1
|
Ditzler RAJ, King AJ, Towell SE, Ratushnyy M, Zhukhovitskiy AV. Editing of polymer backbones. Nat Rev Chem 2023; 7:600-615. [PMID: 37542179 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-023-00514-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
Polymers are at the epicentre of modern technological progress and the associated environmental pollution. Considerations of both polymer functionality and lifecycle are crucial in these contexts, and the polymer backbone - the core of a polymer - is at the root of these considerations. Just as the meaning of a sentence can be altered by editing its words, the function and sustainability of a polymer can also be transformed via the chemical modification of its backbone. Yet, polymer modification has primarily been focused on the polymer periphery. In this Review, we focus on the transformations of the polymer backbone by defining some concepts fundamental to this topic (for example, 'polymer backbone' and 'backbone editing') and by collecting and categorizing examples of backbone editing scattered throughout a century's worth of chemical literature, and outline critical directions for further research. In so doing, we lay the foundation for the field of polymer backbone editing and hope to accelerate its development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachael A J Ditzler
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Andrew J King
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Sydney E Towell
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Maxim Ratushnyy
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Matsumura Y, Tanudjaja A, Fukushima M, Higuchi M, Ogino S, Ishidoshiro M, Irie Y, Imoto H, Naka K, Hifumi R, Inagi S, Tomita I. Parallel synthesis of donor-acceptor π-conjugated polymers by post-element transformation of organotitanium polymer. Des Monomers Polym 2023; 26:190-197. [PMID: 37426066 PMCID: PMC10327520 DOI: 10.1080/15685551.2023.2233228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The donor-acceptor type π-conjugated polymers having heterole units were prepared by the reaction of a regioregular organometallic polymer having both reactive titanacyclopentadiene and electron-donor thiophene-2,5-diyl units in the main chain with electrophiles such as diphenyltin dichloride, dichlorophenylphosphine, and diiodophenylarsine. For example, a polymer having electron-accepting phosphole unit was obtained in 54% yield whose number-average molecular weight (Mn) and molecular weight distribution (Mw/Mn) were estimated as 3,000 and 1.9, respectively. The obtained polymer exhibits a high highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and low lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy levels (-5.13 eV and -3.25 eV, respectively) due to the electron-donating thiophene and electron-accepting phosphole units. Reflecting upon the alternating structure of thiophene and phosphole, the polymer exhibits a band gap energy level (Eg) of 1.78 eV which is narrower than that of a derivative of poly(thiophene) (Eg = 2.25 eV).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimasa Matsumura
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, JAPAN
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka Institute of Technology, Osaka, JAPAN
| | - Alvin Tanudjaja
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, JAPAN
| | - Mizuki Fukushima
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, JAPAN
| | - Makoto Higuchi
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, JAPAN
| | - Shin Ogino
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, JAPAN
| | - Makoto Ishidoshiro
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto, JAPAN
| | - Yasuyuki Irie
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto, JAPAN
| | - Hiroaki Imoto
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto, JAPAN
| | - Kensuke Naka
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto, JAPAN
| | - Ryoyu Hifumi
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, JAPAN
| | - Shinsuke Inagi
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, JAPAN
| | - Ikuyoshi Tomita
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, JAPAN
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ye S, Lotocki V, Xu H, Seferos DS. Group 16 conjugated polymers based on furan, thiophene, selenophene, and tellurophene. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:6442-6474. [PMID: 35843215 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00139j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Five-membered aromatic rings containing Group 16 elements (O, S, Se, and Te), also referred as chalcogenophenes, are ubiquitous building blocks for π-conjugated polymers (CPs). Among these, polythiophenes have been established as a model system to study the interplay between molecular structure, solid-state organization, and electronic performance. The judicious substitution of alternative heteroatoms into polythiophenes is a promising strategy for tuning their properties and improving the performance of derived organic electronic devices, thus leading to the recent abundance of CPs containing furan, selenophene, and tellurophene. In this review, we first discuss the current status of Kumada, Negishi, Murahashi, Suzuki-Miyaura, and direct arylation polymerizations, representing the best routes to access well-defined chalcogenophene-containing homopolymers and copolymers. The self-assembly, optical, solid-state, and electronic properties of these polymers and their influence on device performance are then summarized. In addition, we highlight post-polymerization modifications as effective methods to transform polychalcogenophene backbones or side chains in ways that are unobtainable by direct polymerization. Finally, the major challenges and future outlook in this field are presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuyang Ye
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada.
| | - Victor Lotocki
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada.
| | - Hao Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada.
| | - Dwight S Seferos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada. .,Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Tanudjaja A, Higuchi M, Imai T, Matsumura Y, Hifumi R, Inagi S, Tomita I. Synthesis and optoelectronic properties of air-stable π-conjugated polymers containing both thiophene-2,5-diyl and fused titanacycle units. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py00452f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
π-Conjugated poly(arylene ethynylene)s containing both thiophene-2,5-diyl and fused metallacycles units in their alternating sequence were synthesized and their optoelectronic features were studied by the UV-vis spectra.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alvin Tanudjaja
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan
| | - Makoto Higuchi
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Imai
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Matsumura
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan
| | - Ryoyu Hifumi
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Inagi
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan
| | - Ikuyoshi Tomita
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Tanudjaja A, Inagi S, Kitamura F, Takata T, Tomita I. An air-stable organometallic polymer containing titanafluorene moieties obtained by the Sonogashira-Hagihara cross-coupling polycondensation. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:3037-3043. [PMID: 33570054 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt03663c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of a polymer containing alternating titanafluorene and arylene ethynylene moieties is described. The polymerization of a 2,7-dibromo-9-titanafluorene derivative with 1,4-dioctyloxy-2,5-diethynylbenzene is carried out at 70 °C for 48 h in tetrahydrofuran (THF) in the presence of palladium dichloride/4,5-bis(diphenylphosphino)-9,9-dimethylxanthene as a catalyst and diisopropylamine as a base to produce a dark red polymer. The polymer thus obtained is soluble in organic solvents and stable towards both air and moisture. In the UV-vis absorption spectrum of the polymer, the absorption maxima (λmax) are observed at 321 nm and 395 nm, which are bathochromically shifted compared to those of a model compound of the repeating unit, a 2,7-bis(phenylethynyl)titanafluorene derivative (λmax = 309 nm and 364 nm). The optical band gap (Eg) of the polymer is estimated to be 2.8 eV on the basis of the absorption onset, which is narrower than that of the model compound (3.1 eV).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alvin Tanudjaja
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho 4259-G1-9, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8502, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Synthesis of tellurophene-containing polymer by polycondensation based on the Sonogashira-Hagihara cross-coupling process and its transformation to germole-containing π-conjugated polymer. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|