1
|
Gerwig M, Böhme U, Friebel M. Challenges in the Synthesis and Processing of Hydrosilanes as Precursors for Silicon Deposition. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400013. [PMID: 38757614 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Hydrosilanes are highly attractive compounds, which can be processed as liquids with printing technology to amorphous silicon films on nearly any solid substrate. The silicon layers can be processed for electronic devices like transistors or thin-film solar cells. The endothermic character of hydrosilanes with their positive enthalpies of formation results in favorable properties for processing. The larger the molecules, the lower their decomposition temperature and the higher their photoactivity. Cyclic hydrosilanes such as cyclopentasilane and cyclohexasilane can be easily deposited. The branched neopentasilane is more difficult to deposit but yields better-quality films after processing. The key challenge is the complex synthesis of the precursors and the hydrosilanes. The available preparative methods are presented in this review and their advantages and disadvantages are evaluated. The following synthesis methods are presented and discussed in this article: Wurtz coupling and other reductive coupling processes, dehydrogenative coupling of silanes, plasma synthesis of chlorinated polysilanes, amine- or chloride-induced disproportionations, and transformation of monosilane to higher silanes. Plasma synthesis is already carried out today as a continuous industrial process. The most effective synthesis methods in the laboratory are currently amine- and chloride-induced disproportionations. There is a great need to further optimize the syntheses of hydrosilanes and to develop new simple synthesis variants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maik Gerwig
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Leipziger Str. 29, 09599, Freiberg, Germany
| | - Uwe Böhme
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Leipziger Str. 29, 09599, Freiberg, Germany
| | - Mike Friebel
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Leipziger Str. 29, 09599, Freiberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Friebel M, Böhme U, Kroke E. A perphenylated PSi4P-chain: Synthesis and characterization of 1,4-bis(diphenylphosphanyl)octaphenyl-n-tetrasilane. J Organomet Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2022.122539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
3
|
Friebel M, Böhme U, Kroke E. Linear Phenylsilanes with PSi4P, PSi5P, and Si7 Backbones. Eur J Inorg Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202200087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mike Friebel
- TU Bergakademie Freiberg: Technische Universitat Bergakademie Freiberg Institut für Anorganische Chemie GERMANY
| | - Uwe Böhme
- TU Bergakademie Freiberg Institut für Anorganische Chemie Leipziger Str. 29 09599 Freiberg GERMANY
| | - Edwin Kroke
- TU Bergakademie Freiberg: Technische Universitat Bergakademie Freiberg Institut für Anorganische Chemie GERMANY
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Imani KBC, Jo A, Choi GM, Kim B, Chung JW, Lee HS, Yoon J. High-Resolution 3D Printing of Mechanically Tough Hydrogels Prepared by Thermo-Responsive Poloxamer Ink Platform. Macromol Rapid Commun 2021; 43:e2100579. [PMID: 34708464 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202100579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
High-resolution 3D-printable hydrogels with high mechanical strength and biocompatibility are in great demand because of their potential applications in numerous fields. In this study, a material system comprising Pluronic F-127 dimethacrylate (FDMA) is developed to function as a direct ink writing (DIW) hydrogel for 3D printing. FDMA is a triblock copolymer that transforms into micelles at elevated temperatures. The transformation increases the viscosity of FDMA and preserves its structure during DIW 3D printing, whereupon the printed structure is solidified through photopolymerization. Because of this viscosity shift, various functionalities can be incorporated through the addition of other materials in the solution state. Acrylic acid is incorporated into the pregel solution to enhance the mechanical strength, because the carboxylate group of poly(acrylic acid) ionically crosslinks with Fe3+ , increasing the toughness of the DIW hydrogel 37 times to 2.46 MJ m-3 . Tough conductive hydrogels are also 3D printed by homogenizing poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate into the pregel solution. Furthermore, the FDMA platform developed herein uses DIW, which facilitates multicartridges 3D printing, and because all the materials included are biocompatible, the platform may be used to fabricate complex structures for biological applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kusuma Betha Cahaya Imani
- Graduate Department of Chemical Materials, Institute for Plastic Information and Energy Materials, Sustainable Utilization of Photovoltaic Energy Research center, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Ara Jo
- Department of Biomedical Science, Dong-A University, 37 Nakdong-Daero 550 beon-gil, Saha-gu, Busan, 49315, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyeong Min Choi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Dong-A University, 37 Nakdong-Daero 550 beon-gil, Saha-gu, Busan, 49315, Republic of Korea
| | - Beogyeong Kim
- Graduate Department of Chemical Materials, Institute for Plastic Information and Energy Materials, Sustainable Utilization of Photovoltaic Energy Research center, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Woong Chung
- Department of Biomedical Science, Dong-A University, 37 Nakdong-Daero 550 beon-gil, Saha-gu, Busan, 49315, Republic of Korea
| | - Heon Sang Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Dong-A University, 37 Nakdong-Daero 550 beon-gil, Saha-gu, Busan, 49315, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinhwan Yoon
- Graduate Department of Chemical Materials, Institute for Plastic Information and Energy Materials, Sustainable Utilization of Photovoltaic Energy Research center, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Masuda T, Mori M. Direct writing of silicon nanostructures using liquid-phase electron beam induced deposition of hydrosilanes. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 32:195301. [PMID: 33508819 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/abe0e9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Solid Si (wafer) and gaseous Si (silane) are generally used as starting materials for fabricating Si devices. In this study, a liquid precursor (liquid-phase hydrosilane) for semiconducting Si, called liquid Si (liq-Si), was synthesized to establish a liquid pathway for fabricating Si. Although the liquid-to-solid Si conversion can be induced by heating at 400 °C, conversion without heating was realized herein by electron-beam (EB) irradiation. This study is the first to irradiate liq-Si with EB. Size-controllable Si nanodots, with diameters of the order of 100 nm, were directly deposited at any point by liquid-phase electron-beam-induced deposition (LP-EBID) with a beam diameter of 50 nm. This approach yielded less-contaminated deposits at the detection limit of energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy, as opposed to typical EBID, wherein carbon impurities up to 90% are found. The processing resolution of LP-EBID is potentially 1 nm or less. Therefore, this non-heating deposition technique realizes the direct writing of Si nanostructures and would be a powerful tool for Si nanofabrication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Masuda
- School of Material Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan
- Cucullus Inc., 1-18, Chuo-dori, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-0866, Japan
- Verein artworker.org, Skodagasse, A-1080, Wien, Austria
| | - Masahiro Mori
- School of Material Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan
| |
Collapse
|