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Duggin M, Olivier WJ, Canty AJ, Lim LF, Cox N, Turner GF, Moggach SA, Thickett SC, Bissember AC, Fuller RO. Lawesson's Reagent: Providing a New Approach to the Forgotten 6-Thioverdazyl Radical. J Org Chem 2024; 89:9405-9419. [PMID: 38865165 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
A new method for the preparation of the underrepresented 1,5-dimethyl-6-thioverdazyl radicals has been developed employing Lawesson's reagent (LR). The synthetic route involves the direct thionation of the carbonyl group of the corresponding dialkylbishydrazone followed by cyclization to give the tetrazinanthione verdazyl precursor on a gram scale. Subsequent oxidation yields the 6-thioverdazyl radical. It was determined that thionation of substrates containing electron-withdrawing groups in the ortho- or para-positions was high yielding. In contrast, for the parent phenyl group or substrates bearing weakly electron-donating substituents, thionation efficiency was significantly reduced. This could be overcome by utilizing partial in situ cyclization, which occurs during work up, to generate the tetrazinanthione directly via a one-pot synthesis. Density functional theory suggests that the LR fragment interacts with the carbonyl prior to cycloaddition and subsequent to cycloreversion, leading to the thiocarbonyl. The electronic nature of the radical is characterized with electron paramagnetic resonance as well as the first report of 6-thioverdazyl redox properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margot Duggin
- School of Natural Sciences─Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Wesley J Olivier
- School of Natural Sciences─Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Allan J Canty
- School of Natural Sciences─Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Li Feng Lim
- Research School of Chemistry, The Australia National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Nicholas Cox
- Research School of Chemistry, The Australia National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Gemma F Turner
- School of Molecular Sciences─Chemistry, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Stephen A Moggach
- School of Molecular Sciences─Chemistry, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Stuart C Thickett
- School of Natural Sciences─Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Alex C Bissember
- School of Natural Sciences─Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Rebecca O Fuller
- School of Natural Sciences─Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
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2
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Ivanchenko O, Destarac M. 1,1'- Thiocarbonyldiimidazole Radical Copolymerization for the Preparation of Degradable Vinyl Polymers. ACS Macro Lett 2024; 13:47-51. [PMID: 38118079 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.3c00676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
1,1'-Thiocarbonyldiimidazole (TCDI) readily undergoes radical copolymerization with tert-butyl acrylate (tBA), N,N-dimethylacrylamide, and styrene. 1H NMR monitoring of the comonomer reactivity revealed a notable compatibility between TCDI and comonomers, resulting in similar consumption rates when TCDI was introduced at a 10% feed ratio. Furthermore, trithiocarbonate-mediated RAFT copolymerization of TCDI with tBA gave polymers that exhibited a linear increase of molar mass (Mnth = 2-10 kg mol-1) with conversion with relatively low dispersities (1.2-1.4). Importantly, this process enabled a successful chain extension of the produced P(TCDI-co-tBA) copolymer with styrene to form a diblock copolymer. The copolymers generated through this method contain TCDI-derived diimidazolyl thioether moieties, as established through 1H NMR spectroscopy. Additionally, degradation experiments using isopropylamine, benzoyl peroxide, sodium methoxide, and bleach have provided further confirmation of the presence of degradable TCDI moieties in the vinyl copolymer backbone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleksandr Ivanchenko
- Laboratoire SOFTMAT, Université de Toulouse, CNRS UMR 5623, Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, Toulouse 31062, France
| | - Mathias Destarac
- Laboratoire SOFTMAT, Université de Toulouse, CNRS UMR 5623, Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, Toulouse 31062, France
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3
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Kuroda K, Ouchi M. Umpolung Isomerization in Radical Copolymerization of Benzyl Vinyl Ether with Pentafluorophenylacrylate Leading to Degradable AAB Periodic Copolymers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202316875. [PMID: 37971837 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202316875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
This study revealed that benzyl vinyl ether (BnVE) shows a peculiar isomerization propagation in its radical copolymerization with an electron-deficient acrylate carrying a pentafluorophenyl group (PFA). The co-monomer pair inherently exhibits the cross-over propagation feature due to the large difference in the electron density. However, the radical species of PFA was found to undergo a backward isomerization to the penultimate BnVE pendant giving a benzyl radical species prior to propagation with BnVE. The isomerization brings a drastic change in the character of the growing radical species from electrophilic to nucleophilic, and thus the isomerized benzyl radial species propagates with PFA. Consequently, the two monomers were consumed in the order AAB (A: PFA; B: BnVE) and the unique periodic consumption was confirmed by the pseudo-reactivity ratios calculated by the penultimate model: r11 =0.174 and r21 =6600 for PFA (M1 ) with BnVE (M2 ). The pentafluorophenyl ester groups of the resulting copolymers are transformed into ester and amide groups by post-polymerization alcoholysis and aminolysis modifications. The unique isomerization in the AAB sequence allowed the periodic introduction of a benzyl ether structure in the backbone leading to efficient degradation under acid conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keita Kuroda
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Makoto Ouchi
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
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Luzel B, Gil N, Désirée P, Monot J, Bourissou D, Siri D, Gigmes D, Martin-Vaca B, Lefay C, Guillaneuf Y. Development of an Efficient Thionolactone for Radical Ring-Opening Polymerization by a Combined Theoretical/Experimental Approach. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:27437-27449. [PMID: 38059751 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c08610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
The environmental impact of plastic waste has been a real problem for the past decades. The incorporation of cleavable bonds in the polymer backbone is a solution to making a commodity polymer degradable. When radical polymerization is used, this approach is made possible by radical ring-opening polymerization (rROP) of a cyclic monomer that allows for the introduction of a weak bond into the polymer backbone. Among the various cyclic monomers that could be used in rROP, thionolactones are promising structures due to the efficiency of the C═S bond to act as a radical acceptor. Nevertheless, only a few structures were reported to be efficient. In this work, we used DFT calculations to gain a better understanding of the radical reactivity of thionolactones, and in particular, we focused on the transfer rate constant ktr value and its ratio with the propagation rate constant kp of the vinyl monomer. The closer to 1, the better is the statistical incorporation of the two comonomers into the backbone. These theoretical results were in good agreement with all of the experimental data reported in the literature. We thus used this approach to understand the key parameters to tune the reactivity of thionolactone to prepare random copolymers. We identified and prepared the 7-phenyloxepane-2-thione (POT) thionolactone that led to statistical copolymers with styrene and acrylate derivatives that were efficiently degraded under accelerated conditions (KOH in THF/MeOH, TBD in THF, or mCPBA in THF), confirming the theoretical approach. The compatibility with RAFT polymerization as well as the homopolymerization behavior of POT was established. This theoretical approach paves the way for the in-silico design of new efficient thionolactones for rROP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastien Luzel
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, UMR 7273, F-13397 Marseille, France
| | - Noémie Gil
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, UMR 7273, F-13397 Marseille, France
| | - Patrick Désirée
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, UMR 7273, F-13397 Marseille, France
| | - Julien Monot
- University of Toulouse UPS, Lab Heterochim Fondamentale & Appl UMR 5069, CNRS, 118 Route Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Didier Bourissou
- University of Toulouse UPS, Lab Heterochim Fondamentale & Appl UMR 5069, CNRS, 118 Route Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Didier Siri
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, UMR 7273, F-13397 Marseille, France
| | - Didier Gigmes
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, UMR 7273, F-13397 Marseille, France
| | - Blanca Martin-Vaca
- University of Toulouse UPS, Lab Heterochim Fondamentale & Appl UMR 5069, CNRS, 118 Route Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Catherine Lefay
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, UMR 7273, F-13397 Marseille, France
| | - Yohann Guillaneuf
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, UMR 7273, F-13397 Marseille, France
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Prebihalo EA, Luke AM, Reddi Y, LaSalle CJ, Shah VM, Cramer CJ, Reineke TM. Radical ring-opening polymerization of sustainably-derived thionoisochromanone. Chem Sci 2023; 14:5689-5698. [PMID: 37265728 PMCID: PMC10231309 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc06040j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We present the synthesis, characterization and radical ring-opening polymerization (rROP) capabilities of thionoisochromanone (TIC), a fungi-derivable thionolactone. TIC is the first reported six-membered thionolactone to readily homopolymerize under free radical conditions without the presence of a dormant comonomer or repeated initiation. Even more, the resulting polymer is fully degradable under mild, basic conditions. Computations providing molecular-level insights into the mechanistic and energetic details of polymerization identified a unique S,S,O-orthoester intermediate that leads to a sustained chain-end. This sustained chain-end allowed for the synthesis of a block copolymer of TIC and styrene under entirely free radical conditions without explicit radical control methods such as reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization (RAFT). We also report the statistical copolymerization of ring-retained TIC and styrene, confirmed by elemental analysis and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Computations into the energetic details of copolymerization indicate kinetic drivers for ring-retaining behavior. This work provides the first example of a sustainable feedstock for rROP and provides the field with the first six-membered monomer susceptible to rROP, expanding the monomer scope to aid our fundamental understanding of thionolactone rROP behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A Prebihalo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota 207 Pleasant St. SE Minneapolis MN 55455 USA
| | - Anna M Luke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota 207 Pleasant St. SE Minneapolis MN 55455 USA
| | - Yernaidu Reddi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota 207 Pleasant St. SE Minneapolis MN 55455 USA
| | - Christopher J LaSalle
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota 207 Pleasant St. SE Minneapolis MN 55455 USA
| | - Vijay M Shah
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota 207 Pleasant St. SE Minneapolis MN 55455 USA
| | | | - Theresa M Reineke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota 207 Pleasant St. SE Minneapolis MN 55455 USA
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Ivanchenko O, Mazières S, Poli R, Harrisson S, Destarac M. Ring size-reactivity relationship in radical ring-opening copolymerisation of thionolactones with vinyl pivalate. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py01153k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The radical ring-opening copolymerisation of unsubstituted thionolactones of different ring sizes has been investigated. DFT calculations and experimental results show the importance of the stabilization of the intermediate ring-retained radical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleksandr Ivanchenko
- Laboratoire des IMRCP, Université Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier, CNRS UMR 5623, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Stéphane Mazières
- Laboratoire des IMRCP, Université Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier, CNRS UMR 5623, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Rinaldo Poli
- LCC, Université de Toulouse/INPT/CNRS UMR 5623, 205 route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Simon Harrisson
- LCPO, Université de Bordeaux/ENSCBP/CNRS UMR 5623, 16 avenue Pey Berland, 33607 Pessac, France
| | - Mathias Destarac
- Laboratoire des IMRCP, Université Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier, CNRS UMR 5623, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse, France
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