore the potential of incorporating the reducing agent tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine (TCEP), to prevent the formation of disulfides. We observed that, in addition to preventing disulfide formation, TCEP also contributed to premature, spontaneous thiol-norbornene crosslinking without the use of UV light as evidenced via1H-NMR spectroscopy. Herein, an optimal concentration of 25 mol% TCEP with respect to the amount of thiols was found, thereby limiting auto-gelation by both minimizing disulfide formation and spontaneous thiol-norbornene reaction. This concentration results in a constant viscosity during at least 24 h, a more homogeneous network being formed as evidenced using atomic force microscopy while retaining bioink biocompatibility as evidenced by a cell viability of human foreskin fibroblasts exceeding 70% according to ISO 10993-6:2016.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Carpentier
- Polymer Chemistry & Biomaterials Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Laurens Parmentier
- Polymer Chemistry & Biomaterials Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Louis Van der Meeren
- Nano-Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - André G Skirtach
- Nano-Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Peter Dubruel
- Polymer Chemistry & Biomaterials Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sandra Van Vlierberghe
- Polymer Chemistry & Biomaterials Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lin CC, Frahm E, Afolabi FO. Orthogonally Crosslinked Gelatin-Norbornene Hydrogels for Biomedical Applications. Macromol Biosci 2024; 24:e2300371. [PMID: 37748778 PMCID: PMC10922053 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202300371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
The thiol-norbornene photo-click reaction has exceptionally fast crosslinking efficiency compared with chain-growth polymerization at equivalent macromer contents. The orthogonal reactivity between norbornene and thiol/tetrazine permits crosslinking of synthetic and naturally derived macromolecules with modularity, including poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-norbornene (PEGNB), gelatin-norbornene (GelNB), among others. For example, collagen-derived gelatin contains both cell adhesive motifs (e.g., Arg-Gly-Asp or RGD) and protease-labile sequences, making it an ideal macromer for forming cell-laden hydrogels. First reported in 2014, GelNB is increasingly used in orthogonal crosslinking of biomimetic matrices in various applications. GelNB can be crosslinked into hydrogels using multi-functional thiol linkers (e.g., dithiothreitol (DTT) or PEG-tetra-thiol (PEG4SH) via visible light or longwave ultraviolet (UV) light step-growth thiol-norbornene reaction or through an enzyme-mediated crosslinking (i.e., horseradish peroxidase, HRP). GelNB-based hydrogels can also be modularly crosslinked with tetrazine-bearing macromers via inverse electron-demand Diels-Alder (iEDDA) click reaction. This review surveys the various methods for preparing GelNB macromers, the crosslinking mechanisms of GelNB-based hydrogels, and their applications in cell and tissue engineering, including crosslinking of dynamic matrices, disease modeling, and tissue regeneration, delivery of therapeutics, as well as bioprinting and biofabrication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Chi Lin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue School of Engineering & Technology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN. 46202. USA
| | - Ellen Frahm
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue School of Engineering & Technology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN. 46202. USA
| | - Favor O. Afolabi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue School of Engineering & Technology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN. 46202. USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Parmentier L, D'Haese S, Duquesne J, Bray F, Van der Meeren L, Skirtach AG, Rolando C, Dmitriev RI, Van Vlierberghe S. 2D fibrillar osteoid niche mimicry through inclusion of visco-elastic and topographical cues in gelatin-based networks. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 254:127619. [PMID: 37898251 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
Given the clinical need for osteoregenerative materials incorporating controlled biomimetic and biophysical cues, a novel highly-substituted norbornene-modified gelatin was developed enabling thiol-ene crosslinking exploiting thiolated gelatin as cell-interactive crosslinker. Comparing the number of physical crosslinks, the degree of hydrolytic degradation upon modification, the network density and the chemical crosslinking type, the osteogenic effect of visco-elastic and topographical properties was evaluated. This novel network outperformed conventional gelatin-based networks in terms of osteogenesis induction, as evidenced in 2D dental pulp stem cell seeding assays, resulting from the presentation of both a local (substrate elasticity, 25-40 kPa) and a bulk (compressive modulus, 25-45 kPa) osteogenic substrate modulus in combination with adequate fibrillar cell adhesion spacing to optimally transfer traction forces from the fibrillar ECM (as evidenced by mesh size determination with the rubber elasticity theory) and resulting in a 1.7-fold increase in calcium production (compared to the gold standard gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA)).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laurens Parmentier
- Polymer Chemistry and Biomaterials Group (PBM), Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sophie D'Haese
- Polymer Chemistry and Biomaterials Group (PBM), Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jessie Duquesne
- Polymer Chemistry and Biomaterials Group (PBM), Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Fabrice Bray
- Miniaturisation pour la synthèse, l'analyse et la protéomique (MSAP), CNRS, Université de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Louis Van der Meeren
- Nano-biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent university, Proeftuinstraat 86, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Andre G Skirtach
- Nano-biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent university, Proeftuinstraat 86, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Christian Rolando
- Miniaturisation pour la synthèse, l'analyse et la protéomique (MSAP), CNRS, Université de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Ruslan I Dmitriev
- Tissue Engineering and Biomaterials Group, Department of Human Structure and Repair, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Ghent university, C. Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sandra Van Vlierberghe
- Polymer Chemistry and Biomaterials Group (PBM), Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Carpentier N, Van der Meeren L, Skirtach AG, Devisscher L, Van Vlierberghe H, Dubruel P, Van Vlierberghe S. Gelatin-Based Hybrid Hydrogel Scaffolds: Toward Physicochemical Liver Mimicry. Biomacromolecules 2023; 24:4333-4347. [PMID: 35914189 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c00643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
There exists a clear need to develop novel materials that could serve liver tissue engineering purposes. Those materials need to be researched for the development of bioengineered liver tissue as an alternative to donor livers, as well as for materials that could be applied for scaffolds to develop an in vitro model for drug-induced liver injury (DILI) detection . In this paper, the hydrogels oxidized dextran-gelatin (Dexox-Gel) and norbornene-modified dextran-thiolated gelatin (DexNB-GelSH) were developed, and their feasibility toward processing via indirect 3D-printing was investigated with the aim to develop hydrogel scaffolds that physicochemically mimic native liver tissue. Furthermore, their in vitro biocompatibility was assessed using preliminary biological tests using HepG2 cells. Both materials were thoroughly physicochemically characterized and benchmarked to the methacrylated gelatin (GelMA) reference material. Due to inferior properties, Dexox-gel was not further processed into 3D-hydrogel scaffolds. This research revealed that DexNB-GelSH exhibited physicochemical properties that were in excellent agreement with the properties of natural liver tissue in contrast to GelMA. In combination with an equally good biological evaluation of DexNB-GelSH in comparison with GelMA based on an MTS proliferation assay and an albumin quantification assay, DexNB-GelSH can be considered promising in the field of liver tissue engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Carpentier
- Polymer Chemistry and Biomaterials Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Louis Van der Meeren
- Nano-Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - André G Skirtach
- Nano-Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Lindsey Devisscher
- Gut-Liver Immunopharmacology Unit, Department of Basic and Applied Medical Sciences; Liver Research Center Ghent, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Hans Van Vlierberghe
- Hepatology Research Unit, Dpt Internal Medicine and Pediatrics; Liver Research Center Ghent, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Peter Dubruel
- Polymer Chemistry and Biomaterials Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Sandra Van Vlierberghe
- Polymer Chemistry and Biomaterials Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Chansoria P, Rütsche D, Wang A, Liu H, D'Angella D, Rizzo R, Hasenauer A, Weber P, Qiu W, Ibrahim NBM, Korshunova N, Qin X, Zenobi‐Wong M. Synergizing Algorithmic Design, Photoclick Chemistry and Multi-Material Volumetric Printing for Accelerating Complex Shape Engineering. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2300912. [PMID: 37400372 PMCID: PMC10502818 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202300912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
The field of biomedical design and manufacturing has been rapidly evolving, with implants and grafts featuring complex 3D design constraints and materials distributions. By combining a new coding-based design and modeling approach with high-throughput volumetric printing, a new approach is demonstrated to transform the way complex shapes are designed and fabricated for biomedical applications. Here, an algorithmic voxel-based approach is used that can rapidly generate a large design library of porous structures, auxetic meshes and cylinders, or perfusable constructs. By deploying finite cell modeling within the algorithmic design framework, large arrays of selected auxetic designs can be computationally modeled. Finally, the design schemes are used in conjunction with new approaches for multi-material volumetric printing based on thiol-ene photoclick chemistry to rapidly fabricate complex heterogeneous shapes. Collectively, the new design, modeling and fabrication techniques can be used toward a wide spectrum of products such as actuators, biomedical implants and grafts, or tissue and disease models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Parth Chansoria
- Department of Health Sciences and TechnologyETH Zürich UniversityZürich8092Switzerland
| | - Dominic Rütsche
- Department of Health Sciences and TechnologyETH Zürich UniversityZürich8092Switzerland
- Department of SurgeryUniversity Children's HospitalBasel4056Switzerland
| | - Anny Wang
- Department of Health Sciences and TechnologyETH Zürich UniversityZürich8092Switzerland
- Hyperganic Group GmbH80799MunichGermany
| | - Hao Liu
- Department of Health Sciences and TechnologyETH Zürich UniversityZürich8092Switzerland
| | | | - Riccardo Rizzo
- Department of Health Sciences and TechnologyETH Zürich UniversityZürich8092Switzerland
| | - Amelia Hasenauer
- Department of Health Sciences and TechnologyETH Zürich UniversityZürich8092Switzerland
| | - Patrick Weber
- Department of Health Sciences and TechnologyETH Zürich UniversityZürich8092Switzerland
| | - Wanwan Qiu
- Department of Health Sciences and TechnologyETH Zürich UniversityZürich8092Switzerland
| | | | | | - Xiao‐Hua Qin
- Department of Health Sciences and TechnologyETH Zürich UniversityZürich8092Switzerland
| | - Marcy Zenobi‐Wong
- Department of Health Sciences and TechnologyETH Zürich UniversityZürich8092Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Falandt M, Bernal PN, Dudaryeva O, Florczak S, Gröfibacher G, Schweiger M, Longoni A, Greant C, Assunção M, Nijssen O, van Vlierberghe S, Malda J, Vermonden T, Levato R. Spatial-Selective Volumetric 4D Printing and Single-Photon Grafting of Biomolecules within Centimeter-Scale Hydrogels via Tomographic Manufacturing. ADVANCED MATERIALS TECHNOLOGIES 2023; 8:admt.202300026. [PMID: 37811162 PMCID: PMC7615165 DOI: 10.1002/admt.202300026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Conventional additive manufacturing and biofabrication techniques are unable to edit the chemicophysical properties of the printed object postprinting. Herein, a new approach is presented, leveraging light-based volumetric printing as a tool to spatially pattern any biomolecule of interest in custom-designed geometries even across large, centimeter-scale hydrogels. As biomaterial platform, a gelatin norbornene resin is developed with tunable mechanical properties suitable for tissue engineering applications. The resin can be volumetrically printed within seconds at high resolution (23.68 ± 10.75 μm). Thiol-ene click chemistry allows on-demand photografting of thiolated compounds postprinting, from small to large (bio)molecules (e.g., fluorescent dyes or growth factors). These molecules are covalently attached into printed structures using volumetric light projections, forming 3D geometries with high spatiotemporal control and ≈50 μm resolution. As a proof of concept, vascular endothelial growth factor is locally photografted into a bioprinted construct and demonstrated region-dependent enhanced adhesion and network formation of endothelial cells. This technology paves the way toward the precise spatiotemporal biofunctionalization and modification of the chemical composition of (bio)printed constructs to better guide cell behavior, build bioactive cue gradients. Moreover, it opens future possibilities for 4D printing to mimic the dynamic changes in morphogen presentation natively experienced in biological tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marc Falandt
- Department of Clinical Sciences Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Utrecht University Utrecht 3584CT, The Netherlands
| | - Paulina Nuñez Bernal
- Department of Orthopedics University Medical Center Utrecht Utrecht University Utrecht 3584CX, The Netherlands
| | - Oksana Dudaryeva
- Department of Orthopedics University Medical Center Utrecht Utrecht University Utrecht 3584CX, The Netherlands
| | - Sammy Florczak
- Department of Orthopedics University Medical Center Utrecht Utrecht University Utrecht 3584CX, The Netherlands
| | - Gabriel Gröfibacher
- Department of Orthopedics University Medical Center Utrecht Utrecht University Utrecht 3584CX, The Netherlands
| | - Matthias Schweiger
- Department of Clinical Sciences Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Utrecht University Utrecht 3584CT, The Netherlands
| | - Alessia Longoni
- Department of Orthopedics University Medical Center Utrecht Utrecht University Utrecht 3584CX, The Netherlands
| | - Coralie Greant
- Polymer Chemistry & Biomaterials Group Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry Department of Organic & Macromolecular Chemistry Faculty of Sciences Ghent University Ghent 9000, Belgium; BIO INX BV Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 66, Ghent 9052, Belgium
| | - Marisa Assunção
- Department of Orthopedics University Medical Center Utrecht Utrecht University Utrecht 3584CX, The Netherlands
| | - Olaf Nijssen
- Department of Clinical Sciences Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Utrecht University Utrecht 3584CT, The Netherlands
| | - Sandra van Vlierberghe
- Polymer Chemistry & Biomaterials Group Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry Department of Organic & Macromolecular Chemistry Faculty of Sciences Ghent University Ghent 9000, Belgium; BIO INX BV Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 66, Ghent 9052, Belgium
| | - Jos Malda
- Department of Clinical Sciences Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Utrecht University Utrecht 3584CT, The Netherlands; Department of Orthopedics University Medical Center Utrecht Utrecht University Utrecht 3584CX, The Netherlands
| | - Tina Vermonden
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Faculty of Science Utrecht University Utrecht 3584CG, The Netherlands
| | - Riccardo Levato
- Department of Clinical Sciences Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Utrecht University Utrecht 3584CT, The Netherlands; Department of Orthopedics University Medical Center Utrecht Utrecht University Utrecht 3584CX, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Pareja Tello R, Wang S, Fontana F, Correia A, Molinaro G, López Cerdà S, Hietala S, Hirvonen J, Barreto G, Santos HA. Fabrication of hydrogel microspheres via microfluidics using inverse electron demand Diels-Alder click chemistry-based tetrazine-norbornene for drug delivery and cell encapsulation applications. Biomater Sci 2023. [PMID: 37334482 DOI: 10.1039/d3bm00292f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic on-chip production of polymeric hydrogel microspheres (MPs) can be designed for the loading of different biologically active cargos and living cells. Among different gelation strategies, ionically crosslinked microspheres generally show limited mechanical properties, meanwhile covalently crosslinked microspheres often require the use of crosslinking agents or initiators with limited biocompatibility. Inverse electron demand Diels Alder (iEDDA) click chemistry is a promising covalent crosslinking method with fast kinetics, high chemoselectivity, high efficiency and no cross-reactivity. Herein, in situ gellable iEDDA-crosslinked polymeric hydrogel microspheres are developed via water-in-oil emulsification (W/O) glass microfluidics. The microspheres are composed of two polyethylene glycol precursors modified with either tetrazine or norbornene as functional moieties. Using a single co-flow glass microfluidic platform, homogenous MPs of sizes 200-600 μm are developed and crosslinked within 2 minutes. The rheological properties of iEDDA crosslinked bulk hydrogels are maintained with a low swelling degree and a slow degradation behaviour under physiological conditions. Moreover, a high-protein loading capacity can be achieved, and the encapsulation of mammalian cells is possible. Overall, this work provides the possibility of developing microfluidics-produced iEDDA-crosslinked MPs as a potential drug vehicle and cell encapsulation system in the biomedical field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rubén Pareja Tello
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland.
| | - Shiqi Wang
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland.
| | - Flavia Fontana
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland.
| | - Alexandra Correia
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland.
| | - Giuseppina Molinaro
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland.
| | - Sandra López Cerdà
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland.
| | - Sami Hietala
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
| | - Jouni Hirvonen
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland.
| | - Goncalo Barreto
- Clinicum, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
- Orton Orthopedic Hospital, Tenholantie 10, 00280, Helsinki, Finland
- Medical Ultrasonics Laboratory (MEDUSA), Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto University, 02150, Espoo, Finland
| | - Hélder A Santos
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Ant. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
- W.J. Kolff Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Materials Science, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Ant. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Huang J, Ma Y, Pang K, Ma X, Zheng Z, Xu D, Xiong K, Yu B, Liao L. Anisotropic Microspheres-Cryogel Composites Loaded with Magnesium l-Threonate Promote Osteogenesis, Angiogenesis, and Neurogenesis for Repairing Bone Defects. Biomacromolecules 2023. [PMID: 37326596 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c00243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
To achieve osteogenesis, angiogenesis, and neurogenesis for repairing bone defects, we constructed an anisotropic microspheres-cryogel composite loaded with magnesium l-threonate (MgT). These composites were prepared by the photo-click reaction of norbornene-modified gelatin (GB) in the presence of MgT-loaded microspheres through the bidirectional freezing method. The composites possessed an anisotropic macroporous (around 100 μm) structure and sustained release of bioactive Mg2+, which facilitate vascular ingrowth. These composites could significantly promote osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, tubular formation of human umbilical vein vessel endothelial cells, and neuronal differentiation in vitro. Additionally, these composites significantly promoted early vascularization and neurogenesis as well as bone regeneration in the rat femoral condyle defects. In conclusion, owing to the anisotropic macroporous microstructure and bioactive MgT, these composites could simultaneously promote bone, blood vessel, and nerve regeneration, showing great potential for bone tissue engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junhai Huang
- Biomaterials Research Center, School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuan Ma
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Cartilage Regenerative Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Kaiteng Pang
- Biomaterials Research Center, School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaochen Ma
- Biomaterials Research Center, School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhiyu Zheng
- Biomaterials Research Center, School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Daorong Xu
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Cartilage Regenerative Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Ke Xiong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Bin Yu
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Cartilage Regenerative Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Liqiong Liao
- Biomaterials Research Center, School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
De Grave L, Di Meo C, Gréant C, Van Durme B, Gérard M, La Gatta A, Schiraldi C, Thorrez L, Bernaerts KV, Van Vlierberghe S. Photo-crosslinkable Poly(aspartic acid) for Light-based additive Manufacturing: Chain-growth versus Step-growth crosslinking. Eur Polym J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2023.112017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
|
14
|
Rizzo R, Petelinšek N, Bonato A, Zenobi‐Wong M. From Free-Radical to Radical-Free: A Paradigm Shift in Light-Mediated Biofabrication. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2205302. [PMID: 36698304 PMCID: PMC10015869 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202205302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the development of novel photocrosslinking strategies and photoactivatable materials has stimulated widespread use of light-mediated biofabrication techniques. However, despite great progress toward more efficient and biocompatible photochemical strategies, current photoresins still rely on photoinitiators (PIs) producing radical-initiating species to trigger the so-called free-radical crosslinking/polymerization. In the context of bioprinting, where cells are encapsulated in the bioink, the presence of radicals raises concerns of potential cytotoxicity. In this work, a universal, radical-free (RF) photocrosslinking strategy to be used for light-based technologies is presented. Leveraging RF uncaging mechanisms and Michael addition, cell-laden constructs are photocrosslinked by means of one- and two-photon excitation with high biocompatibility. A hydrophilic coumarin-based group is used to cage a universal RF photocrosslinker based on 4-arm-PEG-thiol (PEG4SH). Upon light exposure, thiols are uncaged and react with an alkene counterpart to form a hydrogel. RF photocrosslinker is shown to be highly stable, enabling potential for off-the-shelf products. While PI-based systems cause a strong upregulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS)-associated genes, ROS are not detected in RF photoresins. Finally, optimized RF photoresin is successfully exploited for high resolution two-photon stereolithography (2P-SL) using remarkably low polymer concentration (<1.5%), paving the way for a shift toward radical-free light-based bioprinting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Rizzo
- Tissue Engineering + Biofabrication LaboratoryDepartment of Health Sciences & TechnologyETH ZürichOtto‐Stern‐Weg 7Zürich8093Switzerland
| | - Nika Petelinšek
- Tissue Engineering + Biofabrication LaboratoryDepartment of Health Sciences & TechnologyETH ZürichOtto‐Stern‐Weg 7Zürich8093Switzerland
| | - Angela Bonato
- Tissue Engineering + Biofabrication LaboratoryDepartment of Health Sciences & TechnologyETH ZürichOtto‐Stern‐Weg 7Zürich8093Switzerland
| | - Marcy Zenobi‐Wong
- Tissue Engineering + Biofabrication LaboratoryDepartment of Health Sciences & TechnologyETH ZürichOtto‐Stern‐Weg 7Zürich8093Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Laurano R, Boffito M, Cassino C, Midei L, Pappalardo R, Chiono V, Ciardelli G. Thiol-Ene Photo-Click Hydrogels with Tunable Mechanical Properties Resulting from the Exposure of Different -Ene Moieties through a Green Chemistry. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:2024. [PMID: 36903139 PMCID: PMC10004734 DOI: 10.3390/ma16052024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Temperature and light responsiveness are widely exploited stimuli to tune the physico-chemical properties of double network hydrogels. In this work, new amphiphilic poly(ether urethane)s bearing photo-sensitive moieties (i.e., thiol, acrylate and norbornene functionalities) were engineered by exploiting the versatility of poly(urethane) chemistry and carbodiimide-mediated green functionalization procedures. Polymers were synthesized according to optimized protocols maximizing photo-sensitive group grafting while preserving their functionality (approx. 1.0 × 1019, 2.6 × 1019 and 8.1 × 1017 thiol, acrylate and norbornene groups/gpolymer), and exploited to prepare thermo- and Vis-light-responsive thiol-ene photo-click hydrogels (18% w/v, 1:1 thiol:ene molar ratio). Green light-induced photo-curing allowed the achievement of a much more developed gel state with improved resistance to deformation (ca. 60% increase in critical deformation, γL). Triethanolamine addition as co-initiator to thiol-acrylate hydrogels improved the photo-click reaction (i.e., achievement of a better-developed gel state). Differently, L-tyrosine addition to thiol-norbornene solutions slightly hindered cross-linking, resulting in less developed gels with worse mechanical performances (~62% γL decrease). In their optimized composition, thiol-norbornene formulations resulted in prevalent elastic behavior at lower frequency compared to thiol-acrylate gels due to the formation of purely bio-orthogonal instead of heterogeneous gel networks. Our findings highlight that exploiting the same thiol-ene photo-click chemistry, a fine tuning of the gel properties is possible by reacting specific functional groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Laurano
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Turin, Italy
| | - Monica Boffito
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Turin, Italy
| | - Claudio Cassino
- Department of Science and Technological Innovation, Università del Piemonte Orientale, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - Ludovica Midei
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Turin, Italy
| | - Roberta Pappalardo
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Turin, Italy
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Valeria Chiono
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Turin, Italy
| | - Gianluca Ciardelli
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Turin, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Asim S, Tabish TA, Liaqat U, Ozbolat IT, Rizwan M. Advances in Gelatin Bioinks to Optimize Bioprinted Cell Functions. Adv Healthc Mater 2023:e2203148. [PMID: 36802199 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202203148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
Gelatin is a widely utilized bioprinting biomaterial due to its cell-adhesive and enzymatically cleavable properties, which improve cell adhesion and growth. Gelatin is often covalently cross-linked to stabilize bioprinted structures, yet the covalently cross-linked matrix is unable to recapitulate the dynamic microenvironment of the natural extracellular matrix (ECM), thereby limiting the functions of bioprinted cells. To some extent, a double network bioink can provide a more ECM-mimetic, bioprinted niche for cell growth. More recently, gelatin matrices are being designed using reversible cross-linking methods that can emulate the dynamic mechanical properties of the ECM. This review analyzes the progress in developing gelatin bioink formulations for 3D cell culture, and critically analyzes the bioprinting and cross-linking techniques, with a focus on strategies to optimize the functions of bioprinted cells. This review discusses new cross-linking chemistries that recapitulate the viscoelastic, stress-relaxing microenvironment of the ECM, and enable advanced cell functions, yet are less explored in engineering the gelatin bioink. Finally, this work presents the perspective on the areas of future research and argues that the next generation of gelatin bioinks should be designed by considering cell-matrix interactions, and bioprinted constructs should be validated against currently established 3D cell culture standards to achieve improved therapeutic outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saad Asim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, 49931, USA
| | - Tanveer A Tabish
- Cardiovascular Division, Radcliff Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Usman Liaqat
- Department of Materials Engineering, School of Chemical and Materials Engineering (SCME), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - Ibrahim T Ozbolat
- Engineering Science and Mechanics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, 16802, USA.,Department of Medical Oncology, Cukurova University, Adana, 01330, Turkey
| | - Muhammad Rizwan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, 49931, USA.,Health Research Institute, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, 49931, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Pamplona R, González-Lana S, Romero P, Ochoa I, Martín-Rapún R, Sánchez-Somolinos C. Tuning of Mechanical Properties in Photopolymerizable Gelatin-Based Hydrogels for In Vitro Cell Culture Systems. ACS APPLIED POLYMER MATERIALS 2023; 5:1487-1498. [PMID: 36817339 PMCID: PMC9926877 DOI: 10.1021/acsapm.2c01980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The mechanical microenvironment plays a crucial role in the evolution of colorectal cancer, a complex disease characterized by heterogeneous tumors with varying elasticity. Toward setting up distinct scenarios, herein, we describe the preparation and characterization of gelatin methacrylamide (GelMA)-based hydrogels via two different mechanisms: free-radical photopolymerization and photo-induced thiol-ene reaction. A precise stiffness modulation of covalently crosslinked scaffolds was achieved through the application of well-defined irradiation times while keeping the intensity constant. Besides, the incorporation of thiol chemistry strongly increased stiffness with low to moderate curing times. This wide range of finely tuned mechanical properties successfully covered from healthy tissue to colorectal cancer stages. Hydrogels prepared in phosphate-buffered saline or Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium resulted in different mechanical and swelling properties, although a similar trend was observed for both conditions: thiol-ene systems exhibited higher stiffness and, at the same time, higher swelling capacity than free-radical photopolymerized networks. In terms of biological behavior, three of the substrates showed good cell proliferation rates according to the formation of a confluent monolayer of Caco-2 cells after 14 days of cell culture. Likewise, a characteristic apical-basal polarization of cells was observed for these three hydrogels. These results demonstrate the versatility of the presented platform of biomimetic materials as in vitro cell culture scaffolds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Regina Pamplona
- Aragón
Institute of Nanoscience and Materials (INMA), Department of Organic
Chemistry, CSIC-University of Zaragoza, C/ Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Sandra González-Lana
- BEONCHIP
S.L., CEMINEM, Campus
Río Ebro. C/ Mariano Esquillor Gómez s/n, 50018Zaragoza, Spain
- Tissue
Microenvironment (TME) Laboratory, Aragón Institute of Engineering
Research (I3A), University of Zaragoza, C/ Mariano Esquillor s/n, 50018Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Pilar Romero
- Aragón
Institute of Nanoscience and Materials (INMA), Department of Organic
Chemistry, CSIC-University of Zaragoza, C/ Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ignacio Ochoa
- Tissue
Microenvironment (TME) Laboratory, Aragón Institute of Engineering
Research (I3A), University of Zaragoza, C/ Mariano Esquillor s/n, 50018Zaragoza, Spain
- Centro
de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería,
Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Instituto
de Salud Carlos III, 50018Zaragoza, Spain
- Institute
for Health Research Aragón (IIS Aragón), Paseo de Isabel La Católica
1-3, 50009Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Rafael Martín-Rapún
- Aragón
Institute of Nanoscience and Materials (INMA), Department of Organic
Chemistry, CSIC-University of Zaragoza, C/ Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009Zaragoza, Spain
- Centro
de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería,
Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Instituto
de Salud Carlos III, 50018Zaragoza, Spain
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Zaragoza, C/ Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Carlos Sánchez-Somolinos
- Centro
de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería,
Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Instituto
de Salud Carlos III, 50018Zaragoza, Spain
- Aragón
Institute of Nanoscience and Materials (INMA), Department of Condensed
Matter Physics (Faculty of Science), CSIC-University
of Zaragoza, C/ Pedro
Cerbuna 12, 50009Zaragoza, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Ortiz-Cárdenas JE, Zatorski JM, Arneja A, Montalbine AN, Munson JM, Luckey CJ, Pompano RR. Towards spatially-organized organs-on-chip: Photopatterning cell-laden thiol-ene and methacryloyl hydrogels in a microfluidic device. ORGANS-ON-A-CHIP 2022; 4:100018. [PMID: 35535262 PMCID: PMC9078144 DOI: 10.1016/j.ooc.2022.100018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Micropatterning techniques for 3D cell cultures enable the recreation of tissue-level structures, but the combination of patterned hydrogels with organs-on-chip to generate organized 3D cultures under microfluidic perfusion remains challenging. To address this technological gap, we developed a user-friendly in-situ micropatterning protocol that integrates photolithography of crosslinkable, cell-laden hydrogels with a simple microfluidic housing, and tested the impact of crosslinking chemistry on stability and spatial resolution. Working with gelatin functionalized with photo-crosslinkable moieties, we found that inclusion of cells at high densities (≥ 107/mL) did not impede thiol-norbornene gelation, but decreased the storage moduli of methacryloyl hydrogels. Hydrogel composition and light dose were selected to match the storage moduli of soft tissues. To generate the desired pattern on-chip, the cell-laden precursor solution was flowed into a microfluidic chamber and exposed to 405 nm light through a photomask. The on-chip 3D cultures were self-standing and the designs were interchangeable by simply swapping out the photomask. Thiol-ene hydrogels yielded highly accurate feature sizes from 100 - 900 μm in diameter, whereas methacryloyl hydrogels yielded slightly enlarged features. Furthermore, only thiol-ene hydrogels were mechanically stable under perfusion overnight. Repeated patterning readily generated multi-region cultures, either separately or adjacent, including non-linear boundaries that are challenging to obtain on-chip. As a proof-of-principle, primary human T cells were patterned on-chip with high regional specificity. Viability remained high (> 85%) after 12-hr culture with constant perfusion. We envision that this technology will enable researchers to pattern 3D co-cultures to mimic organ-like structures that were previously difficult to obtain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonathan M. Zatorski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, PO BOX 400319, Charlottesville, VA, USA 22904
| | - Abhinav Arneja
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA 22904
| | - Alyssa N. Montalbine
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, PO BOX 400319, Charlottesville, VA, USA 22904
| | - Jennifer M. Munson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech-Carilion, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Roanoke, VA, USA
| | - Chance John Luckey
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA 22904
| | - Rebecca R. Pompano
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, PO BOX 400319, Charlottesville, VA, USA 22904
- Department of Chemistry, Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia, PO BOX 400319, Charlottesville, VA, USA 22904
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Jing X, Fu H, Yu B, Sun M, Wang L. Two-photon polymerization for 3D biomedical scaffolds: Overview and updates. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:994355. [PMID: 36072288 PMCID: PMC9441635 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.994355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The needs for high-resolution, well-defined and complex 3D microstructures in diverse fields call for the rapid development of novel 3D microfabrication techniques. Among those, two-photon polymerization (TPP) attracted extensive attention owing to its unique and useful characteristics. As an approach to implementing additive manufacturing, TPP has truly 3D writing ability to fabricate artificially designed constructs with arbitrary geometry. The spatial resolution of the manufactured structures via TPP can exceed the diffraction limit. The 3D structures fabricated by TPP could properly mimic the microenvironment of natural extracellular matrix, providing powerful tools for the study of cell behavior. TPP can meet the requirements of manufacturing technique for 3D scaffolds (engineering cell culture matrices) used in cytobiology, tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. In this review, we demonstrated the development in 3D microfabrication techniques and we presented an overview of the applications of TPP as an advanced manufacturing technique in complex 3D biomedical scaffolds fabrication. Given this multidisciplinary field, we discussed the perspectives of physics, materials science, chemistry, biomedicine and mechanical engineering. Additionally, we dived into the principles of tow-photon absorption (TPA) and TPP, requirements of 3D biomedical scaffolders, developed-to-date materials and chemical approaches used by TPP and manufacturing strategies based on mechanical engineering. In the end, we draw out the limitations of TPP on 3D manufacturing for now along with some prospects of its future outlook towards the fabrication of 3D biomedical scaffolds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xian Jing
- Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano and Ultra-precision Manufacturing, School of Mechatronic Engineering, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Hongxun Fu
- Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano and Ultra-precision Manufacturing, School of Mechatronic Engineering, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Baojun Yu
- Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano and Ultra-precision Manufacturing, School of Mechatronic Engineering, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun, Jilin, China
- *Correspondence: Baojun Yu,
| | - Meiyan Sun
- College of Laboratory Medicine, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, China
| | - Liye Wang
- College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Rizzo R, Bonato A, Chansoria P, Zenobi-Wong M. Macroporous Aligned Hydrogel Microstrands for 3D Cell Guidance. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2022; 8:3871-3882. [PMID: 35977074 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.2c00370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Tissue engineering strongly relies on the use of hydrogels as highly hydrated 3D matrices to support the maturation of laden cells. However, because of the lack of microarchitecture and sufficient porosity, common hydrogel systems do not provide physical cell-instructive guidance cues and efficient transport of nutrients and oxygen to the inner part of the construct. A controlled, organized cellular alignment and resulting alignment of secreted ECM are hallmarks of muscle, tendons, and nerves and play an important role in determining their functional properties. Although several strategies to induce cellular alignment have been investigated in 2D systems, the generation of cell-instructive 3D hydrogels remains a challenge. Here, we report on the development of a simple and scalable method to efficiently generate highly macroporous constructs featuring aligned guidance cues. A precross-linked bulk hydrogel is pressed through a grid with variable opening sizes, thus deconstructing it into an array of aligned, high aspect ratio microgels (microstrands) with tunable diameter that are eventually stabilized by a second photoclick cross-linking step. This method has been investigated and optimized both in silico and in vitro, thereby leading to conditions with excellent viability and organized cellular alignment. Finally, as proof of concept, the method has been shown to direct aligned muscle tissue maturation. These findings demonstrate the 3D physical guidance potential of our system, which can be used for a variety of anisotropic tissues and applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Rizzo
- Tissue Engineering + Biofabrication Laboratory, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, Otto-Stern-Weg 7, Zürich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Angela Bonato
- Tissue Engineering + Biofabrication Laboratory, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, Otto-Stern-Weg 7, Zürich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Parth Chansoria
- Tissue Engineering + Biofabrication Laboratory, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, Otto-Stern-Weg 7, Zürich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Marcy Zenobi-Wong
- Tissue Engineering + Biofabrication Laboratory, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, Otto-Stern-Weg 7, Zürich 8093, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Wang G, Yuan N, Li N, Wei Q, Qian Y, Zhang J, Qin M, Wang Y, Dong S. Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Mimetic Peptide and Parathyroid Hormone (1-34) Delivered via a Blue-Light-Curable Hydrogel Synergistically Accelerate Bone Regeneration. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:35319-35332. [PMID: 35881151 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c06159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Safe and effective biomaterials are in urgent clinical need for tissue regeneration and bone repair. While numerous advances have been made on hydrogels promoting osteogenesis in bone formation, co-stimulation of the angiogenic pathways in this process remains to be exploited. Here, we have developed a gelatin-based blue-light-curable hydrogel system, functionalized with an angiogenic vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) mimetic peptide, KLTWQELYQLKYKGI (KLT), and an osteoanabolic peptide, parathyroid hormone (PTH) 1-34. We have discovered that the covalent modification of gelatin scaffold with peptides can modulate the physical properties and biological activities of the produced hydrogels. Furthermore, we have demonstrated that those two peptides orchestrate synergistically and promote bone regeneration in a rat cranial bone defect model with remarkable efficacy. This dual-peptide-functionalized hydrogel system may serve as a promising lead to functional biomaterials in bone repair and tissue engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guiyan Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, and Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ning Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Chemical Biology Center, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Ningyu Li
- Department of Oral Comprehensive Treatment, Jilin University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Qijia Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Chemical Biology Center, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yuping Qian
- Department of Prosthodontics, Jilin University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Chemical Biology Center, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Man Qin
- National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, and Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yuguang Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, and Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Suwei Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Chemical Biology Center, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Evaluation of a Novel Thiol–Norbornene-Functionalized Gelatin Hydrogel for Bioprinting of Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147939. [PMID: 35887286 PMCID: PMC9321464 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Three-dimensional bioprinting can be considered as an advancement of the classical tissue engineering concept. For bioprinting, cells have to be dispersed in hydrogels. Recently, a novel semi-synthetic thiolene hydrogel system based on norbornene-functionalized gelatin (GelNB) and thiolated gelatin (GelS) was described that resulted in the photoclick hydrogel GelNB/GelS. In this study, we evaluated the printability and biocompatibility of this hydrogel system towards adipose-tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ASCs). Methods: GelNB/GelS was synthesized with three different crosslinking densities (low, medium and high), resulting in different mechanical properties with moduli of elasticity between 206 Pa and 1383 Pa. These hydrogels were tested for their biocompatibility towards ASCs in terms of their viability, proliferation and differentiation. The extrusion-based bioprinting of ASCs in GelNB/GelS-high was performed to manufacture three-dimensional cubic constructs. Results: All three hydrogels supported the viability, proliferation and chondrogenic differentiation of ASCs to a similar extent. The adipogenic differentiation of ASCs was better supported by the softer hydrogel (GelNB/GelS-low), whereas the osteogenic differentiation was more pronounced in the harder hydrogel (GelNB/GelS-high), indicating that the differentiation fate of ASCs can be influenced via the adaption of the mechanical properties of the GelNB/GelS system. After the ex vivo chondrogenic differentiation and subcutaneous implantation of the bioprinted construct into immunocompromised mice, the production of negatively charged sulfated proteoglycans could be observed with only minimal inflammatory signs in the implanted material. Conclusions: Our results indicate that the GelNB/GelS hydrogels are very well suited for the bioprinting of ASCs and may represent attractive hydrogels for subsequent in vivo tissue engineering applications.
Collapse
|
23
|
Photo-Crosslinkable Hydrogels for 3D Bioprinting in the Repair of Osteochondral Defects: A Review of Present Applications and Future Perspectives. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13071038. [PMID: 35888855 PMCID: PMC9318225 DOI: 10.3390/mi13071038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
An osteochondral defect is a common and frequent disease in orthopedics and treatment effects are not good, which can be harmful to patients. Hydrogels have been applied in the repair of cartilage defects. Many studies have reported that hydrogels can effectively repair osteochondral defects through loaded cells or non-loaded cells. As a new type of hydrogel, photo-crosslinked hydrogel has been widely applied in more and more fields. Meanwhile, 3D bioprinting serves as an attractive platform to fabricate customized tissue-engineered substitutes from biomaterials and cells for the repair or replacement of injured tissues and organs. Although photo-crosslinkable hydrogel-based 3D bioprinting has some advantages for repairing bone cartilage defects, it also has some disadvantages. Our aim of this paper is to review the current status and prospect of photo-crosslinkable hydrogel-based 3D bioprinting for repairing osteochondral defects.
Collapse
|
24
|
Yang SR, Yeh YY, Yeh YC. Ultrasound-triggered hydrogel formation through thiol-norbornene reactions. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:1119-1122. [PMID: 34981088 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc04848a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An ultrasound-initiated thiol-norbornene reaction has been applied to fabricate hydrogels, and the ultrasound conditions in determining the properties of hydrogels have been systematically investigated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Su-Rung Yang
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Ying-Yu Yeh
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Cheun Yeh
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Ding Y, Wang ZY, Ren ZW, Zhang XW, Wei D. Advances in Modified Hyaluronic Acid-Based Hydrogels for Skin Wound Healing. Biomater Sci 2022; 10:3393-3409. [DOI: 10.1039/d2bm00397j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a natural linear anionic polysaccharide with many unique characteristics such as excellent biocompatibility and biodegradability, native biofunctionality, hydrophilicity, and non-immunoreactivity. HA plays crucial roles in numerous...
Collapse
|
26
|
Hölzl K, Fürsatz M, Göcerler H, Schädl B, Žigon-Branc S, Markovic M, Gahleitner C, Hoorick JV, Van Vlierberghe S, Kleiner A, Baudis S, Pauschitz A, Redl H, Ovsianikov A, Nürnberger S. Gelatin methacryloyl as environment for chondrocytes and cell delivery to superficial cartilage defects. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2021; 16:207-222. [PMID: 34861104 PMCID: PMC9299930 DOI: 10.1002/term.3273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Cartilage damage typically starts at its surface, either due to wear or trauma. Treatment of these superficial defects is important in preventing degradation and osteoarthritis. Biomaterials currently used for deep cartilage defects lack appropriate properties for this application. Therefore, we investigated photo‐crosslinked gelatin methacryloyl (gelMA) as a candidate for treatment of surface defects. It allows for liquid application, filling of surface defects and forming a protective layer after UV‐crosslinking, thereby keeping therapeutic cells in place. gelMA and photo‐initiator lithium phenyl‐2,4,6‐trimethyl‐benzoylphosphinate (Li‐TPO) concentration were optimized for application as a carrier to create a favorable environment for human articular chondrocytes (hAC). Primary hAC were used in passages 3 and 5, encapsulated into two different gelMA concentrations (7.5 wt% (soft) and 10 wt% (stiff)) and cultivated for 3 weeks with TGF‐β3 (0, 1 and 10 ng/mL). Higher TGF‐β3 concentrations induced spherical cell morphology independent of gelMA stiffness, while low TGF‐β3 concentrations only induced rounded morphology in stiff gelMA. Gene expression did not vary across gel stiffnesses. As a functional model gelMA was loaded with two different cell types (hAC and/or human adipose‐derived stem cells [ASC/TERT1]) and applied to human osteochondral osteoarthritic plugs. GelMA attached to the cartilage, smoothened the surface and retained cells in place. Resistance against shear forces was tested using a tribometer, simulating normal human gait and revealing maintained cell viability. In conclusion gelMA is a versatile, biocompatible material with good bonding capabilities to cartilage matrix, allowing sealing and smoothening of superficial cartilage defects while simultaneously delivering therapeutic cells for tissue regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katja Hölzl
- Institute of Materials Science and Technology, 3D Printing and Biofabrication Group, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marian Fürsatz
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma-Surgery, Division of Trauma-Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Traumatology, The Research Center in Cooperation with AUVA, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hakan Göcerler
- Institute of Engineering Design and Product Development, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Schädl
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Traumatology, The Research Center in Cooperation with AUVA, Vienna, Austria.,University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sara Žigon-Branc
- Institute of Materials Science and Technology, 3D Printing and Biofabrication Group, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marica Markovic
- Institute of Materials Science and Technology, 3D Printing and Biofabrication Group, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Claudia Gahleitner
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma-Surgery, Division of Trauma-Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jasper Van Hoorick
- Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry, Polymer Chemistry and Biomaterials Group, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sandra Van Vlierberghe
- Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry, Polymer Chemistry and Biomaterials Group, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Anne Kleiner
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma-Surgery, Division of Trauma-Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Baudis
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria.,Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Heinz Redl
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Traumatology, The Research Center in Cooperation with AUVA, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Aleksandr Ovsianikov
- Institute of Materials Science and Technology, 3D Printing and Biofabrication Group, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sylvia Nürnberger
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma-Surgery, Division of Trauma-Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Traumatology, The Research Center in Cooperation with AUVA, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Rizzo R, Ruetsche D, Liu H, Zenobi-Wong M. Optimized Photoclick (Bio)Resins for Fast Volumetric Bioprinting. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2102900. [PMID: 34611928 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202102900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Volumetric printing (VP) is a light-mediated technique enabling printing of complex, low-defect 3D objects within seconds, overcoming major drawbacks of layer-by-layer additive manufacturing. An optimized photoresin is presented for VP in the presence of cells (volumetric bioprinting) based on fast thiol-ene step-growth photoclick crosslinking. Gelatin-norbornene (Gel-NB) photoresin shows superior performance, both in physicochemical and biocompatibility aspects, compared to (meth-)acryloyl resins. The extremely efficient thiol-norbornene reaction produces the fastest VP reported to date (≈10 s), with significantly lower polymer content, degree of substitution (DS), and radical species, making it more suitable for cell encapsulation. This approach enables the generation of cellular free-form constructs with excellent cell viability (≈100%) and tissue maturation potential, demonstrated by development of contractile myotubes. Varying the DS, polymer content, thiol-ene ratio, and thiolated crosslinker allows fine-tuning of mechanical properties over a broad stiffness range (≈40 Pa to ≈15 kPa). These properties are achieved through fast and scalable methods for producing Gel-NB with inexpensive, off-the-shelf reagents that can help establish it as the gold standard for light-mediated biofabrication techniques. With potential applications from high-throughput bioprinting of tissue models to soft robotics and regenerative medicine, this work paves the way for exploitation of VPs unprecedented capabilities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Rizzo
- Tissue Engineering + Biofabrication Laboratory, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, Otto-Stern-Weg 7, Zürich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Dominic Ruetsche
- Tissue Engineering + Biofabrication Laboratory, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, Otto-Stern-Weg 7, Zürich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Hao Liu
- Tissue Engineering + Biofabrication Laboratory, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, Otto-Stern-Weg 7, Zürich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Marcy Zenobi-Wong
- Tissue Engineering + Biofabrication Laboratory, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, Otto-Stern-Weg 7, Zürich, 8093, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Bone Regeneration Using MMP-Cleavable Peptides-Based Hydrogels. Gels 2021; 7:gels7040199. [PMID: 34842679 PMCID: PMC8628702 DOI: 10.3390/gels7040199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence has suggested the significant potential of chemically modified hydrogels in bone regeneration. Despite the progress of bioactive hydrogels with different materials, structures and loading cargoes, the desires from clinical applications have not been fully validated. Multiple biological behaviors are orchestrated precisely during the bone regeneration process, including bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) recruitment, osteogenic differentiation, matrix calcification and well-organized remodeling. Since matrix metalloproteinases play critical roles in such bone metabolism processes as BMSC commitment, osteoblast survival, osteoclast activation matrix calcification and microstructure remodeling, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) cleavable peptides-based hydrogels could respond to various MMP levels and, thus, accelerate bone regeneration. In this review, we focused on the MMP-cleavable peptides, polymers, functional modification and crosslinked reactions. Applications, perspectives and limitations of MMP-cleavable peptides-based hydrogels for bone regeneration were then discussed.
Collapse
|
29
|
Pien N, Pezzoli D, Van Hoorick J, Copes F, Vansteenland M, Albu M, De Meulenaer B, Mantovani D, Van Vlierberghe S, Dubruel P. Development of photo-crosslinkable collagen hydrogel building blocks for vascular tissue engineering applications: A superior alternative to methacrylated gelatin? MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 130:112460. [PMID: 34702535 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.112460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The present work targets the development of collagen-based hydrogel precursors, functionalized with photo-crosslinkable methacrylamide moieties (COL-MA), for vascular tissue engineering (vTE) applications. The developed materials were physico-chemically characterized in terms of crosslinking kinetics, degree of modification/conversion, swelling behavior, mechanical properties and in vitro cytocompatibility. The collagen derivatives were benchmarked to methacrylamide-modified gelatin (GEL-MA), due to its proven track record in the field of tissue engineering. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first paper in its kind comparing these two methacrylated biopolymers for vTE applications. For both gelatin and collagen, two derivatives with varying degrees of substitutions (DS) were developed by altering the added amount of methacrylic anhydride (MeAnH). This led to photo-crosslinkable derivatives with a DS of 74 and 96% for collagen, and a DS of 73 and 99% for gelatin. The developed derivatives showed high gel fractions (i.e. 74% and 84%, for the gelatin derivatives; 87 and 83%, for the collagen derivatives) and an excellent crosslinking efficiency. Furthermore, the results indicated that the functionalization of collagen led to hydrogels with tunable mechanical properties (i.e. storage moduli of [4.8-9.4 kPa] for the developed COL-MAs versus [3.9-8.4 kPa] for the developed GEL-MAs) along with superior cell-biomaterial interactions when compared to GEL-MA. Moreover, the developed photo-crosslinkable collagens showed superior mechanical properties compared to extracted native collagen. Therefore, the developed photo-crosslinkable collagens demonstrate great potential as biomaterials for vTE applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nele Pien
- Polymer Chemistry & Biomaterials Research Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4bis, 9000 Gent, Belgium; Laboratory for Biomaterials and Bioengineering, CRC-I, Laval University, Pavillon Pouliot, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Daniele Pezzoli
- Laboratory for Biomaterials and Bioengineering, CRC-I, Laval University, Pavillon Pouliot, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Jasper Van Hoorick
- Polymer Chemistry & Biomaterials Research Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4bis, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Francesco Copes
- Laboratory for Biomaterials and Bioengineering, CRC-I, Laval University, Pavillon Pouliot, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Margot Vansteenland
- Research Group Food Chemistry and Human Nutrition, Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, Block B, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Madalina Albu
- Department of Collagen Research, National Research & Development Institute for Textiles and Leather, Str. Patrascanu Lucretiu, 16, Bucuresti-Sector 3, Bucuresti 030508, București, Romania
| | - Bruno De Meulenaer
- Research Group Food Chemistry and Human Nutrition, Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, Block B, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Diego Mantovani
- Laboratory for Biomaterials and Bioengineering, CRC-I, Laval University, Pavillon Pouliot, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Sandra Van Vlierberghe
- Polymer Chemistry & Biomaterials Research Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4bis, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Peter Dubruel
- Polymer Chemistry & Biomaterials Research Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4bis, 9000 Gent, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Stubbe B, Mignon A, Van Damme L, Claes K, Hoeksema H, Monstrey S, Van Vlierberghe S, Dubruel P. Photo-Crosslinked Gelatin-Based Hydrogel Films to Support Wound Healing. Macromol Biosci 2021; 21:e2100246. [PMID: 34555246 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202100246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Gelatin is used widely in the biomedical field, among other for wound healing. Given its upper critical solution temperature, crosslinking is required. To this end, gelatin is chemically modified with different photo-crosslinkable moieties with low (32-34%) and high (63-65%) degree of substitution (DS): gelatin-methacrylamide (gel-MA) and gelatin-acrylamide (gel-AA) and gelatin-pentenamide (gel-PE). Next to the more researched gel-MA, it is especially interesting and novel to compare with other gelatin-derived compounds for the application of wound healing. An additional comparison is made with commercial dressings. The DS is directly proportional to the mechanical characteristics and inversely proportional to the swelling capacity. Gel-PE shows weaker mechanical properties (G' < 15 kPa) than gel-AA and gel-MA (G' < 39 and 45 kPa, respectively). All derivatives are predominantly elastic (recovery indices of 89-94%). Gel-AA and gel-MA show excellent biocompatibility, whereas gel-PE shows a significantly lower initial biocompatibility, evolving positively toward day 7. Overall, gel-MA shows to have the most potential to be applied as wound dressing. Future blending with gel-AA to improve the curing kinetics can lead to dressings able to compete with current commercial dressings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Stubbe
- Polymer Chemistry and Biomaterials Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S4-bis, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Arn Mignon
- Polymer Chemistry and Biomaterials Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S4-bis, Ghent, 9000, Belgium.,Smart Polymeric Biomaterials, Surface and Interface Engineered Materials, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Campus Group T, KU Leuven, Andreas Vesaliusstraat 13, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Lana Van Damme
- Polymer Chemistry and Biomaterials Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S4-bis, Ghent, 9000, Belgium.,Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Ghent University Hospital, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Karel Claes
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Ghent University Hospital, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, Ghent, 9000, Belgium.,Ghent Burn Center, Ghent University Hospital, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Henk Hoeksema
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Ghent University Hospital, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, Ghent, 9000, Belgium.,Ghent Burn Center, Ghent University Hospital, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Stan Monstrey
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Ghent University Hospital, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, Ghent, 9000, Belgium.,Ghent Burn Center, Ghent University Hospital, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Sandra Van Vlierberghe
- Polymer Chemistry and Biomaterials Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S4-bis, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Peter Dubruel
- Polymer Chemistry and Biomaterials Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S4-bis, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Ionescu OM, Mignon A, Minsart M, Van Hoorick J, Gardikiotis I, Caruntu ID, Giusca SE, Van Vlierberghe S, Profire L. Gelatin-Based Versus Alginate-Based Hydrogels: Providing Insight in Wound Healing Potential. Macromol Biosci 2021; 21:e2100230. [PMID: 34491617 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202100230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Wound dressings under the form of films constituted of modified alginate (methacrylated alginate - AlgMA) versus a gelatine derivative containing norbornene functionalities (GelNB) are developed and evaluated for their moisturizing effects, followed by further in vivo testing to assay their wound healing potential. The gel fraction results shows that AlgMA and GelNB films displayed a high crosslinking efficiency while the swelling assay reveals a stronger water uptake capacity for AlgMA films compared to GelNB and to commercial dressing AquacelAg, used as positive control. Referring to the in vivo wound healing effect, the GelNB films not only exhibit proper healing properties, yet is higher to the AquacelAg, while the AlgMA films exhibit similar wound healing effect as the positive control. On a microscopic level, the healing phases (from inflammation to proliferation and contraction) are present for both materials, yet at a faster rate for the GelNB films, which is in line with the macroscopic findings. These results provide data which support that GelNB films outperform AlgMA films, but both can be used for wound healing applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oana Maria Ionescu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Iasi, 16 University Street, Iasi, 700115, Romania
| | - Arn Mignon
- Polymer Chemistry and Biomaterials Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S4-bis, Ghent, 9000, Belgium.,Smart Polymeric Biomaterials, Campus Group T, Surface and Interface Engineered Materials, KU Leuven, Andreas Vesaliusstraat 13, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Manon Minsart
- Polymer Chemistry and Biomaterials Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S4-bis, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Jasper Van Hoorick
- Polymer Chemistry and Biomaterials Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S4-bis, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Ioannis Gardikiotis
- Advanced Centre of Research and Development in Experimental Medicine, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Iasi, 16 University Street, Iasi, 700115, Romania
| | - Irina-Draga Caruntu
- Department of Morphofunctional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Iasi, 16 University Street, Iasi, 700115, Romania
| | - Simona Eliza Giusca
- Department of Morphofunctional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Iasi, 16 University Street, Iasi, 700115, Romania
| | - Sandra Van Vlierberghe
- Polymer Chemistry and Biomaterials Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S4-bis, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Lenuta Profire
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Iasi, 16 University Street, Iasi, 700115, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Levato R, Lim KS, Li W, Asua AU, Peña LB, Wang M, Falandt M, Bernal PN, Gawlitta D, Zhang YS, Woodfield TBF, Malda J. High-resolution lithographic biofabrication of hydrogels with complex microchannels from low-temperature-soluble gelatin bioresins. Mater Today Bio 2021; 12:100162. [PMID: 34870141 PMCID: PMC8626672 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2021.100162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofabrication via light-based 3D printing offers superior resolution and ability to generate free-form architectures, compared to conventional extrusion technologies. While extensive efforts in the design of new hydrogel bioinks lead to major advances in extrusion methods, the accessibility of lithographic bioprinting is still hampered by a limited choice of cell-friendly resins. Herein, we report the development of a novel set of photoresponsive bioresins derived from ichthyic-origin gelatin, designed to print high-resolution hydrogel constructs with embedded convoluted networks of vessel-mimetic channels. Unlike mammalian gelatins, these materials display thermal stability as pre-hydrogel solutions at room temperature, ideal for bioprinting on any easily-accessible lithographic printer. Norbornene- and methacryloyl-modification of the gelatin backbone, combined with a ruthenium-based visible light photoinitiator and new coccine as a cytocompatible photoabsorber, allowed to print structures resolving single-pixel features (∼50 μm) with high shape fidelity, even when using low stiffness gels, ideal for cell encapsulation (1-2 kPa). Moreover, aqueous two-phase emulsion bioresins allowed to modulate the permeability of the printed hydrogel bulk. Bioprinted mesenchymal stromal cells displayed high functionality over a month of culture, and underwent multi-lineage differentiation while colonizing the bioresin bulk with tissue-specific neo-deposited extracellular matrix. Importantly, printed hydrogels embedding complex channels with perfusable lumen (diameter <200 μm) were obtained, replicating anatomical 3D networks with out-of-plane branches (i.e. brain vessels) that cannot otherwise be reproduced by extrusion bioprinting. This versatile bioresin platform opens new avenues for the widespread adoption of lithographic biofabrication, and for bioprinting complex channel-laden constructs with envisioned applications in regenerative medicine and hydrogel-based organ-on-a-chip devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Levato
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, the Netherlands
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Khoon S Lim
- Christchurch Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering (CReaTE) Group, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, the Netherlands
| | - Wanlu Li
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, USA
| | - Ane Urigoitia Asua
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Laura Blanco Peña
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Mian Wang
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, USA
| | - Marc Falandt
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, the Netherlands
| | | | - Debby Gawlitta
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery & Special Dental Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Yu Shrike Zhang
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, USA
| | - Tim B F Woodfield
- Christchurch Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering (CReaTE) Group, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, the Netherlands
| | - Jos Malda
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, the Netherlands
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Kim MH, Nguyen H, Chang CY, Lin CC. Dual Functionalization of Gelatin for Orthogonal and Dynamic Hydrogel Cross-Linking. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2021; 7:4196-4208. [PMID: 34370445 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c00709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Gelatin-based hydrogels are widely used in biomedical fields because of their abundance of bioactive motifs that support cell adhesion and matrix remodeling. Although inherently bioactive, unmodified gelatin exhibits temperature-dependent rheology and solubilizes at body temperature, making it unstable for three-dimensional (3D) cell culture. Therefore, the addition of chemically reactive motifs is required to render gelatin-based hydrogels with highly controllable cross-linking kinetics and tunable mechanical properties that are critical for 3D cell culture. This article provides a series of methods toward establishing orthogonally cross-linked gelatin-based hydrogels for dynamic 3D cell culture. In particular, we prepared dually functionalized gelatin macromers amenable for sequential, orthogonal covalent cross-linking. Central to this material platform is the synthesis of norbornene-functionalized gelatin (GelNB), which forms covalently cross-linked hydrogels via orthogonal thiol-norbornene click cross-linking. Using GelNB as the starting material, we further detail the methods for synthesizing gelatin macromers susceptible to hydroxyphenylacetic acid (HPA) dimerization (i.e., GelNB-HPA) and hydrazone bonding (i.e., GelNB-CH) for on-demand matrix stiffening. Finally, we outline the protocol for synthesizing a gelatin macromer capable of adjusting hydrogel stress relaxation via boronate ester bonding (i.e., GelNB-BA). The combination of these orthogonal chemistries affords a wide range of gelatin-based hydrogels as biomimetic matrices in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Hee Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue School of Engineering & Technology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
| | - Han Nguyen
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Chun-Yi Chang
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Chien-Chi Lin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue School of Engineering & Technology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States.,Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Göckler T, Haase S, Kempter X, Pfister R, Maciel BR, Grimm A, Molitor T, Willenbacher N, Schepers U. Tuning Superfast Curing Thiol-Norbornene-Functionalized Gelatin Hydrogels for 3D Bioprinting. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2100206. [PMID: 34145799 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202100206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Photocurable gelatin-based hydrogels have established themselves as powerful bioinks in tissue engineering due to their excellent biocompatibility, biodegradability, light responsiveness, thermosensitivity and bioprinting properties. While gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) has been the gold standard for many years, thiol-ene hydrogel systems based on norbornene-functionalized gelatin (GelNB) and a thiolated crosslinker have recently gained increasing importance. In this paper, a highly reproducible water-based synthesis of GelNB is presented, avoiding the use of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as organic solvent and covering a broad range of degrees of functionalization (DoF: 20% to 97%). Mixing with thiolated gelatin (GelS) results in the superfast curing photoclick hydrogel GelNB/GelS. Its superior properties over GelMA, such as substantially reduced amounts of photoinitiator (0.03% (w/v)), superfast curing (1-2 s), higher network homogeneity, post-polymerization functionalization ability, minimal cross-reactivity with cellular components, and improved biocompatibility of hydrogel precursors and degradation products lead to increased survival of primary cells in 3D bioprinting. Post-printing viability analysis revealed excellent survival rates of > 84% for GelNB/GelS bioinks of varying crosslinking density, while cell survival for GelMA bioinks is strongly dependent on the DoF. Hence, the semisynthetic and easily accessible GelNB/GelS hydrogel is a highly promising bioink for future medical applications and other light-based biofabrication techniques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Göckler
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG) Hermann‐von‐Helmholtz‐Platz 1 Eggenstein‐Leopoldshafen 76344 Germany
| | - Sonja Haase
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG) Hermann‐von‐Helmholtz‐Platz 1 Eggenstein‐Leopoldshafen 76344 Germany
| | - Xenia Kempter
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG) Hermann‐von‐Helmholtz‐Platz 1 Eggenstein‐Leopoldshafen 76344 Germany
| | - Rebecca Pfister
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG) Hermann‐von‐Helmholtz‐Platz 1 Eggenstein‐Leopoldshafen 76344 Germany
| | - Bruna R. Maciel
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Institute of Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics (MVM) Gotthard‐Franz‐Straße 3 Karlsruhe 76131 Germany
| | - Alisa Grimm
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG) Hermann‐von‐Helmholtz‐Platz 1 Eggenstein‐Leopoldshafen 76344 Germany
| | - Tamara Molitor
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG) Hermann‐von‐Helmholtz‐Platz 1 Eggenstein‐Leopoldshafen 76344 Germany
| | - Norbert Willenbacher
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Institute of Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics (MVM) Gotthard‐Franz‐Straße 3 Karlsruhe 76131 Germany
| | - Ute Schepers
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG) Hermann‐von‐Helmholtz‐Platz 1 Eggenstein‐Leopoldshafen 76344 Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC) Fritz‐Haber‐Weg 6 Karlsruhe 76131 Germany
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Hoang HT, Jo SH, Phan QT, Park H, Park SH, Oh CW, Lim KT. Dual pH-/thermo-responsive chitosan-based hydrogels prepared using "click" chemistry for colon-targeted drug delivery applications. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 260:117812. [PMID: 33712157 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.117812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A dual pH-/thermo-responsive hydrogel was designed based on a polyelectrolyte complex of polyacrylic acid (PAA) and norbornene-functionalized chitosan (CsNb), which was synergized with chemical crosslinking using bistetrazine-poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide) (bisTz-PNIPAM). The thermo-responsive polymeric crosslinker, bisTz-PNIPAM, was synthesized via reversible addition-fragmentation transfer polymerization of NIPAM. FTIR, XRD, rheological and morphological analyses demonstrated the successful formation of the polyelectrolyte network. The highly porous structure generated through the in-situ "click" reaction between Tz and Nb resulted in a higher drug loading (29.35 %). The hydrogel (COOH/NH2 mole ratio of 3:1) exhibited limited drug release (8.5 %) of 5-ASA at a pH of 2.2, but it provided an almost complete release (92 %) at pH 7.4 and 37 °C within 48 h due to the pH responsiveness of PAA, hydrogel porosity, and shrinkage behavior of PNIPAM. The hydrogels were biodegradable and non-toxic against human fibroblast cells, suggesting their considerable potential for a colon-targeted drug delivery system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huong Thi Hoang
- Department of Smart Green Technology Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, South Korea
| | - Sung-Han Jo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, South Korea
| | - Quoc-Thang Phan
- Department of Smart Green Technology Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, South Korea
| | - Hansol Park
- Department of Smart Green Technology Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, South Korea
| | - Sang-Hyug Park
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, South Korea
| | - Chul-Woong Oh
- Department of Marine Biology, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, South Korea
| | - Kwon Taek Lim
- Department of Smart Green Technology Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, South Korea; Department of Display Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Van Damme L, Van Hoorick J, Blondeel P, Van Vlierberghe S. Toward Adipose Tissue Engineering Using Thiol-Norbornene Photo-Crosslinkable Gelatin Hydrogels. Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:2408-2418. [PMID: 33950675 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c00189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, breast implants, lipofilling, and microsurgical free tissue transfer are the most often applied procedures to repair soft tissue defects resulting from mastectomies/lumpectomies following breast cancer. Due to the drawbacks and limitations associated with these conventional clinical practices, there is a need for alternative reconstructive strategies. The development of biomimetic materials able to promote cell proliferation and adipogenic differentiation has gained increasing attention in the context of adipose reconstructive purposes. Herein, thiol-norbornene crosslinkable gelatin-based materials were developed and benchmarked to the current commonly applied methacryloyl-modified gelatin (GelMA) with different degrees of substitutions focussing on bottom-up tissue engineering. The developed hydrogels resulted in similar gel fractions, swelling, and in vitro biodegradation properties compared to the benchmark materials. Furthermore, the thiol-ene hydrogels exhibited mechanical properties closer to those of native fatty tissue compared to GelMA. The mechanical cues of the equimolar GelNB DS55% + GelSH DS75% composition resulted not only in similar biocompatibility but also, more importantly, in superior differentiation of the encapsulated cells into the adipogenic lineage, as compared to GelMA. It can be concluded that the photo-crosslinkable thiol-ene systems offer a promising strategy toward adipose tissue engineering through cell encapsulation compared to the benchmark GelMA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lana Van Damme
- Polymer Chemistry & Biomaterials Group-Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC)-Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S4-Bis, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Ghent University Hospital, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, 2K12, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jasper Van Hoorick
- Polymer Chemistry & Biomaterials Group-Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC)-Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S4-Bis, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Philip Blondeel
- Department of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Ghent University Hospital, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, 2K12, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sandra Van Vlierberghe
- Polymer Chemistry & Biomaterials Group-Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC)-Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S4-Bis, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Mu X, Agostinacchio F, Xiang N, Pei Y, Khan Y, Guo C, Cebe P, Motta A, Kaplan DL. Recent Advances in 3D Printing with Protein-Based Inks. Prog Polym Sci 2021; 115:101375. [PMID: 33776158 PMCID: PMC7996313 DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2021.101375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) printing is a transformative manufacturing strategy, allowing rapid prototyping, customization, and flexible manipulation of structure-property relationships. Proteins are particularly appealing to formulate inks for 3D printing as they serve as essential structural components of living systems, provide a support presence in and around cells and for tissue functions, and also provide the basis for many essential ex vivo secreted structures in nature. Protein-based inks are beneficial in vivo due to their mechanics, chemical and physical match to the specific tissue, and full degradability, while also to promoting implant-host integration and serving as an interface between technology and biology. Exploiting the biological, chemical, and physical features of protein-based inks can provide key opportunities to meet the needs of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Despite these benefits, protein-based inks impose nontrivial challenges to 3D printing such as concentration and rheological features and reconstitution of the structural hierarchy observed in nature that is a source of the robust mechanics and functions of these materials. This review introduces photo-crosslinking mechanisms and rheological principles that underpins a variety of 3D printing techniques. The review also highlights recent advances in the design, development, and biomedical utility of monolithic and composite inks from a range of proteins, including collagen, silk, fibrinogen, and others. One particular focus throughout the review is to introduce unique material characteristics of proteins, including amino acid sequences, molecular assembly, and secondary conformations, which are useful for designing printing inks and for controlling the printed structures. Future perspectives of 3D printing with protein-based inks are also provided to support the promising spectrum of biomedical research accessible to these materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Mu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Francesca Agostinacchio
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Trento, via Sommarive 9, Trento 38123, Italy
| | - Ning Xiang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Ying Pei
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yousef Khan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Chengchen Guo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Peggy Cebe
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Antonella Motta
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Trento, via Sommarive 9, Trento 38123, Italy
| | - David L. Kaplan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Meeremans M, Van Damme L, De Spiegelaere W, Van Vlierberghe S, De Schauwer C. Equine Tenocyte Seeding on Gelatin Hydrogels Improves Elongated Morphology. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:747. [PMID: 33670848 PMCID: PMC7957613 DOI: 10.3390/polym13050747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Tendinopathy is a common injury in both human and equine athletes. Representative in vitro models are mandatory to facilitate translation of fundamental research into successful clinical treatments. Natural biomaterials like gelatin provide favorable cell binding characteristics and are easily modifiable. In this study, methacrylated gelatin (gel-MA) and norbornene-functionalized gelatin (gel-NB), crosslinked with 1,4-dithiotreitol (DTT) or thiolated gelatin (gel-SH) were compared. (2) Methods: The physicochemical properties (1H-NMR spectroscopy, gel fraction, swelling ratio, and storage modulus) and equine tenocyte characteristics (proliferation, viability, and morphology) of four different hydrogels (gel-MA, gel-NB85/DTT, gel-NB55/DTT, and gel-NB85/SH75) were evaluated. Cellular functionality was analyzed using fluorescence microscopy (viability assay and focal adhesion staining). (3) Results: The thiol-ene based hydrogels showed a significantly lower gel fraction/storage modulus and a higher swelling ratio compared to gel-MA. Significantly less tenocytes were observed on gel-MA discs at 14 days compared to gel-NB85/DTT, gel-NB55/DTT and gel-NB85/SH75. At 7 and 14 days, the characteristic elongated morphology of tenocytes was significantly more pronounced on gel-NB85/DTT and gel-NB55/DTT in contrast to TCP and gel-MA. (4) Conclusions: Thiol-ene crosslinked gelatins exploiting DTT as a crosslinker are the preferred biomaterials to support the culture of tenocytes. Follow-up experiments will evaluate these biomaterials in more complex models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marguerite Meeremans
- Comparative Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium;
| | - Lana Van Damme
- Polymer Chemistry and Biomaterials Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4-Bis, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; (L.V.D.); (S.V.V.)
| | - Ward De Spiegelaere
- Department of Morphology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium;
| | - Sandra Van Vlierberghe
- Polymer Chemistry and Biomaterials Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4-Bis, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; (L.V.D.); (S.V.V.)
| | - Catharina De Schauwer
- Comparative Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium;
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Preparation of Biological Scaffolds and Primary Intestinal Epithelial Cells to Efficiently 3D Model the Fish Intestinal Mucosa. Methods Mol Biol 2021. [PMID: 33604860 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1246-0_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Tissue engineering is an elegant tool to create organs in vitro, that can help obviate the lack of organ donors in transplantation medicine and provide the opportunity of studying complex biological systems in vitro, thereby reducing the need for animal experiments. Artificial intestine models are at the core of Fish-AI, an EU FET-Open research project dedicated to the development of a 3D in vitro platform that is intended to enable the aquaculture feed industry to predict the nutritional and health value of alternative feed sources accurately and efficiently.At present, it is impossible to infer the health and nutrition value through the chemical characterization of any given feed. Therefore, each new feed must be tested through in vivo growth trials. The procedure is lengthy, expensive and requires the use of many animals. Furthermore, although this process allows for a precise evaluation of the final effect of each feed, it does not improve our basic knowledge of the cellular and molecular mechanisms determining such end-results. In turn, this lack of mechanistic knowledge severely limits the capacity to understand and predict the biological value of a single raw material and of their different combinations.The protocol described herein allows to develop the two main components essential to produce a functional platform for the efficient and reliable screening of feeds that the feed industry is currently developing for improving their health and nutritional value. It is here applied to the Rainbow Trout, but it can be fruitfully used to many other fish species.
Collapse
|
40
|
Dobos A, Gantner F, Markovic M, Van Hoorick J, Tytgat L, Van Vlierberghe S, Ovsianikov A. On-chip high-definition bioprinting of microvascular structures. Biofabrication 2021; 13:015016. [PMID: 33586666 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/abb063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
'Organ-on-chip' devices which integrate three-dimensional (3D) cell culture techniques with microfluidic approaches have the capacity to overcome the limitations of classical 2D platforms. Although several different strategies have been developed to improve the angiogenesis within hydrogels, one of the main challenges in tissue engineering remains the lack of vascularization in the fabricated 3D models. The present work focuses on the high-definition (HD) bioprinting of microvascular structures directly on-chip using two-photon polymerization (2PP). 2PP is a nonlinear process, where the near-infrared laser irradiation will only lead to the polymerization of a very small volume pixel (voxel), allowing the fabrication of channels in the microvascular range (10-30 µm in diameter). Additionally, 2PP not only enables the fabrication of sub-micrometer resolution scaffolds but also allows the direct embedding of cells within the produced structure. The accuracy of the 2PP printing parameters were optimized in order to achieve high-throughput and HD production of microfluidic vessel-on-chip platforms. The spherical aberrations stemming from the refractive index mismatch and the focusing depth inside the sample were simulated and the effect of the voxel compensation as well as different printing modes were demonstrated. Different layer spacings and their dependency on the applied laser power were compared both in terms of accuracy and required printing time resulting in a 10-fold decrease in structuring time while yielding well-defined channels of small diameters. Finally, the capacity of 2PP to create vascular structures within a microfluidic chip was tested with two different settings, by direct embedding of a co-culture of endothelial- and supporting cells during the printing process and by creating a supporting, cell-containing vascular scaffold barrier where the endothelial cell spheroids can be seeded afterwards. The functionality of the formed vessels was demonstrated with immunostaining of vascular endothelial cadherin (VE-Cadherin) endothelial adhesion molecules in both static and perfused culture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agnes Dobos
- 3D Printing and Biofabrication Group, Institute of Materials Science and Technology, Technische Universität Wien (TU Wien), Vienna, Austria. Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration (http://tissue-regeneration.at), Austria
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Van Hoorick J, Dobos A, Markovic M, Gheysens T, Van Damme L, Gruber P, Tytgat L, Van Erps J, Thienpont H, Dubruel P, Ovsianikov A, Van Vlierberghe S. Thiol-norbornene gelatin hydrogels: influence of thiolated crosslinker on network properties and high definition 3D printing. Biofabrication 2021; 13. [DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/abc95f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
|
42
|
Kumar R, Mukherjee S, Lakshminarasimhan N, Shunmugam R. Unique polymer gel with magnetizable cobalt domains via photoinduced thiol-alkene hydrothiolation. Eur Polym J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2020.110022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
43
|
Schwab A, Levato R, D’Este M, Piluso S, Eglin D, Malda J. Printability and Shape Fidelity of Bioinks in 3D Bioprinting. Chem Rev 2020; 120:11028-11055. [PMID: 32856892 PMCID: PMC7564085 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 391] [Impact Index Per Article: 97.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional bioprinting uses additive manufacturing techniques for the automated fabrication of hierarchically organized living constructs. The building blocks are often hydrogel-based bioinks, which need to be printed into structures with high shape fidelity to the intended computer-aided design. For optimal cell performance, relatively soft and printable inks are preferred, although these undergo significant deformation during the printing process, which may impair shape fidelity. While the concept of good or poor printability seems rather intuitive, its quantitative definition lacks consensus and depends on multiple rheological and chemical parameters of the ink. This review discusses qualitative and quantitative methodologies to evaluate printability of bioinks for extrusion- and lithography-based bioprinting. The physicochemical parameters influencing shape fidelity are discussed, together with their importance in establishing new models, predictive tools and printing methods that are deemed instrumental for the design of next-generation bioinks, and for reproducible comparison of their structural performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Schwab
- AO
Research Institute Davos, Clavadelerstrasse 8, 7270 Davos Platz, Switzerland
| | - Riccardo Levato
- Department
of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center
Utrecht, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department
of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary
Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Matteo D’Este
- AO
Research Institute Davos, Clavadelerstrasse 8, 7270 Davos Platz, Switzerland
| | - Susanna Piluso
- Department
of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center
Utrecht, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department
of Developmental BioEngineering, Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - David Eglin
- AO
Research Institute Davos, Clavadelerstrasse 8, 7270 Davos Platz, Switzerland
| | - Jos Malda
- Department
of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center
Utrecht, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department
of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary
Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Yu C, Schimelman J, Wang P, Miller KL, Ma X, You S, Guan J, Sun B, Zhu W, Chen S. Photopolymerizable Biomaterials and Light-Based 3D Printing Strategies for Biomedical Applications. Chem Rev 2020; 120:10695-10743. [PMID: 32323975 PMCID: PMC7572843 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Since the advent of additive manufacturing, known commonly as 3D printing, this technology has revolutionized the biofabrication landscape and driven numerous pivotal advancements in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Many 3D printing methods were developed in short course after Charles Hull first introduced the power of stereolithography to the world. However, materials development was not met with the same enthusiasm and remained the bottleneck in the field for some time. Only in the past decade has there been deliberate development to expand the materials toolbox for 3D printing applications to meet the true potential of 3D printing technologies. Herein, we review the development of biomaterials suited for light-based 3D printing modalities with an emphasis on bioprinting applications. We discuss the chemical mechanisms that govern photopolymerization and highlight the application of natural, synthetic, and composite biomaterials as 3D printed hydrogels. Because the quality of a 3D printed construct is highly dependent on both the material properties and processing technique, we included a final section on the theoretical and practical aspects behind light-based 3D printing as well as ways to employ that knowledge to troubleshoot and standardize the optimization of printing parameters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claire Yu
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Jacob Schimelman
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Pengrui Wang
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Kathleen L Miller
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Xuanyi Ma
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Shangting You
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Jiaao Guan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Bingjie Sun
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Wei Zhu
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Shaochen Chen
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Chemical Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Tytgat L, Dobos A, Markovic M, Van Damme L, Van Hoorick J, Bray F, Thienpont H, Ottevaere H, Dubruel P, Ovsianikov A, Van Vlierberghe S. High-Resolution 3D Bioprinting of Photo-Cross-linkable Recombinant Collagen to Serve Tissue Engineering Applications. Biomacromolecules 2020; 21:3997-4007. [PMID: 32841006 PMCID: PMC7556543 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.0c00386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Various biopolymers, including gelatin, have already been applied to serve a plethora of tissue engineering purposes. However, substantial concerns have arisen related to the safety and the reproducibility of these materials due to their animal origin and the risk associated with pathogen transmission as well as batch-to-batch variations. Therefore, researchers have been focusing their attention toward recombinant materials that can be produced in a laboratory with full reproducibility and can be designed according to specific needs (e.g., by introducing additional RGD sequences). In the present study, a recombinant protein based on collagen type I (RCPhC1) was functionalized with photo-cross-linkable methacrylamide (RCPhC1-MA), norbornene (RCPhC1-NB), or thiol (RCPhC1-SH) functionalities to enable high-resolution 3D printing via two-photon polymerization (2PP). The results indicated a clear difference in 2PP processing capabilities between the chain-growth-polymerized RCPhC1-MA and the step-growth-polymerized RCPhC1-NB/SH. More specifically, reduced swelling-related deformations resulting in a superior CAD-CAM mimicry were obtained for the RCPhC1-NB/SH hydrogels. In addition, RCPhC1-NB/SH allowed the processing of the material in the presence of adipose tissue-derived stem cells that survived the encapsulation process and also were able to proliferate when embedded in the printed structures. As a consequence, it is the first time that successful HD bioprinting with cell encapsulation is reported for recombinant hydrogel bioinks. Therefore, these results can be a stepping stone toward various tissue engineering applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liesbeth Tytgat
- Brussels
Photonics (B-PHOT) − Department of Applied Physics and Photonics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel and Flanders Make, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Polymer
Chemistry & Biomaterials Group − Centre of Macromolecular
Chemistry (CMaC) − Department of Organic and Macromolecular
Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S4-Bis, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Agnes Dobos
- 3D Printing
and Biofabrication Group, Institute of Materials
Science and Technology, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
- Austrian
Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Donaueschingenstrasse 13, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Marica Markovic
- 3D Printing
and Biofabrication Group, Institute of Materials
Science and Technology, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
- Austrian
Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Donaueschingenstrasse 13, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Lana Van Damme
- Polymer
Chemistry & Biomaterials Group − Centre of Macromolecular
Chemistry (CMaC) − Department of Organic and Macromolecular
Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S4-Bis, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jasper Van Hoorick
- Brussels
Photonics (B-PHOT) − Department of Applied Physics and Photonics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel and Flanders Make, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Polymer
Chemistry & Biomaterials Group − Centre of Macromolecular
Chemistry (CMaC) − Department of Organic and Macromolecular
Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S4-Bis, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Fabrice Bray
- Miniaturisation
pour l’Analyse, la Synthèse et la Protéomique,
USR 3290 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, University of Lille, Villeneuve d’Ascq, 59650 France
| | - Hugo Thienpont
- Brussels
Photonics (B-PHOT) − Department of Applied Physics and Photonics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel and Flanders Make, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Heidi Ottevaere
- Brussels
Photonics (B-PHOT) − Department of Applied Physics and Photonics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel and Flanders Make, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Peter Dubruel
- Polymer
Chemistry & Biomaterials Group − Centre of Macromolecular
Chemistry (CMaC) − Department of Organic and Macromolecular
Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S4-Bis, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Aleksandr Ovsianikov
- 3D Printing
and Biofabrication Group, Institute of Materials
Science and Technology, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
- Austrian
Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Donaueschingenstrasse 13, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sandra Van Vlierberghe
- Brussels
Photonics (B-PHOT) − Department of Applied Physics and Photonics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel and Flanders Make, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Polymer
Chemistry & Biomaterials Group − Centre of Macromolecular
Chemistry (CMaC) − Department of Organic and Macromolecular
Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S4-Bis, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Lueckgen A, Garske DS, Ellinghaus A, Mooney DJ, Duda GN, Cipitria A. Dual alginate crosslinking for local patterning of biophysical and biochemical properties. Acta Biomater 2020; 115:185-196. [PMID: 32736118 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.07.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogels with patterned biophysical and biochemical properties have found increasing attention in the biomaterials community. In this work, we explore alginate-based materials with two orthogonal crosslinking mechanisms: the spontaneous Diels-Alder reaction and the ultraviolet light-initiated thiol-ene reaction. Combining these mechanisms in one material and spatially restricting the location of the latter using photomasks, enables the formation of dual-crosslinked hydrogels with patterns in stiffness, biomolecule presentation and degradation, granting local control over cell behavior. Patterns in stiffness are characterized morphologically by confocal microscopy and mechanically by uniaxial compression and microindentation measurement. Mouse embryonic fibroblasts seeded on stiffness-patterned substrates attach preferably and attain a spread morphology on stiff compared to soft regions. Human mesenchymal stem cells demonstrate preferential adipogenic differentiation on soft surfaces and osteogenic differentiation on stiff surfaces. Patterns in biomolecule presentation reveal favored attachment of mouse pre-osteoblasts on stripe regions, where thiolated cell-adhesive biomolecules have been coupled. Patterns in degradation are visualized by microindentation measurement following collagenase exposure. Patterned tissue infiltration into degradable regions on the surface is discernible in n=5/12 samples, when these materials are implanted subcutaneously into the backs of mice. Taken together, these results demonstrate that our hydrogel system with patterns in biophysical and biochemical properties enables the study of how environmental cues affect multiple cell behaviors in vitro and could be applied to guide endogenous tissue growth in diverse healing scenarios in vivo. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Hydrogels with patterns in biophysical and biochemical properties have been explored in the biomaterials community in order to spatially control or guide cell behavior. In our alginate-based system, we demonstrate the effect of local substrate stiffness and biomolecule presentation on the in vitro cell attachment, morphology, migration and differentiation behavior of two different mouse cell lines and human primary cells. Additionally, the effect of degradation patterns on the in vivo tissue infiltration is analyzed following subcutaneous implantation into a mouse model. The achievement of patterned tissue infiltration following the hydrogel template represents an important step towards guiding endogenous healing responses, thus inviting application in various tissue engineering contexts.
Collapse
|
47
|
Van Hoorick J, Delaey J, Vercammen H, Van Erps J, Thienpont H, Dubruel P, Zakaria N, Koppen C, Van Vlierberghe S, Van den Bogerd B. Designer Descemet Membranes Containing PDLLA and Functionalized Gelatins as Corneal Endothelial Scaffold. Adv Healthc Mater 2020; 9:e2000760. [PMID: 32603022 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202000760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Corneal blindness is the fourth leading cause of visual impairment. Of specific interest is blindness due to a dysfunctional corneal endothelium which can only be treated by transplanting healthy tissue from a deceased donor. Unfortunately, corneal supply does not meet the demand with only one donor for every 70 patients. Therefore, there is a huge interest in tissue engineering of grafts consisting of an ultra-thin scaffold seeded with cultured endothelial cells. The present research describes the fabrication of such artificial Descemet membranes based on the combination of a biodegradable amorphous polyester (poly (d,l-lactic acid)) and crosslinkable gelatins. Four different crosslinkable gelatin derivatives are compared in terms of processing, membrane quality, and function, as well as biological performance in the presence of corneal endothelial cells. The membranes are fabricated through multi-step spincoating, including a sacrificial layer to allow for straightforward membrane detachment after production. As a consequence, ultrathin (<1 µm), highly transparent (>90%), semi-permeable membranes could be obtained with high biological potential. The membranes supported the characteristic morphology and correct phenotype of corneal endothelial cells while exhibiting similar proliferation rates as the positive control. As a consequence, the proposed membranes prove to be a promising synthetic alternative to donor tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jasper Van Hoorick
- Polymer Chemistry & Biomaterials GroupCentre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC)Department of Organic and Macromolecular ChemistryGhent University Ghent 9000 Belgium
- Brussels PhotonicsDepartment of Applied Physics and PhotonicsVrije Universiteit Brussel and Flanders Make Brussels 1050 Belgium
| | - Jasper Delaey
- Polymer Chemistry & Biomaterials GroupCentre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC)Department of Organic and Macromolecular ChemistryGhent University Ghent 9000 Belgium
| | - Hendrik Vercammen
- Antwerp Research Group for Ocular Science (ARGOS)Translational NeurosciencesFaculty of MedicineUniversity of Antwerp Wilrijk 2610 Belgium
| | - Jürgen Van Erps
- Brussels PhotonicsDepartment of Applied Physics and PhotonicsVrije Universiteit Brussel and Flanders Make Brussels 1050 Belgium
| | - Hugo Thienpont
- Polymer Chemistry & Biomaterials GroupCentre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC)Department of Organic and Macromolecular ChemistryGhent University Ghent 9000 Belgium
- Brussels PhotonicsDepartment of Applied Physics and PhotonicsVrije Universiteit Brussel and Flanders Make Brussels 1050 Belgium
| | - Peter Dubruel
- Polymer Chemistry & Biomaterials GroupCentre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC)Department of Organic and Macromolecular ChemistryGhent University Ghent 9000 Belgium
| | - Nadia Zakaria
- Antwerp Research Group for Ocular Science (ARGOS)Translational NeurosciencesFaculty of MedicineUniversity of Antwerp Wilrijk 2610 Belgium
- Department of OphthalmologyAntwerp University Hospital Edegem 2650 Belgium
| | - Carina Koppen
- Antwerp Research Group for Ocular Science (ARGOS)Translational NeurosciencesFaculty of MedicineUniversity of Antwerp Wilrijk 2610 Belgium
- Department of OphthalmologyAntwerp University Hospital Edegem 2650 Belgium
| | - Sandra Van Vlierberghe
- Polymer Chemistry & Biomaterials GroupCentre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC)Department of Organic and Macromolecular ChemistryGhent University Ghent 9000 Belgium
- Brussels PhotonicsDepartment of Applied Physics and PhotonicsVrije Universiteit Brussel and Flanders Make Brussels 1050 Belgium
| | - Bert Van den Bogerd
- Antwerp Research Group for Ocular Science (ARGOS)Translational NeurosciencesFaculty of MedicineUniversity of Antwerp Wilrijk 2610 Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Dobos A, Van Hoorick J, Steiger W, Gruber P, Markovic M, Andriotis OG, Rohatschek A, Dubruel P, Thurner PJ, Van Vlierberghe S, Baudis S, Ovsianikov A. Thiol-Gelatin-Norbornene Bioink for Laser-Based High-Definition Bioprinting. Adv Healthc Mater 2020; 9:e1900752. [PMID: 31347290 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201900752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Two-photon polymerization (2PP) is a lithography-based 3D printing method allowing the fabrication of 3D structures with sub-micrometer resolution. This work focuses on the characterization of gelatin-norbornene (Gel-NB) bioinks which enables the embedding of cells via 2PP. The high reactivity of the thiol-ene system allows 2PP processing of cell-containing materials at remarkably high scanning speeds (1000 mm s-1 ) placing this technology in the domain of bioprinting. Atomic force microscopy results demonstrate that the indentation moduli of the produced hydrogel constructs can be adjusted in the 0.2-0.7 kPa range by controlling the 2PP processing parameters. Using this approach gradient 3D constructs are produced and the morphology of the embedded cells is observed in the course of 3 weeks. Furthermore, it is possible to tune the enzymatic degradation of the crosslinked bioink by varying the applied laser power. The 3D printed Gel-NB hydrogel constructs show exceptional biocompatibility, supported cell adhesion, and migration. Furthermore, cells maintain their proliferation capacity demonstrated by Ki-67 immunostaining. Moreover, the results demonstrate that direct embedding of cells provides uniform distribution and high cell loading independently of the pore size of the scaffold. The investigated photosensitive bioink enables high-definition bioprinting of well-defined constructs for long-term cell culture studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agnes Dobos
- TU Wien3D Printing and Biofabrication GroupInstitute of Materials Science and Technology Getreidemarkt 9 1060 Vienna Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration
| | - Jasper Van Hoorick
- Polymer Chemistry and Biomaterials GroupCentre of Macromolecular ChemistryGhent University Krijgslaan 281, S4 9000 Ghent Belgium
- Brussels PhotonicsDepartment of Applied Physics and PhotonicsFlanders Make and Vrije Universiteit Brussel Pleinlaan 2 1000 Brussels Belgium
| | - Wolfgang Steiger
- TU Wien3D Printing and Biofabrication GroupInstitute of Materials Science and Technology Getreidemarkt 9 1060 Vienna Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration
| | - Peter Gruber
- TU Wien3D Printing and Biofabrication GroupInstitute of Materials Science and Technology Getreidemarkt 9 1060 Vienna Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration
| | - Marica Markovic
- TU Wien3D Printing and Biofabrication GroupInstitute of Materials Science and Technology Getreidemarkt 9 1060 Vienna Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration
| | - Orestis G. Andriotis
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration
- TU Wien, Institute of Lightweight Design and Structural Biomechanics Getreidemarkt 9 1060 Vienna Austria
| | - Andreas Rohatschek
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration
- TU Wien, Institute of Lightweight Design and Structural Biomechanics Getreidemarkt 9 1060 Vienna Austria
| | - Peter Dubruel
- Polymer Chemistry and Biomaterials GroupCentre of Macromolecular ChemistryGhent University Krijgslaan 281, S4 9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Philipp J. Thurner
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration
- TU Wien, Institute of Lightweight Design and Structural Biomechanics Getreidemarkt 9 1060 Vienna Austria
| | - Sandra Van Vlierberghe
- Polymer Chemistry and Biomaterials GroupCentre of Macromolecular ChemistryGhent University Krijgslaan 281, S4 9000 Ghent Belgium
- Brussels PhotonicsDepartment of Applied Physics and PhotonicsFlanders Make and Vrije Universiteit Brussel Pleinlaan 2 1000 Brussels Belgium
| | - Stefan Baudis
- TU WienInstitute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry Getreidemarkt 9 1060 Vienna Austria
| | - Aleksandr Ovsianikov
- TU Wien3D Printing and Biofabrication GroupInstitute of Materials Science and Technology Getreidemarkt 9 1060 Vienna Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Lee M, Rizzo R, Surman F, Zenobi-Wong M. Guiding Lights: Tissue Bioprinting Using Photoactivated Materials. Chem Rev 2020; 120:10950-11027. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mihyun Lee
- Tissue Engineering + Biofabrication HPL J22, ETH Zürich, Otto-Stern-Weg 7, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Riccardo Rizzo
- Tissue Engineering + Biofabrication HPL J22, ETH Zürich, Otto-Stern-Weg 7, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - František Surman
- Tissue Engineering + Biofabrication HPL J22, ETH Zürich, Otto-Stern-Weg 7, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Marcy Zenobi-Wong
- Tissue Engineering + Biofabrication HPL J22, ETH Zürich, Otto-Stern-Weg 7, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Zatorski JM, Montalbine AN, Ortiz-Cárdenas JE, Pompano RR. Quantification of fractional and absolute functionalization of gelatin hydrogels by optimized ninhydrin assay and 1H NMR. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:6211-6220. [PMID: 32617761 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02792-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
3D cell culture in protein-based hydrogels often begins with chemical functionalization of proteins with cross-linking agents such as methacryloyl or norbornene. An important and variable characteristic of these materials is the degree of functionalization (DoF), which controls the reactivity of the protein for cross-linking and therefore impacts the mechanical properties and stability of the hydrogel. Although 1H NMR has emerged as the most accurate technique for quantifying absolute DoF of chemically modified proteins, colorimetric techniques still dominate in actual use and may be more useful for quantifying fractional or percent DoF. In this work, we sought to develop an optimized colorimetric assay for DoF of common gelatin-based biomaterials and validate it versus NMR; along the way, we developed a set of best practices for both methods and considerations for their most appropriate use. First, the amine-reactive ninhydrin assay was optimized in terms of solvent properties, temperature, ninhydrin concentration, and range of gelatin standards. The optimized assay produced a linear response to protein concentration in a convenient, 96-well plate format and yielded a fractional DoF similar to NMR in most cases. In comparing with NMR, we identified that DoF can be expressed as fractional or absolute, and that fractional DoF can be inaccurate if the amino acid content of the parent protein is not properly accounted for. In summary, the fractional DoF of methacryloyl- and norbornene-functionalized gelatins was quantified by an optimized colorimetric ninhydrin assay and orthogonally by 1H NMR. These methods will be valuable for quality control analysis of protein-based hydrogels and 3D cell culture biomaterials. Graphical abstract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Zatorski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
| | - Alyssa N Montalbine
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
| | | | - Rebecca R Pompano
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA.
| |
Collapse
|