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Elpa DP, Prabhu GRD, Wu SP, Tay KS, Urban PL. Automation of mass spectrometric detection of analytes and related workflows: A review. Talanta 2019; 208:120304. [PMID: 31816721 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.120304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The developments in mass spectrometry (MS) in the past few decades reveal the power and versatility of this technology. MS methods are utilized in routine analyses as well as research activities involving a broad range of analytes (elements and molecules) and countless matrices. However, manual MS analysis is gradually becoming a thing of the past. In this article, the available MS automation strategies are critically evaluated. Automation of analytical workflows culminating with MS detection encompasses involvement of automated operations in any of the steps related to sample handling/treatment before MS detection, sample introduction, MS data acquisition, and MS data processing. Automated MS workflows help to overcome the intrinsic limitations of MS methodology regarding reproducibility, throughput, and the expertise required to operate MS instruments. Such workflows often comprise automated off-line and on-line steps such as sampling, extraction, derivatization, and separation. The most common instrumental tools include autosamplers, multi-axis robots, flow injection systems, and lab-on-a-chip. Prototyping customized automated MS systems is a way to introduce non-standard automated features to MS workflows. The review highlights the enabling role of automated MS procedures in various sectors of academic research and industry. Examples include applications of automated MS workflows in bioscience, environmental studies, and exploration of the outer space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Decibel P Elpa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Rd., Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan; Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Gurpur Rakesh D Prabhu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Rd., Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan; Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Pao Wu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Rd., Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan.
| | - Kheng Soo Tay
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Pawel L Urban
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan; Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan.
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2
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Kecskemeti A, Gaspar A. Particle-based liquid chromatographic separations in microfluidic devices - A review. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1021:1-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.01.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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3
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Haghighi F, Talebpour Z, Nezhad AS. Towards fully integrated liquid chromatography on a chip: Evolution and evaluation. Trends Analyt Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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4
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Sheathless coupling of microchip electrophoresis to ESI-MS utilising an integrated photo polymerised membrane for electric contacting. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:5741-5750. [PMID: 29974150 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-1226-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
In this article, we present a novel approach for the sheathless coupling of microchip electrophoresis (MCE) with electrospray mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). The key element is an ion-conductive hydrogel membrane, placed between the separation channel and an adjacent microfluidic supporting channel, contacted via platinum electrodes. This solves the persistent challenge in hyphenation of mass spectrometry to chip electrophoresis, to ensure a reliable electrical connection at the end of the electrophoresis channel without sacrificing separation performance and sensitivity. Stable electric contacting is achieved via a Y-shaped supporting channel structure, separated from the main channel by a photo polymerised, ion permeable hydrogel membrane. Thus, the potential gradient required for performing electrophoretic separations can be generated while simultaneously preventing gas formation due to electrolysis. In contrast to conventional make-up or sheathflow approaches, sample dilution is also avoided. Rapid prototyping allowed the study of different chip-based approaches, i.e. sheathless, open sheathflow and electrode support channel designs, for coupling MCE to ESI-MS. The performance was evaluated with fluorescence microscopy and mass spectrometric detection. The obtained results revealed that the detection sensitivity obtained in such Y-channel chips with integrated hydrogel membranes was superior because sample dilution or loss was prevented. Furthermore, band broadening is reduced compared to similar open structures without a membrane.
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Kecskemeti A, Gaspar A. Particle-based immobilized enzymatic reactors in microfluidic chips. Talanta 2018; 180:211-228. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.12.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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6
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Some Applications of Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry in the Biomedical Field. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.coac.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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7
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Schulze S, Pahl M, Stolz F, Appun J, Abel B, Schneider C, Belder D. Liquid Beam Desorption Mass Spectrometry for the Investigation of Continuous Flow Reactions in Microfluidic Chips. Anal Chem 2017; 89:6175-6181. [PMID: 28489359 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b01026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we present the combination of microfluidic chips and mass spectrometry employing laser-induced liquid beam ionization/desorption. The developed system was evaluated with respect to stable beam generation and laser parameters as well as solvent compatibility. The device was exemplarily applied to study a vinylogous Mannich reaction performed in continuous flow on chip. Fast processes can be observed with this technique which in the future could be beneficial for studying intermediates or contribute to the elucidation of reaction mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Schulze
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, University Leipzig , Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Maik Pahl
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, University Leipzig , Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ferdinand Stolz
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University Leipzig , Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.,Leibniz Institute of Surface Modification (IOM) , Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Johannes Appun
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University Leipzig , Johannisallee 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Bernd Abel
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University Leipzig , Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.,Leibniz Institute of Surface Modification (IOM) , Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christoph Schneider
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University Leipzig , Johannisallee 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Detlev Belder
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, University Leipzig , Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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Popescu L, Robu AC, Zamfir AD. Sustainable Nanosystem Development for Mass Spectrometry. SUSTAINABLE NANOSYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT, PROPERTIES, AND APPLICATIONS 2017. [DOI: 10.4018/978-1-5225-0492-4.ch014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays, considerable efforts are invested into development of sustainable nanosystems as front end technology for either Electrospray Ionization (ESI) or Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry (MS). Since their first introduction in MS, nanofluidics demonstrated a high potential to discover novel biopolymer species. These systems confirmed the unique ability to offer structural elucidation of molecular species, which often represent valuable biomarkers of severe diseases. In view of these major advantages of nanofluidics-MS, this chapter reviews the strategies, which allowed a successful development of nanotechnology for MS and the applications in biological and clinical research. The first part will be dedicated to the principles and technical developments of advanced nanosystems for electrospray and MALDI MS. The second part will highlight the most important applications in clinical proteomics and glycomics. Finally, this chapter will emphasize that advanced nanosystems-MS has real perspectives to become a routine method for early diagnosis of severe pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurentiu Popescu
- West University of Timişoara, Romania & Research and Development National Institute for Electrochemistry and Condensed Matter (INCEMC) Timişoara, Romania
| | - Adrian C. Robu
- West University of Timişoara, Romania & Research and Development National Institute for Electrochemistry and Condensed Matter (INCEMC) Timişoara, Romania
| | - Alina D. Zamfir
- Research and Development National Institute for Electrochemistry and Condensed Matter (INCEMC) Timişoara, Romania & Aurel Vlaicu University of Arad, Romania
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Forzano AV, Becirovic V, Martin RS, Edwards JL. Integrated Electrodes and Electrospray Emitter for Polymer Microfluidic Nanospray-MS Interface. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2016; 8:5152-5157. [PMID: 27818712 PMCID: PMC5091296 DOI: 10.1039/c6ay00197a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Interfacing of microfluidic devices to mass spectrometry has challenges including dilution from sheath liquid junctions, fragile electrodes, and excessive dead volumes which prevent optimum performance and common use. The goal of this work is to develop a stable nanospray chip-MS interface that contains easily integrated electrodes and an embedded capillary emitter to mitigate current chip-MS problems. This system uses a hybrid polystyrene-poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PS-PDMS) microfluidic platform with an embedded electrode and integrated capillary emitter used as the nanospray interface. Two chip designs were used to evaluate the performance, illustrate on-chip reaction capabilities. By direct infusion, this system showed good performance with LODs of GSH and caffeine of 9 nM and 1 nM, R2 of 0.996 and 0.992 and sensitivity of 12 counts/nM and 332 counts/nM over a linear dynamic range of 40 nM to 50 μM and 1 to 50 μM respectively. A reaction was performed on the chip with syringe pumps showing the oxidation of glutathione (GSH) to oxidized glutathione (GSSG) using H2O2. The on-chip reaction of GSH oxidation to GSSG, with online-MS detection, successfully demonstrate the stability and robustness of the nanospray interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna V. Forzano
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Louis University, St Louis, MO, 63130 USA
| | - Vedada Becirovic
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Louis University, St Louis, MO, 63130 USA
| | - R. Scott Martin
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Louis University, St Louis, MO, 63130 USA
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Phone +1 314 977 3624, ,
| | - James L. Edwards
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Louis University, St Louis, MO, 63130 USA
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Phone +1 314 977 3624, ,
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10
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Derkus B. Applying the miniaturization technologies for biosensor design. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 79:901-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2015] [Revised: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Ali I, Alharbi OML, Marsin Sanagi M. Nano-capillary electrophoresis for environmental analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY LETTERS 2015; 14:79-98. [PMID: 32214934 PMCID: PMC7087629 DOI: 10.1007/s10311-015-0547-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Many analytical techniques have been used to monitor environmental pollutants. But most techniques are not capable to detect pollutants at nanogram levels. Hence, under such conditions, absence of pollutants is often assumed, whereas pollutants are in fact present at low but undetectable concentrations. Detection at low levels may be done by nano-capillary electrophoresis, also named microchip electrophoresis. Here, we review the analysis of pollutants by nano-capillary electrophoresis. We present instrumentations, applications, optimizations and separation mechanisms. We discuss the analysis of metal ions, pesticides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, explosives, viruses, bacteria and other contaminants. Detectors include ultraviolet-visible, fluorescent, conductivity, atomic absorption spectroscopy, refractive index, atomic fluorescence spectrometry, atomic emission spectroscopy, inductively coupled plasma, inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry, mass spectrometry, time-of-flight mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance. Detection limits ranged from nanogram to picogram levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran Ali
- Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University), New Delhi, 110025 India
| | - Omar M. L. Alharbi
- Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, Taibah University, P.O. Box 30002, Madinah Al-Munawarah, 41477 Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohd. Marsin Sanagi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), 81310 Johor Bahru, Johor Malaysia
- Ibnu Sina Institute for Fundamental Science Studies, Nanotechnology Research Alliance, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), 81310 Johor Bahru, Johor Malaysia
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12
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Feng X, Liu BF, Li J, Liu X. Advances in coupling microfluidic chips to mass spectrometry. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2015; 34:535-57. [PMID: 24399782 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Revised: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic technology has shown advantages of low sample consumption, reduced analysis time, high throughput, and potential for integration and automation. Coupling microfluidic chips to mass spectrometry (Chip-MS) can greatly improve the overall analytical performance of MS-based approaches and expand their potential applications. In this article, we review the advances of Chip-MS in the past decade, covering innovations in microchip fabrication, microchips coupled to electrospray ionization (ESI)-MS and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI)-MS. Development of integrated microfluidic systems for automated MS analysis will be further documented, as well as recent applications of Chip-MS in proteomics, metabolomics, cell analysis, and clinical diagnosis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Chromatography, Liquid/instrumentation
- Chromatography, Liquid/methods
- Electrophoresis, Microchip/instrumentation
- Electrophoresis, Microchip/methods
- Equipment Design
- Humans
- Lab-On-A-Chip Devices
- Lipids/analysis
- Metabolomics/instrumentation
- Metabolomics/methods
- Polysaccharides/analysis
- Proteins/analysis
- Proteomics/instrumentation
- Proteomics/methods
- Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization/instrumentation
- Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization/methods
- Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization/instrumentation
- Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization/methods
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Feng
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Hubei Bioinformatics and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Systems Biology Theme, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Bi-Feng Liu
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Hubei Bioinformatics and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Systems Biology Theme, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Jianjun Li
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0R6
| | - Xin Liu
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Hubei Bioinformatics and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Systems Biology Theme, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
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Abstract
Droplet microfluidics may soon change the paradigm of performing chemical analyses and related instrumentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgenia Yu Basova
- Masaryk University
- CEITEC, Central European Institute Technology
- Brno
- Czech Republic
| | - Frantisek Foret
- Masaryk University
- CEITEC, Central European Institute Technology
- Brno
- Czech Republic
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic
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Arscott S. SU-8 as a material for lab-on-a-chip-based mass spectrometry. LAB ON A CHIP 2014; 14:3668-3689. [PMID: 25029537 DOI: 10.1039/c4lc00617h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This short review focuses on the application of SU-8 for the microchip-based approach to the miniaturization of mass spectrometry. Chip-based mass spectrometry will make the technology commonplace and bring benefits such as lower costs and autonomy. The chip-based miniaturization of mass spectrometry necessitates the use of new materials which are compatible with top-down fabrication involving both planar and non-planar processes. In this context, SU-8 is a very versatile epoxy-based, negative tone resist which is sensitive to ultraviolet radiation, X-rays and electron beam exposure. It has a very wide thickness range, from nanometres to millimetres, enabling the formation of mechanically rigid, very high aspect ratio, vertical, narrow width structures required to form microfluidic slots and channels for laboratory-on-a-chip design. It is also relatively chemically resistant and biologically compatible in terms of the liquid solutions used for mass spectrometry. This review looks at the impact and potential of SU-8 on the different parts of chip-based mass spectrometry - pre-treatment, ionization processes, and ion sorting and detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Arscott
- Institut d'Electronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie (IEMN), CNRS UMR8520, The University of Lille, Cité Scientifique, Avenue Poincaré, 59652 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France.
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15
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Jarvas G, Grym J, Foret F, Guttman A. Simulation-based design of a microfabricated pneumatic electrospray nebulizer. Electrophoresis 2014; 36:386-92. [PMID: 25257095 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201400387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Revised: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A microfabricated pneumatic electrospray nebulizer has been developed and evaluated using computer simulations and experimental measurements of the MS signals. The microdevice under development is designed for electrospray MS interfacing without the need to fabricate an electrospray needle and can be used as a disposable or an integral part of a reusable system. The design of the chip layout was supported by computational fluid dynamics simulations. The tested microdevices were fabricated in glass using conventional photolithography, followed by wet chemical etching and thermal bonding. The performance of the microfabricated nebulizer was evaluated by means of TOF-MS with a peptide mixture. It was demonstrated that the nebulizer, operating at supersonic speed of the nebulizing gas, produced very stable nanospray (900 nL/min) as documented by less than 0.1% (SE) fluctuation in total mass spectrometric signal intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabor Jarvas
- CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic; MTA-PE Translational Glycomics Research Group, MUKKI, University of Pannonia, Veszprem, Hungary
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16
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Liu M, Franko M. Progress in Thermal Lens Spectrometry and Its Applications in Microscale Analytical Devices. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2014; 44:328-53. [DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2013.869171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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17
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Chang CH, Chen TY, Chen YC. Microfluidic Chip Coupled with Thermal Desorption Atmospheric Pressure Ionization Mass Spectrometry. Mass Spectrom (Tokyo) 2014; 3:S0026. [PMID: 26839753 DOI: 10.5702/massspectrometry.s0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Microfluidic chips have been used as platforms for a diversity of research purposes such as for separation and micro-reaction. One of the suitable detectors for microfluidic chip is mass spectrometry. Because microfluidic chips are generally operated in an open air condition, mass spectrometry coupled with atmospheric pressure ion sources can suit the requirement with minimum compromise. In this study, we develop a new interface to couple a microfluidic chip with mass spectrometry. A capillary tip coated with a layer of graphite, capable of absorbing energy of near-infrared (NIR) light is used to interface microfluidic chip with mass spectrometry. An NIR laser diode (λ=808 nm) is used to irradiate the capillary tip for assisting the generation of spray from the eluent of the microfluidic chip. An electrospray is provided to fuse with the spray generated from the microfluidic chip for post-ionization. Transesterification is used as the example to demonstrate the feasibility of using this interface to couple microfluidic chip with mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tsung-Yi Chen
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University
| | - Yu-Chie Chen
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University
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18
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Schwarzkopf F, Scholl T, Ohla S, Belder D. Improving sensitivity in microchip electrophoresis coupled to ESI-MS/MS on the example of a cardiac drug mixture. Electrophoresis 2014; 35:1880-6. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Revised: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tobias Scholl
- Institut für Analytische Chemie; Universität Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
| | - Stefan Ohla
- Institut für Analytische Chemie; Universität Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
| | - Detlev Belder
- Institut für Analytische Chemie; Universität Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
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19
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Hioki Y, Tanimura R, Iwamoto S, Tanaka K. Nano-LC/MALDI-MS Using a Column-Integrated Spotting Probe for Analysis of Complex Biomolecule Samples. Anal Chem 2014; 86:2549-58. [DOI: 10.1021/ac4037069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yusaku Hioki
- Koichi Tanaka Laboratory
of Advanced Science and Technology, Shimadzu Corporation, 1, Nishinokyo-Kuwabara-cho,
Nakagyo-ku, Kyoto 604-8511, Japan
| | - Ritsuko Tanimura
- Koichi Tanaka Laboratory
of Advanced Science and Technology, Shimadzu Corporation, 1, Nishinokyo-Kuwabara-cho,
Nakagyo-ku, Kyoto 604-8511, Japan
| | - Shinichi Iwamoto
- Koichi Tanaka Laboratory
of Advanced Science and Technology, Shimadzu Corporation, 1, Nishinokyo-Kuwabara-cho,
Nakagyo-ku, Kyoto 604-8511, Japan
| | - Koichi Tanaka
- Koichi Tanaka Laboratory
of Advanced Science and Technology, Shimadzu Corporation, 1, Nishinokyo-Kuwabara-cho,
Nakagyo-ku, Kyoto 604-8511, Japan
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20
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Gao D, Liu H, Jiang Y, Lin JM. Recent advances in microfluidics combined with mass spectrometry: technologies and applications. LAB ON A CHIP 2013; 13:3309-22. [PMID: 23824006 DOI: 10.1039/c3lc50449b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Instrument miniaturization is one of the critical issues to improve sensitivity, speed, throughput, and to reduce the cost of analysis. Microfluidics possesses the ability to handle small sample amounts, with minimal concerns related to sample loss and cross-contamination, problems typical for standard fluidic manipulations. Moreover, the native properties of microfluidics provide the potential for high-density, parallel sample processing, and high-throughput analysis. Recently, the coupling of microfluidic devices to mass spectrometry, especially electrospray ionization (ESI) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI), has attracted an increasing interest and produced tremendous achievements. The interfaces between microfluidics and mass spectrometry are one of the primary focused problems. In this review, we summarize the latest achievements since 2008 in the field of the technologies and applications in the combining of microfluidics with ESI-MS and MALDI-MS. The integration of several analytical functions on a microfluidic device such as sample pretreatment and separations before sample introduction into the mass spectrometer is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Gao
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Key Laboratory of Microanalytical Methods and Instrumentation, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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21
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Lazar IM, Kabulski JL. Microfluidic LC device with orthogonal sample extraction for on-chip MALDI-MS detection. LAB ON A CHIP 2013; 13:2055-65. [PMID: 23592150 PMCID: PMC4123744 DOI: 10.1039/c3lc50190f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A microfluidic device that enables on-chip matrix assisted laser desorption ionization-mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) detection for liquid chromatography (LC) separations is described. The device comprises an array of functional elements to carry out LC separations, integrates a novel microchip-MS interface to facilitate the orthogonal transposition of the microfluidic LC channel into an array of reservoirs, and enables sensitive MALDI-MS detection directly from the chip. Essentially, the device provides a snapshot MALDI-MS map of the content of the separation channel present on the chip. The detection of proteins with biomarker potential from MCF10A breast epithelial cell extracts, and detection limits in the low fmol range, are demonstrated. In addition, the design of the novel LC-MALDI-MS chip entices the promotion of a new concept for performing sample separations within the limited time-frame that accompanies the dead-volume of a separation channel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iulia M Lazar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1981 Kraft Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
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Pereira F, Niu X, deMello AJ. A nano LC-MALDI mass spectrometry droplet interface for the analysis of complex protein samples. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63087. [PMID: 23671657 PMCID: PMC3650041 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The integration of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry with an upstream analytical separations (such as liquid chromatography and electrophoresis) has opened up new opportunities for the automated investigation of complex protein and peptide mixtures. The ability to efficiently analyze complex proteomic mixtures in this manner is primarily determined by the ability to preserve spatial discrimination of sample components as they leave the separation column. Current interfacing methods are problematic in this respect since minimum fraction volumes are limited to several microliters. Herein we show for the first time an LC-MALDI interface based on the formation, processing and destruction of a segmented flow. The interface consists of a droplet-generator to fractionate LC effluent into nL-volume droplets and a deposition probe that transfers the sample (and MALDI matrix) onto a conventional MALDI-MS target. The efficacy of the method is demonstrated through the analysis of Trypsin digests of both BSA and Cytochrome C, with a 50% enhancement in analytical performance when compared to conventional interface technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Pereira
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Xize Niu
- Engineering and the Environment, and Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, England
| | - Andrew J. deMello
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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23
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Krenkova J, Foret F. On-line CE/ESI/MS interfacing: recent developments and applications in proteomics. Proteomics 2012; 12:2978-90. [PMID: 22888067 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201200140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Revised: 05/17/2012] [Accepted: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
After shining as the ultimate separation - sequencing technique used for the successful completion of the Human Genome Project, in the early 2000s CE experienced lowered popularity among separation scientists. The renewed interest in recent years relates to the separation needs, especially in proteomics, metabolomics, and glycomics, where CE complements liquid chromatography techniques. This interest is further boosted by the regulators requiring additional separation techniques for characterization of newly developed pharmaceuticals. This paper gives a short overview of recent developments in the on-line interfacing of CE separation techniques with electrospray ionization/mass spectrometric analysis. Both the instrumentation and selected CE/ESI/MS applications including analyses of peptides, proteins, and glycans are discussed with the stress on research published in the past 3 years. Techniques related to the proteomic and glycomic analyses such as sample preconcentration, on-line protein digestion, and analyte derivatization prior CE/ESI/MS analysis are also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Krenkova
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the ASCR, Brno, Czech Republic.
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25
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Lin SL, Bai HY, Lin TY, Fuh MR. Microfluidic chip-based liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry for determination of small molecules in bioanalytical applications. Electrophoresis 2012; 33:635-43. [PMID: 22451056 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The development and integration of microfabricated liquid chromatography (LC) microchips have increased dramatically in the last decade due to the needs of enhanced sensitivity and rapid analysis as well as the rising concern on reducing environmental impacts of chemicals used in various types of chemical and biochemical analyses. Recent development of microfluidic chip-based LC mass spectrometry (chip-based LC-MS) has played an important role in proteomic research for high throughput analysis. To date, the use of chip-based LC-MS for determination of small molecules, such as biomarkers, active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), and drugs of abuse and their metabolites, in clinical and pharmaceutical applications has not been thoroughly investigated. This mini-review summarizes the utilization of commercial chip-based LC-MS systems for determination of small molecules in bioanalytical applications, including drug metabolites and disease/tumor-associated biomarkers in clinical samples as well as adsorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion studies of APIs in drug discovery and development. The different types of commercial chip-based interfaces for LC-MS analysis are discussed first and followed by applications of chip-based LC-MS on biological samples as well as the comparison with other LC-MS techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Ling Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Soochow University, Taipei, Taiwan
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26
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Chambers AG, Ramsey JM. Microfluidic Dual Emitter Electrospray Ionization Source for Accurate Mass Measurements. Anal Chem 2012; 84:1446-51. [DOI: 10.1021/ac202603s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew G. Chambers
- Department
of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United
States
| | - J. Michael Ramsey
- Department
of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United
States
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27
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Microchip capillary electrophoresis–electrospray ionization–mass spectrometry of intact proteins using uncoated Ormocomp microchips. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 711:69-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.10.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2011] [Revised: 10/25/2011] [Accepted: 10/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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28
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Shang F, Guihen E, Glennon JD. Recent advances in miniaturisation - The role of microchip electrophoresis in clinical analysis. Electrophoresis 2011; 33:105-16. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2011] [Revised: 10/12/2011] [Accepted: 10/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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29
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Jung S, Effelsberg U, Tallarek U. Microchip Electrospray: Improvements in Spray and Signal Stability during Gradient Elution by an Inverted Postcolumn Makeup Flow. Anal Chem 2011; 83:9167-73. [DOI: 10.1021/ac202413z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Jung
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Uwe Effelsberg
- Agilent Technologies, Hewlett-Packard-Strasse 8, 76337 Waldbronn, Germany
| | - Ulrich Tallarek
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, 35032 Marburg, Germany
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30
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Flangea C, Serb A, Sisu E, Zamfir AD. Reprint of: chip-based nanoelectrospray mass spectrometry of brain gangliosides. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2011; 1811:897-917. [PMID: 21958495 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2011.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2011] [Revised: 05/11/2011] [Accepted: 06/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In the past few years, a considerable effort was invested in interfacing mass spectrometry (MS) to microfluidics-based systems for electrospray ionization (ESI). Since its first introduction in biological mass spectrometry, chip-based ESI demonstrated a high potential to discover novel structures of biomarker value. Therefore, recently, microfluidics for electrospray in conjunction with advanced MS instruments able to perform multistage fragmentation were introduced also in glycolipid research. This review is focused on the strategies, which allowed a successful application of chip technology for ganglioside mapping and sequencing by ESI MS and tandem MS (MS/MS). The first part of the review is dedicated to the progress of MS methods in brain ganglioside research, which culminated with the introduction of two types of microfluidic devices: the NanoMate robot and a polymer microchip for electrospray. In the second part a systematic description of most relevant results obtained by using MS in combination with the two chip systems is presented. Chip-based ESI accomplishments for determination of ganglioside expression and structure in normal brain regions and brain pathologies such as neurodegenerative diseases and primary brain tumors are described together with some considerations upon the perspectives of microfluidics-MS to be routinely introduced in biomedical investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corina Flangea
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Aurel Vlaicu University of Arad, Arad, Romania
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31
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Chip-based nanoelectrospray mass spectrometry of brain gangliosides. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2011; 1811:513-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2011.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2011] [Revised: 05/11/2011] [Accepted: 06/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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32
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Abstract
There are numerous detection methods available for microfluidic analyses. Both conventional and novel detection methods are being put to use for detection on these miniaturized systems, with the analyte of interest driving the choice of detection method. In this article, we summarize microfluidic-based detection strategies from the last 2 years. More focus is given to unconventional approaches to detection routes and novel strategies for performing high-sensitivity detection.
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33
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Microchip electrospray: Cone-jet stability analysis for water–acetonitrile and water–methanol mobile phases. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:1611-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.01.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2010] [Revised: 01/14/2011] [Accepted: 01/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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34
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Yeo LY, Chang HC, Chan PPY, Friend JR. Microfluidic devices for bioapplications. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2011; 7:12-48. [PMID: 21072867 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201000946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Harnessing the ability to precisely and reproducibly actuate fluids and manipulate bioparticles such as DNA, cells, and molecules at the microscale, microfluidics is a powerful tool that is currently revolutionizing chemical and biological analysis by replicating laboratory bench-top technology on a miniature chip-scale device, thus allowing assays to be carried out at a fraction of the time and cost while affording portability and field-use capability. Emerging from a decade of research and development in microfluidic technology are a wide range of promising laboratory and consumer biotechnological applications from microscale genetic and proteomic analysis kits, cell culture and manipulation platforms, biosensors, and pathogen detection systems to point-of-care diagnostic devices, high-throughput combinatorial drug screening platforms, schemes for targeted drug delivery and advanced therapeutics, and novel biomaterials synthesis for tissue engineering. The developments associated with these technological advances along with their respective applications to date are reviewed from a broad perspective and possible future directions that could arise from the current state of the art are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie Y Yeo
- Micro/Nanophysics Research Laboratory, Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
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35
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Alp O, Zhang Y, Merino EJ, Caruso JA. Selenium effects on arsenic cytotoxicity and protein phosphorylation in human kidney cells using chip-based nanoLC-MS/MS. Metallomics 2011; 3:482-90. [DOI: 10.1039/c0mt00110d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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36
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Cortes DF, Kabulski JL, Lazar AC, Lazar IM. Recent advances in the MS analysis of glycoproteins: Capillary and microfluidic workflows. Electrophoresis 2011; 32:14-29. [PMID: 21171110 PMCID: PMC3717299 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201000394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2010] [Revised: 09/21/2010] [Accepted: 09/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Recent developments in bioanalytical instrumentation, MS detection, and computational data analysis approaches have provided researchers with capabilities for interrogating the complex cellular glycoproteome, to help gain a better insight into the cellular and physiological processes that are associated with a disease and to facilitate the efforts centered on identifying disease-specific biomarkers. This review describes the progress achieved in the characterization of protein glycosylation by using advanced capillary and microfluidic MS technologies. The major steps involved in large-scale glycoproteomic analysis approaches are discussed, with special emphasis given to workflows that have evolved around complex MS detection functions. In addition, quantitative analysis strategies are assessed, and the bioinformatics aspects of glycoproteomic data processing are summarized. The developments in commercial and custom fabricated microfluidic front-end platforms to ESI- and MALDI-MS instrumentation, for addressing major challenges in carbohydrate analysis such as sensitivity, throughput, and ability to perform structural characterization, are further evaluated and illustrated with relevant examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego F. Cortes
- Virginia Bioinformatics Institute Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Washington St. Bio II/283, Blacksburg, VA 24061
| | - Jarod L. Kabulski
- Virginia Bioinformatics Institute Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Washington St. Bio II/283, Blacksburg, VA 24061
| | | | - Iulia M. Lazar
- Virginia Bioinformatics Institute Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Washington St. Bio II/283, Blacksburg, VA 24061
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Washington St. Bio II/283, Blacksburg, VA 24061
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37
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Nordman N, Sikanen T, Moilanen ME, Aura S, Kotiaho T, Franssila S, Kostiainen R. Rapid and sensitive drug metabolism studies by SU-8 microchip capillary electrophoresis-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1218:739-45. [PMID: 21185563 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2010] [Revised: 11/29/2010] [Accepted: 12/06/2010] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Monolithically integrated, polymer (SU-8) microchips comprising an electrophoretic separation unit, a sheath flow interface, and an electrospray ionization (ESI) emitter were developed to improve the speed and throughput of metabolism research. Validation of the microchip method was performed using bufuralol 1-hydroxylation via CYP450 enzymes as the model reaction. The metabolite, 1-hydroxybufuralol, was easily separated from the substrate (R(s)=0.5) with very good detection sensitivity (LOD=9.3nM), linearity (range: 50-500nM, r(2)=0.9997), and repeatability (RSD(Area)=10.3%, RSD(Migrationtime)=2.5% at 80nM concentration without internal standard). The kinetic parameters of bufuralol 1-hydroxylation determined by the microchip capillary electrophoresis (CE)-ESI/mass spectrometry (MS) method, were comparable to the values presented in literature as well as to the values determined by in-house liquid chromatography (LC)-UV. In addition to enzyme kinetics, metabolic profiling was demonstrated using authentic urine samples from healthy volunteers after intake of either tramadol or paracetamol. As a result, six metabolites of tramadol and four metabolites of paracetamol, including both phase I oxidation products and phase II conjugation products, were detected and separated from each other within 30-35s. Before analysis, the urine samples were pre-treated with on-chip, on-line liquid-phase microextraction (LPME) and the results were compared to those obtained from urine samples pre-treated with conventional C18 solid-phase extraction (SPE, off-chip cartridges). On the basis of our results, the SU-8 CE-ESI/MS microchips incorporating on-chip sample pre-treatment, injection, separation, and ESI/MS detection were proven as efficient and versatile tools for drug metabolism research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Nordman
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5 E, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
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38
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Kind T, Fiehn O. Advances in structure elucidation of small molecules using mass spectrometry. BIOANALYTICAL REVIEWS 2010; 2:23-60. [PMID: 21289855 PMCID: PMC3015162 DOI: 10.1007/s12566-010-0015-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2010] [Accepted: 08/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The structural elucidation of small molecules using mass spectrometry plays an important role in modern life sciences and bioanalytical approaches. This review covers different soft and hard ionization techniques and figures of merit for modern mass spectrometers, such as mass resolving power, mass accuracy, isotopic abundance accuracy, accurate mass multiple-stage MS(n) capability, as well as hybrid mass spectrometric and orthogonal chromatographic approaches. The latter part discusses mass spectral data handling strategies, which includes background and noise subtraction, adduct formation and detection, charge state determination, accurate mass measurements, elemental composition determinations, and complex data-dependent setups with ion maps and ion trees. The importance of mass spectral library search algorithms for tandem mass spectra and multiple-stage MS(n) mass spectra as well as mass spectral tree libraries that combine multiple-stage mass spectra are outlined. The successive chapter discusses mass spectral fragmentation pathways, biotransformation reactions and drug metabolism studies, the mass spectral simulation and generation of in silico mass spectra, expert systems for mass spectral interpretation, and the use of computational chemistry to explain gas-phase phenomena. A single chapter discusses data handling for hyphenated approaches including mass spectral deconvolution for clean mass spectra, cheminformatics approaches and structure retention relationships, and retention index predictions for gas and liquid chromatography. The last section reviews the current state of electronic data sharing of mass spectra and discusses the importance of software development for the advancement of structure elucidation of small molecules. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s12566-010-0015-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Kind
- Genome Center–Metabolomics, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Oliver Fiehn
- Genome Center–Metabolomics, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
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39
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Trusch M, Ehlert S, Bertsch A, Kohlbacher O, Hildebrand D, Schlüter H, Tallarek U. Improved particle-packed HPLC/MS microchips for proteomic analysis. J Sep Sci 2010; 33:3283-91. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201000474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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40
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Lombardi D, Dittrich PS. Droplet microfluidics with magnetic beads: a new tool to investigate drug–protein interactions. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 399:347-52. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-4302-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2010] [Revised: 10/02/2010] [Accepted: 10/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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41
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Smejkal P, Szekrényes Á, Ryvolová M, Foret F, Guttman A, Bek F, Macka M. Chip-based CE for rapid separation of 8-aminopyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid (APTS) derivatized glycans. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:3783-6. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201000457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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42
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Theberge A, Courtois F, Schaerli Y, Fischlechner M, Abell C, Hollfelder F, Huck W. Microdroplets in Microfluidics: An Evolving Platform for Discoveries in Chemistry and Biology. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010; 49:5846-68. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200906653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 833] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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43
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Fritzsche S, Hoffmann P, Belder D. Chip electrophoresis with mass spectrometric detection in record speed. LAB ON A CHIP 2010; 10:1227-1230. [PMID: 20445873 DOI: 10.1039/c000349b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate that the combination of high speed separations on chip with a fast mass spectrometer enables electrophoretic separations with full mass spectra registration within a second. This was accomplished by coupling a microfluidic glass chip with an integrated nanospray emitter to a fast time of flight mass spectrometer working at 100 Hz for data acquisition. Applying field strengths up to 5800 V cm(-1) we achieved separations of model analytes such as pharmaceuticals and peptides with subsequent acquisition of full mass spectra within one second or slightly more.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Fritzsche
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, University of Leipzig, Linnéstr. 3, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
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44
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Sikanen T, Franssila S, Kauppila TJ, Kostiainen R, Kotiaho T, Ketola RA. Microchip technology in mass spectrometry. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2010; 29:351-391. [PMID: 19514079 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Microfabrication of analytical devices is currently of growing interest and many microfabricated instruments have also entered the field of mass spectrometry (MS). Various (atmospheric pressure) ion sources as well as mass analyzers have been developed exploiting microfabrication techniques. The most common approach thus far has been the miniaturization of the electrospray ion source and its integration with various separation and sampling units. Other ionization techniques, mainly atmospheric pressure chemical ionization and photoionization, have also been subject to miniaturization, though they have not attracted as much attention. Likewise, all common types of mass analyzers have been realized by microfabrication and, in most cases, successfully applied to MS analysis in conjunction with on-chip ionization. This review summarizes the latest achievements in the field of microfabricated ion sources and mass analyzers. Representative applications are reviewed focusing on the development of fully microfabricated systems where ion sources or analyzers are integrated with microfluidic separation devices or microfabricated pums and detectors, respectively. Also the main microfabrication methods, with their possibilities and constraints, are briefly discussed together with the most commonly used materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiina Sikanen
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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45
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Klepárník K, Otevřel M. Analyte transport in liquid junction nano-electrospray interface between capillary electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:879-85. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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46
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Ehlert S, Trojer L, Vollmer M, van de Goor T, Tallarek U. Performance of HPLC/MS microchips in isocratic and gradient elution modes. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2010; 45:313-320. [PMID: 20209581 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We analyzed the chromatographic performance of particle-packed, all-polyimide high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS) microchips in terms of their hydraulic permeabilities and separation efficiency under isocratic and gradient elution conditions. The separation channels of the chips (with ca 50 microm x 75 microm trapezoidal cross-section and a length of 43 mm) were slurry packed with either 3.5 or 5 microm spherical porous C18-silica particles. A custom-built holder enveloped the chip during packing to prevent channel deformation and delamination from high pressures. It is shown that the packing conditions significantly impact the packing density of the HPLC/MS chips, which determines their performance in both, isocratic and gradient elution modes. Even with steep solvent gradients, peak shape and chromatographic resolution for the densely packed HPLC/MS chips are much improved. Our data show that the analytical power of the HPLC/MS chip is limited by the quality of the chromatographic separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Ehlert
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, 35032 Marburg, Germany
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47
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McMullen JP, Jensen KF. Integrated microreactors for reaction automation: new approaches to reaction development. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2010; 3:19-42. [PMID: 20636032 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.anchem.111808.073718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Applications of microsystems (microreactors) in continuous-flow chemistry have expanded rapidly over the past two decades, with numerous reports of higher conversions and yields compared to conventional batch benchtop equipment. Synthesis applications are enhanced by chemical information gained from integrating microreactor components with sensors, actuators, and automated fluid handling. Moreover, miniaturized systems allow experiments on well-defined samples at conditions not easily accessed by conventional means, such as reactions at high pressure and temperatures. The wealth of synthesis information that could potentially be acquired through use of microreactors integrated with physical sensors and analytical chemistry techniques for online reaction monitoring has not yet been well explored. The increased efficiency resulting from use of continuous-flow microreactor platforms to automate reaction screening and optimization encourages a shift from current batchwise chemical reaction development to this new approach. We review advances in this new area and provide application examples of online monitoring and automation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan P McMullen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, 02139, USA.
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48
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Gibson GTT, Mugo SM, Oleschuk RD. Nanoelectrospray emitters: trends and perspective. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2009; 28:918-936. [PMID: 19479726 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The benefits of electrospray ionization are many, including sensitivity, robustness, simplicity and the ability to couple continuous flow methods with mass spectrometry. The technique has seen further improvement by lowering flow rates to the nanoelectrospray regime (<1,000 nL/min), where sample consumption is minimized and sensitivity increases. The move to nanoelectrospray has required a shift in the design of the electrospray source which has mostly involved the emitter itself. The emitter has seen an evolution in architecture as the shape and geometry of the device have proved pivotal in the formation of sufficiently small droplets for sensitive MS detection at these flow rates. There is a clear movement toward the development of emitters that produce multiple Taylor cones. Such multielectrospray emitters have been shown to provide enhanced sensitivity and sample utilization. This article reviews the development of nanoelectrospray emitters, including factors such as geometry and the manner of applying voltage. Designs for emitters that take advantage of multielectrospray are emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham T T Gibson
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 3N6
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Lee J, Soper SA, Murray KK. Development of an efficient on-chip digestion system for protein analysis using MALDI-TOF MS. Analyst 2009; 134:2426-33. [PMID: 19918612 DOI: 10.1039/b916556h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A solid-phase trypsin microreactor was constructed and operated with electrokinetically-driven flow for the digestion of proteins and coupled off-line with MALDI-TOF MS. The bioreactor was fabricated from poly(methyl methacrylate), PMMA, by hot embossing using a mold master prepared by micro-milling. The solid-phase bioreactor consisted of a 4 cm long, 200 microm wide, and 50 microm deep microfluidic channel that was populated with an array of 50 microm diameter micropost structures with a 50 microm inter-post spacing. The bioreactor was prepared by covalently attaching the proteolytic enzyme, trypsin, to the UV-modified surface of the PMMA microstructures using the appropriate coupling reagents. The performance of the system was evaluated using a set of proteins. The bioreactor provided efficient digestion of cytochrome c at a field strength of 375 V/cm, producing a reaction time of approximately 20 s to produce 97% sequence coverage for protein identification. Bovine serum albumin (BSA), phosphorylase b, and beta-casein were also assessed and the sequence coverages were 46, 63, and 79%, respectively, using the same reactor residence time. Furthermore, Escherichia coli was used as a model to demonstrate the feasibility of fingerprint analysis for intact cells using this solid-phase bioreactor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeonghoon Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
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Reinsberg KG, Effelsberg U, Tallarek U. Microchip electrospray performance during gradient elution with bulk conductivity changes. LAB ON A CHIP 2009; 9:2914-2923. [PMID: 19789744 DOI: 10.1039/b905052c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This work identifies dynamic changes in bulk conductivity during reversed-phase HPLC gradient elution as a major source for spray mode changes and instabilities observed in ESI-MS. A commercial microchip-HPLC/ESI-MS configuration was modified to enable electrospray diagnostics based on frequency analysis of the microchip emitter current combined with spray imaging. This approach facilitated detection of different spray modes together with their onset potentials. Water/acetonitrile mixtures containing formic acid were selected as the electrosprayed solutions to represent typical conditions in reversed-phase HPLC. Experimental data are complemented by computational fluid dynamics simulations, treating the electrosprayed solution as leaky dielectric fluid, to address the influence of bulk conductivity and applied potential difference on the developing cone-jet morphology and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus-Georg Reinsberg
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, 35032 Marburg, Germany
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