1
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Mikhael A, Hardie D, Smith D, Pětrošová H, Ernst RK, Goodlett DR. Structural Elucidation of Intact Rough-type Lipopolysaccharides Using Field Asymmetric Ion Mobility Spectrometry and Kendrick Mass Defect Plots. Anal Chem 2023; 95:16796-16800. [PMID: 37943784 PMCID: PMC10666081 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c02947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) are a hallmark virulence factor of Gram-negative bacteria. They are complex, structurally heterogeneous mixtures due to variations in number, type, and position of their simplest units: fatty acids and monosaccharides. Thus, LPS structural characterization by traditional mass spectrometry (MS) methods is challenging. Here, we describe the benefits of field asymmetric ion mobility spectrometry (FAIMS) for analysis of an intact R-type lipopolysaccharide complex mixture (lipooligosaccharide; LOS). Structural characterization was performed using Escherichia coli J5 (Rc mutant) LOS, a TLR4 agonist widely used in glycoconjugate vaccine research. FAIMS gas-phase fractionation improved the (S/N) ratio and number of detected LOS species. Additionally, FAIMS allowed the separation of overlapping isobars facilitating their tandem MS characterization and unequivocal structural assignments. In addition to FAIMS gas-phase fractionation benefits, extra sorting of the structurally related LOS molecules was further accomplished using Kendrick mass defect (KMD) plots. Notably, a custom KMD base unit of [Na-H] created a highly organized KMD plot that allowed identification of interesting and novel structural differences across the different LOS ion families, i.e., ions with different acylation degrees, oligosaccharides composition, and chemical modifications. Defining the composition of a single LOS ion by tandem MS along with the organized KMD plot structural network was sufficient to deduce the composition of 181 LOS species out of 321 species present in the mixture. The combination of FAIMS and KMD plots allowed in-depth characterization of the complex LOS mixture and uncovered a wealth of novel information about its structural variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abanoub Mikhael
- Department
of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University
of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 2Y2, Canada
- University
of Victoria Genome British Columbia Proteomics Centre, Victoria, British Columbia V8Z 7X8, Canada
| | - Darryl Hardie
- University
of Victoria Genome British Columbia Proteomics Centre, Victoria, British Columbia V8Z 7X8, Canada
| | - Derek Smith
- University
of Victoria Genome British Columbia Proteomics Centre, Victoria, British Columbia V8Z 7X8, Canada
| | - Helena Pětrošová
- Department
of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University
of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 2Y2, Canada
- University
of Victoria Genome British Columbia Proteomics Centre, Victoria, British Columbia V8Z 7X8, Canada
| | - Robert K. Ernst
- Department
of Microbial Pathogenesis, University of
Maryland—Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - David R. Goodlett
- Department
of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University
of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 2Y2, Canada
- University
of Victoria Genome British Columbia Proteomics Centre, Victoria, British Columbia V8Z 7X8, Canada
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2
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John CM, Phillips NJ, Cardenas AJ, Criss AK, Jarvis GA. Comparison of lipooligosaccharides from human challenge strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1215946. [PMID: 37779694 PMCID: PMC10540682 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1215946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The alarming rise of antibiotic resistance and the emergence of new vaccine technologies have increased the focus on vaccination to control gonorrhea. Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains FA1090 and MS11 have been used in challenge studies in human males. We used negative-ion MALDI-TOF MS to profile intact lipooligosaccharide (LOS) from strains MS11mkA, MS11mkC, FA1090 A23a, and FA1090 1-81-S2. The MS11mkC and 1-81-S2 variants were isolated from male volunteers infected with MS11mkA and A23a, respectively. LOS profiles were obtained after purification using the classical phenol water extraction method and by microwave-enhanced enzymatic digestion, which is more amenable for small-scale work. Despite detecting some differences in the LOS profiles, the same major species were observed, indicating that microwave-enhanced enzymatic digestion is appropriate for MS studies. The compositions determined for MS11mkA and mkC LOS were consistent with previous reports. FA1090 is strongly recognized by mAb 2C7, an antibody-binding LOS with both α- and β-chains if the latter is a lactosyl group. The spectra of the A23a and 1-81-S2 FA1090 LOS were similar to each other and consistent with the expression of α-chain lacto-N-neotetraose and β-chain lactosyl moieties that can both be acceptor sites for sialic acid substitution. 1-81-S2 LOS was analyzed after culture with and without media supplemented with cytidine-5'-monophosphate N-acetylneuraminic acid (CMP-Neu5Ac), which N. gonorrhoeae needs to sialylate its LOS. LOS sialylation reduces the infectivity of gonococci in men, although it induces serum resistance in serum-sensitive strains and reduces killing by neutrophils and antimicrobial peptides. The infectivity of FA1090 in men is much lower than that of MS11mkC, but the reason for this difference is unclear. Interestingly, some peaks in the spectra of 1-81-S2 LOS after bacterial culture with CMP-Neu5Ac were consistent with disialylation of the LOS, which could be relevant to the reduced infectivity of FA1090 in men and could have implications regarding the phase variation of the LOS and the natural history of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constance M. John
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Nancy J. Phillips
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Amaris J. Cardenas
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Alison K. Criss
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Gary A. Jarvis
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
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3
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Hoffmann A, Pacios K, Mühlemann R, Daumke R, Frank B, Kalman F. Application of a novel chemical assay for the quantification of endotoxins in bacterial bioreactor samples. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2023; 1228:123839. [PMID: 37527605 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2023.123839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
A novel chemical assay, the so-called Kdo-DMB-liquid chromatography (LC) assay, was used for the accurate and cost-effective determination of the endotoxin content in supernatants of Gram-negative bacteria bioreactor samples. During mild acid hydrolysis, the endotoxin-specific sugar acid 3-deoxy-D-manno-oct-2-ulsonic acid (Kdo) is quantitatively released. Kdo is reacted with 1,2-diamino-4,5-methylenedioxybenzene (DMB) to obtain the highly fluorescent derivate Kdo-DMB. It is separated from the reaction mixture by reversed phase-(U)HPLC and detected by fluorescence. From the Kdo content the endotoxin content of the sample is calculated. For three batch cultivations of Escherichia coli K12 and a fed-batch cultivation of Pseudomonas putida KT2440, the evolution of the endotoxin content in dependence on the cultivation time was monitored. Under optimal, constant cultivation conditions a linear correlation between the endotoxin content and the easy-to-access bioreactor parameters optical density at 600 nm and dry cell weight was found for both endotoxin kinds. Under stress cultivation conditions the E. coli K12 cultivation showed a stronger increase of the endotoxin content at harvest in comparison to optimal conditions. Optical density and dry cell weight may be used for production reactors as an economic real-time estimation tool to determine the endotoxin content at different cultivation time points and conditions. The optical density can further be used to establish straightforward sample dilution schemes for endotoxin quantification in samples of unknown endotoxin content. The endotoxin content [ng mL-1] measured by the Kdo-DMB-LC assay and the endotoxin activity [EU mL-1] obtained by the compendial Limulus Amoebocyte Lysate assay show a high correlation for the bacterial bioreactor samples tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anika Hoffmann
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland Valais, Institute of Life Technology, Rue de l'Industrie 23, 1950 Sion, Switzerland
| | - Kevin Pacios
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland Valais, Institute of Life Technology, Rue de l'Industrie 23, 1950 Sion, Switzerland
| | - Reto Mühlemann
- FILTROX AG, Moosmühlestr. 6, 9000 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Ralph Daumke
- FILTROX AG, Moosmühlestr. 6, 9000 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Brian Frank
- FILTROX AG, Moosmühlestr. 6, 9000 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Franka Kalman
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland Valais, Institute of Life Technology, Rue de l'Industrie 23, 1950 Sion, Switzerland.
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4
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Mikhael A, Hardie D, Smith D, Pětrošová H, Ernst RK, Goodlett DR. Structural Elucidation of Intact Rough-Type Lipopolysaccharides using Field Asymmetric Ion Mobility Spectrometry and Kendrick Mass Defect Plots. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.21.545950. [PMID: 37461651 PMCID: PMC10349945 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.21.545950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a hallmark virulence factor of Gram-negative bacteria. It is a complex, structurally heterogeneous mixture due to variations in number, type, and position of its simplest units: fatty acids and monosaccharides. Thus, LPS structural characterization by traditional mass spectrometry (MS) methods is challenging. Here, we describe the benefits of field asymmetric ion mobility spectrometry (FAIMS) for analysis of intact R-type lipopolysaccharide complex mixture (lipooligosaccharide; LOS). Structural characterization was performed using Escherichia coli J5 (Rc mutant) LOS, a TLR4 agonist widely used in glycoconjugate vaccine research. FAIMS gas phase fractionation improved the (S/N) ratio and number of detected LOS species. Additionally, FAIMS allowed the separation of overlapping isobars facilitating their tandem MS characterization and unequivocal structural assignments. In addition to FAIMS gas phase fractionation benefits, extra sorting of the structurally related LOS molecules was further accomplished using Kendrick mass defect (KMD) plots. Notably, a custom KMD base unit of [NaH] created a highly organized KMD plot that allowed identification of interesting and novel structural differences across the different LOS ion families; i.e., ions with different acylation degrees, oligosaccharides composition, and chemical modifications. Defining the composition of a single LOS ion by tandem MS along with the organized KMD plot structural network was sufficient to deduce the composition of 179 LOS species out of 321 species present in the mixture. The combination of FAIMS and KMD plots allowed in-depth characterization of the complex LOS mixture and uncovered a wealth of novel information about its structural variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abanoub Mikhael
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 2Y2, Canada
- University of Victoria Genome British Columbia Proteomics Centre, Victoria, British Columbia V8Z 7X8, Canada
| | - Darryl Hardie
- University of Victoria Genome British Columbia Proteomics Centre, Victoria, British Columbia V8Z 7X8, Canada
| | - Derek Smith
- University of Victoria Genome British Columbia Proteomics Centre, Victoria, British Columbia V8Z 7X8, Canada
| | - Helena Pětrošová
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 2Y2, Canada
- University of Victoria Genome British Columbia Proteomics Centre, Victoria, British Columbia V8Z 7X8, Canada
| | - Robert K Ernst
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, University of Maryland - Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, 21201 USA
| | - David R Goodlett
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 2Y2, Canada
- University of Victoria Genome British Columbia Proteomics Centre, Victoria, British Columbia V8Z 7X8, Canada
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5
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Sidor K, Skirecki T. A Bittersweet Kiss of Gram-Negative Bacteria: The Role of ADP-Heptose in the Pathogenesis of Infection. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1316. [PMID: 37317291 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11051316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the global crisis caused by the dramatic rise of drug resistance among Gram-negative bacteria, there is an urgent need for a thorough understanding of the pathogenesis of infections of such an etiology. In light of the limited availability of new antibiotics, therapies aimed at host-pathogen interactions emerge as potential treatment modalities. Thus, understanding the mechanism of pathogen recognition by the host and immune evasion appear to be the key scientific issues. Until recently, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was recognized as a major pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) of Gram-negative bacteria. However, recently, ADP-L-glycero-β-D-manno-heptose (ADP-heptose), an intermediate carbohydrate metabolite of the LPS biosynthesis pathway, was discovered to activate the hosts' innate immunity. Therefore, ADP-heptose is regarded as a novel PAMP of Gram-negative bacteria that is recognized by the cytosolic alpha kinase-1 (ALPK1) protein. The conservative nature of this molecule makes it an intriguing player in host-pathogen interactions, especially in the context of changes in LPS structure or even in its loss by certain resistant pathogens. Here, we present the ADP-heptose metabolism, outline the mechanisms of its recognition and the activation of its immunity, and summarize the role of ADP-heptose in the pathogenesis of infection. Finally, we hypothesize about the routes of the entry of this sugar into cytosol and point to emerging questions that require further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Sidor
- Department of Translational Immunology and Experimental Intensive Care, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Marymoncka 99/103, 01-813 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Skirecki
- Department of Translational Immunology and Experimental Intensive Care, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Marymoncka 99/103, 01-813 Warsaw, Poland
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6
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Wang Q, Kim H, Halvorsen TM, Chen S, Hayes CS, Buie CR. Leveraging microfluidic dielectrophoresis to distinguish compositional variations of lipopolysaccharide in E. coli. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:991784. [PMID: 36873367 PMCID: PMC9979706 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.991784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is the unique feature that composes the outer leaflet of the Gram-negative bacterial cell envelope. Variations in LPS structures affect a number of physiological processes, including outer membrane permeability, antimicrobial resistance, recognition by the host immune system, biofilm formation, and interbacterial competition. Rapid characterization of LPS properties is crucial for studying the relationship between these LPS structural changes and bacterial physiology. However, current assessments of LPS structures require LPS extraction and purification followed by cumbersome proteomic analysis. This paper demonstrates one of the first high-throughput and non-invasive strategies to directly distinguish Escherichia coli with different LPS structures. Using a combination of three-dimensional insulator-based dielectrophoresis (3DiDEP) and cell tracking in a linear electrokinetics assay, we elucidate the effect of structural changes in E. coli LPS oligosaccharides on electrokinetic mobility and polarizability. We show that our platform is sufficiently sensitive to detect LPS structural variations at the molecular level. To correlate electrokinetic properties of LPS with the outer membrane permeability, we further examined effects of LPS structural variations on bacterial susceptibility to colistin, an antibiotic known to disrupt the outer membrane by targeting LPS. Our results suggest that microfluidic electrokinetic platforms employing 3DiDEP can be a useful tool for isolating and selecting bacteria based on their LPS glycoforms. Future iterations of these platforms could be leveraged for rapid profiling of pathogens based on their surface LPS structural identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianru Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Hyungseok Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Tiffany M. Halvorsen
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
| | - Sijie Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Christopher S. Hayes
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
| | - Cullen R. Buie
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
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7
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Guan XL, Loh JYX, Lizwan M, Chan SCM, Kwan JMC, Lim TP, Koh TH, Hsu LY, Lee BTK. LipidA-IDER to Explore the Global Lipid A Repertoire of Drug-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacteria. Anal Chem 2023; 95:602-611. [PMID: 36599414 PMCID: PMC9850412 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c03566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
With the global emergence of drug-resistant bacteria causing difficult-to-treat infections, there is an urgent need for a tool to facilitate studies on key virulence and antimicrobial resistant factors. Mass spectrometry (MS) has contributed substantially to the elucidation of the structure-function relationships of lipid A, the endotoxic component of lipopolysaccharide which also serves as an important protective barrier against antimicrobials. Here, we present LipidA-IDER, an automated structure annotation tool for system-level scale identification of lipid A from high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry (MS2) data. LipidA-IDER was validated against previously reported structures of lipid A in the reference bacteria, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Using MS2 data of variable quality, we demonstrated LipidA-IDER annotated lipid A with a performance of 71.2% specificity and 70.9% sensitivity, offering greater accuracy than existing lipidomics software. The organism-independent workflow was further applied to a panel of six bacterial species: E. coli and Gram-negative members of ESKAPE pathogens. A comprehensive atlas comprising 188 distinct lipid A species, including remodeling intermediates, was generated and can be integrated with software including MS-DIAL and Metabokit for identification and semiquantitation. Systematic comparison of a pair of polymyxin-sensitive and polymyxin-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii isolated from a human patient unraveled multiple key lipid A structural features of polymyxin resistance within a single analysis. Probing the lipid A landscape of bacteria using LipidA-IDER thus holds immense potential for advancing our understanding of the vast diversity and structural complexity of a key lipid virulence and antimicrobial-resistant factor. LipidA-IDER is freely available at https://github.com/Systems-Biology-Of-Lipid-Metabolism-Lab/LipidA-IDER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Li Guan
- Lee
Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological
University, Singapore 636921, Singapore,. Tel: +65 6592 3957
| | - Johnathan Yi-Xiong Loh
- Lee
Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological
University, Singapore 636921, Singapore
| | - Marco Lizwan
- Lee
Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological
University, Singapore 636921, Singapore
| | - Sharon Cui Mun Chan
- Lee
Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological
University, Singapore 636921, Singapore
| | - Jeric Mun Chung Kwan
- Lee
Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological
University, Singapore 636921, Singapore
| | - Tze Peng Lim
- Department
of Pharmacy, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore 169608, Singapore
| | - Tse Hsien Koh
- Department
of Microbiology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore 169608, Singapore
| | - Li-Yang Hsu
- Saw Swee
Hock School of Public Health, National University
of Singapore, Singapore 117549, Singapore
| | - Bernett Teck Kwong Lee
- Lee
Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological
University, Singapore 636921, Singapore,Centre
for Biomedical Informatics, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 636921, Singapore,Singapore
Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138648, Singapore
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8
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Aissa I, Dörnyei Á, Sándor V, Kilár A. Complete Structural Elucidation of Monophosphorylated Lipid A by CID Fragmentation of Protonated Molecule and Singly Charged Sodiated Adducts. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2023; 34:92-100. [PMID: 36539922 PMCID: PMC9817073 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.2c00269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Lipid A, the inflammatory portion of lipopolysaccharides (LPS, endotoxins), is the main component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. Its bioactivity in humans and animals is strictly related to its chemical structure. In the present work, the fragmentation patterns of the singly charged monosodium [M + Na]+ and disodium [M - H + 2Na]+ adducts, as well as the protonated form of monophosphorylated lipid A species were investigated in detail using positive-ion electrospray ionization-based tandem (MS/MS) and multistage mass spectrometry (MSn) with low-energy collision-induced dissociation (CID). Several synthetic and native lipid A samples were included in the study. We found that the fragmentation pattern of disodiated lipid A is quite similar to that of the well-characterized deprotonated lipid A molecule (typically detected in the negative-ion mode), while the fragmentation pattern of monosodiated lipid A contains fragment ions similar to those of both protonated and deprotonated lipid A molecules. In summary, we propose a new mass spectrometry approach based on the fragmentation regularities of only positively charged precursor ions to dissect the location of the phosphate group and fatty acid moieties on monophosphorylated lipid A. Moreover, this study provides a better understanding of the so-called "chimera mass spectra", which are commonly detected during the fragmentation of native lipid A samples containing both C-1 and C-4' phosphate positional isomers but rarely identified in negative-ion mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Aissa
- Department
of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 6, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Ágnes Dörnyei
- Department
of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 6, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Viktor Sándor
- Institute
of Bioanalysis, Medical School and Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Anikó Kilár
- Institute
of Bioanalysis, Medical School and Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
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9
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Gorman A, Golovanov AP. Lipopolysaccharide Structure and the Phenomenon of Low Endotoxin Recovery. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2022; 180:289-307. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2022.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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10
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Nicolardi S, Danuser R, Dotz V, Domínguez-Vega E, Al Kaabi A, Beurret M, Anish C, Wuhrer M. Glycan and Protein Analysis of Glycoengineered Bacterial E. coli Vaccines by MALDI-in-Source Decay FT-ICR Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2022; 94:4979-4987. [PMID: 35293727 PMCID: PMC8969423 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c04690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial glycoconjugate vaccines have a major role in preventing microbial infections. Immunogenic bacterial glycans, such as O-antigen polysaccharides, can be recombinantly expressed and combined with specific carrier proteins to produce effective vaccines. O-Antigen polysaccharides are typically polydisperse, and carrier proteins can have multiple glycosylation sites. Consequently, recombinant glycoconjugate vaccines have a high structural heterogeneity, making their characterization challenging. Since development and quality control processes rely on such characterization, novel strategies are needed for faster and informative analysis. Here, we present a novel approach employing minimal sample preparation and ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometry analysis for protein terminal sequencing and characterization of the oligosaccharide repeat units of bacterial glycoconjugate vaccines. Three glycoconjugate vaccine candidates, obtained from the bioconjugation of the O-antigen polysaccharides from E. coli serotypes O2, O6A, and O25B with the genetically detoxified exotoxin A from Pseudomonas aeruginosa, were analyzed by MALDI-in-source decay (ISD) FT-ICR MS. Protein and glycan ISD fragment ions were selectively detected using 1,5-diaminonaphtalene and a 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid/2-hydroxy-5-methoxybenzoic acid mixture (super-DHB) as a MALDI matrix, respectively. The analysis of protein fragments required the absence of salts in the samples, while the presence of salt was key for the detection of sodiated glycan fragments. MS/MS analysis of O-antigen ISD fragments allowed for the detection of specific repeat unit signatures. The developed strategy requires minute sample amounts, avoids the use of chemical derivatizations, and comes with minimal hands-on time allowing for fast corroboration of key structural features of bacterial glycoconjugate vaccines during early- and late-stage development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Nicolardi
- Center
for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden
University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Renzo Danuser
- Janssen
Vaccines AG (Branch of Cilag GmbH International), Rehhagstrasse 79, CH-3018 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Viktoria Dotz
- Bacterial
Vaccine Discovery & Early Development, Janssen Vaccines and Prevention B.V., Archimedesweg 4-6, 2333 CN Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Elena Domínguez-Vega
- Center
for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden
University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ali Al Kaabi
- Janssen
Vaccines AG (Branch of Cilag GmbH International), Rehhagstrasse 79, CH-3018 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Michel Beurret
- Bacterial
Vaccine Discovery & Early Development, Janssen Vaccines and Prevention B.V., Archimedesweg 4-6, 2333 CN Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Chakkumkal Anish
- Bacterial
Vaccine Discovery & Early Development, Janssen Vaccines and Prevention B.V., Archimedesweg 4-6, 2333 CN Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Manfred Wuhrer
- Center
for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden
University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
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11
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Mohr AE, Crawford M, Jasbi P, Fessler S, Sweazea KL. Lipopolysaccharide and the gut microbiota: Considering structural variation. FEBS Lett 2022; 596:849-875. [PMID: 35262962 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Systemic inflammation is associated with chronic disease and is purported to be a main pathogenic mechanism underlying metabolic conditions. Microbes harbored in the host gastrointestinal tract release signaling byproducts from their cell wall, such as lipopolysaccharides (LPS), which can act locally and, after crossing the gut barrier and entering circulation, also systemically. Defined as metabolic endotoxemia, elevated concentrations of LPS in circulation are associated with metabolic conditions and chronic disease. As such, measurement of LPS is highly prevalent in animal and human research investigating these states. Indeed, LPS can be a potent stimulant of host immunity but this response depends on the microbial species' origin, a parameter often overlooked in both preclinical and clinical investigations. Indeed, the lipid A portion of LPS is mutable and comprises the main virulence and endotoxic component, thus contributing to the structural and functional diversity among LPSs from microbial species. In this review, we discuss how such structural differences in LPS can induce differential immunological responses in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex E Mohr
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Meli'sa Crawford
- Biomedical Sciences, University of Riverside, California, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - Paniz Jasbi
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Samantha Fessler
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Karen L Sweazea
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America.,School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
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12
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Pupo E, van der Ley P, Meiring HD. Nanoflow LC-MS Method Allowing In-Depth Characterization of Natural Heterogeneity of Complex Bacterial Lipopolysaccharides. Anal Chem 2021; 93:15832-15839. [PMID: 34807566 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c01043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The variable modification of the outer membrane lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in Gram-negative bacteria contributes to bacterial pathogenesis through various mechanisms, including the development of antibiotic resistance and evasion of the immune response of the host. Characterizing the natural structural repertoire of LPS is challenging due to the high heterogeneity, branched architecture, and strong amphipathic character of these glycolipids. To address this problem, we have developed a method enabling the separation and structural profiling of complex intact LPS mixtures by using nanoflow reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (nLC) coupled to electrospray ionization Fourier transform mass spectrometry (ESI-FT-MSn). Nanogram quantities of rough-type LPS mixtures from Neisseria meningitidis could be separated and analyzed by nLC-ESI-FT-MS. Furthermore, the method enabled the analysis of highly heterogeneous smooth (S)-type LPS from pathogenic enteric bacteria such as Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium and Escherichia coli serotype O111:B4. High-resolution, accurate mass spectra of intact LPS containing various lengths of the O-specific polysaccharide in the range of 3 and 15 kDa were obtained. In addition, MS/MS experiments with collision-induced dissociation of intact LPS provided detailed information on the composition of oligo/polysaccharides and lipid A domains of single S-type LPS species. The structural heterogeneity of S-type LPS was characterized by unprecedented details. Our results demonstrate that nLC-ESI-FT-MSn is an attractive strategy for the structural profiling of small quantities of complex bacterial LPS mixtures in their intact form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elder Pupo
- Department of Product Characterization and Formulation, Institute for Translational Vaccinology, Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Peter van der Ley
- Department of Clinical Development, Institute for Translational Vaccinology, Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Hugo D Meiring
- Department of Product Characterization and Formulation, Institute for Translational Vaccinology, Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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13
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Bong JH, Park JH, Sung JS, Lee CK, Lee GY, Kang MJ, Kim HO, Pyun JC. Rapid Analysis of Bacterial Contamination in Platelets without Pre-Enrichment Using Pig Serum-Derived Antibodies. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2021; 4:7779-7789. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.1c00538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hong Bong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-Ro, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Jun-Hee Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-Ro, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Jeong Soo Sung
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-Ro, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Chang Kyu Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-Ro, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Ga-Yeon Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-Ro, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Min-Jung Kang
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Korea
| | - Hyun Ok Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Jae-Chul Pyun
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-Ro, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul 03722, Korea
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14
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Aissa I, Kilár A, Dörnyei Á. Study on the CID Fragmentation Pathways of Deprotonated 4'-Monophosphoryl Lipid A. Molecules 2021; 26:5961. [PMID: 34641505 PMCID: PMC8512036 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26195961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid A, the membrane-bound phosphoglycolipid component of bacteria, is held responsible for the clinical syndrome of gram-negative sepsis. In this study, the fragmentation behavior of a set of synthetic lipid A derivatives was studied by electrospray ionization multistage mass spectrometry (ESI-MSn), in conjunction with tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS), using low-energy collision-induced dissociation (CID). Genealogical insight about the fragmentation pathways of the deprotonated 4'-monophosphoryl lipid A structural analogs led to proposals of a number of alternative dissociation routes that have not been reported previously. Each of the fragment ions was interpreted using various possible mechanisms, consistent with the principles of reactions described in organic chemistry. Specifically, the hypothesized mechanisms are: (i) cleavage of the C-3 primary fatty acid leaves behind an epoxide group attached to the reducing sugar; (ii) cleavage of the C-3' primary fatty acid (as an acid) generates a cyclic phosphate connected to the nonreducing sugar; (iii) cleavage of the C-2' secondary fatty acid occurs both in acid and ketene forms; iv) the C-2 and C-2' primary fatty acids are eliminated as an amide and ketene, respectively; (v) the 0,2A2 cross-ring fragment contains a four-membered ring (oxetanose); (vi) the 0,4A2 ion is consecutively formed from the 0,2A2 ion by retro-aldol, retro-cycloaddition, and transesterification; and (vii) formations of H2PO4- and PO3- are associated with the formation of sugar epoxide. An understanding of the relation between 0,2A2 and 0,4A2-type sugar fragments and the different cleavage mechanisms of the two ester-linked primary fatty acids is invaluable for distinguishing lipid A isomers with different locations of a single ester-linked fatty acid (i.e., at C-3 or C-3'). Thus, in addition to a better comprehension of lipid A fragmentation processes in mass spectrometers, our observations can be applied for a more precise elucidation of naturally occurring lipid A structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Aissa
- Department of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 6, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary;
| | - Anikó Kilár
- Institute of Bioanalysis, Medical School and Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary;
| | - Ágnes Dörnyei
- Department of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 6, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary;
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15
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Buré C, Le Sénéchal C, Macias L, Tokarski C, Vilain S, Brodbelt JS. Characterization of Isomers of Lipid A from Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 by Liquid Chromatography with Tandem Mass Spectrometry with Higher-Energy Collisional Dissociation and Ultraviolet Photodissociation. Anal Chem 2021; 93:4255-4262. [PMID: 33625828 PMCID: PMC8377747 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c05069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) constitute the outermost layer of Gram-negative bacteria and consequently play an important role in bacterial infections. In order to address public health issues posed by Gram-negative bacteria, it is necessary to elucidate the structure of the molecular actors at the forefront of infections. LPS virulence and toxicity are partially modulated by lipid A, a hydrophobic saccharolipid that anchors LPS to the bacterial outer membrane. Understanding the lipid A structure is inherently intertwined with understanding its role as an endotoxin. Accordingly, several successful strategies incorporating tandem mass spectrometry have been applied toward the structural analysis of lipid A. Herein, a shotgun HCD strategy was applied toward the characterization of the lipid A profile of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1. This analysis was enhanced by the development of an LC-MS/MS approach to eliminate isomeric signals in the MS/MS spectra that confounded characterization. Importantly, combining reverse phase chromatography with HCD and ultraviolet photodissociation analyses of the lipid A profile revealed the presence of previously unreported lipid A acyl chain positional isomers. Altogether, these strategies provide the most in-depth structural and molecular characterization of PAO1 lipid A to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne Buré
- Institute of Chemistry & Biology of Membranes & Nanoobjects, UMR 5248, CNRS, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, Bordeaux, Pessac F-33076, France
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Caroline Le Sénéchal
- Institute of Chemistry & Biology of Membranes & Nanoobjects, UMR 5248, CNRS, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, Bordeaux, Pessac F-33076, France
| | - Luis Macias
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Caroline Tokarski
- Institute of Chemistry & Biology of Membranes & Nanoobjects, UMR 5248, CNRS, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, Bordeaux, Pessac F-33076, France
| | - Sébastien Vilain
- Institute of Chemistry & Biology of Membranes & Nanoobjects, UMR 5248, CNRS, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, Bordeaux, Pessac F-33076, France
| | - Jennifer S Brodbelt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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16
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Froning M, Helmer PO, Hayen H. Identification and structural characterization of lipid A from Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas putida and Pseudomonas taiwanensis using liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2020; 34:e8897. [PMID: 32673427 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Lipid A is a part of the lipopolysaccharide layer, which is a main component of the outer membrane from Gram-negative bacteria. It can be sensed by mammalians to identify the presence of Gram-negative bacteria in their tissues and plays a key role in the pathogenesis of bacterial infections. Lipid A is also used as an adjuvant in human vaccines, emphasizing the importance of its structural analysis. METHODS In order to distinguish and characterize various lipid A species, a liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) method was developed. Isolation of lipid A from different bacteria was carried out using a modified Bligh and Dyer extraction following a mild acid hydrolysis. Chromatography was performed using a bifunctional reversed-phase-based stationary phase. High-resolution MS using negative electrospray ionization was applied and MS/MS experiments utilizing high-energy collisional dissociation generated diagnostic product ions, which allowed the assignment of the side chains to distinct positions of the lipid A backbone. RESULTS The method was applied to lipid A isolations of Escherichia coli (E. coli), Pseudomonas putida (P. putida) and Pseudomonas taiwanensis (P. taiwanensis). Various lipid A species were identified by their accurate masses and their structures were characterized using MS/MS experiments. Previously described lipid A structures from E. coli were identified and their structures confirmed by MS/MS. For the biotechnologically relevant strains P. putida and P. taiwanensis, we confirmed species by MS/MS, which have previously only been analyzed using MS. In addition, several lipid A species were discovered that have not been previously described in the literature. CONCLUSIONS The combination of LC and MS/MS enabled the selective and sensitive identification and structural characterization of various lipid A species from Gram-negative bacteria. These species varied in their substituted side chains, speaking of fatty acids and phosphate groups. Characteristic product ions facilitated the assignment of side chains to distinct positions of the lipid A backbone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matti Froning
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 30, Münster, 48149, Germany
| | - Patrick O Helmer
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 30, Münster, 48149, Germany
| | - Heiko Hayen
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 30, Münster, 48149, Germany
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17
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Wu Z, Yaeger MJ, Sahin O, Xu C, Beyi AF, Plummer PJ, Meral Ocal M, Zhang Q. A Homologous Bacterin Protects Sheep against Abortion Induced by a Hypervirulent Campylobacter jejuni Clone. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8040662. [PMID: 33172100 PMCID: PMC7711547 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8040662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni clone SA has emerged as the predominant cause of ovine abortion outbreaks in the United States (US). Despite the fact that commercial Campylobacter vaccines are available, their efficacy in protecting abortion induced by C. jejuni clone SA is uncertain, and a protective vaccine is needed to control the disease. In this study, an experimental homologous bacterin (made of a clone SA isolate) and two commercial Campylobacter vaccines were evaluated for their protection against C. jejuni clone SA-induced sheep abortion. All vaccines induced high levels of antibodies against C. jejuni clone SA in pregnant ewes, but only the experimental homologous bacterin produced significant protection (80%). Immunoblotting showed that the experimental vaccine elicited more specific antibodies against C. jejuni clone SA. These findings strongly suggest the necessity of developing a homologous vaccine for the control C. jejuni clone SA induced abortion on sheep farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuowei Wu
- Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50010, USA; (Z.W.); (C.X.); (A.F.B.); (P.J.P.); (M.M.O.)
| | | | - Orhan Sahin
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50010, USA;
| | - Changyun Xu
- Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50010, USA; (Z.W.); (C.X.); (A.F.B.); (P.J.P.); (M.M.O.)
| | - Ashenafi F. Beyi
- Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50010, USA; (Z.W.); (C.X.); (A.F.B.); (P.J.P.); (M.M.O.)
| | - Paul J. Plummer
- Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50010, USA; (Z.W.); (C.X.); (A.F.B.); (P.J.P.); (M.M.O.)
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50010, USA;
- National Institute of Antimicrobial Resistance Research and Education, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - Melda Meral Ocal
- Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50010, USA; (Z.W.); (C.X.); (A.F.B.); (P.J.P.); (M.M.O.)
| | - Qijing Zhang
- Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50010, USA; (Z.W.); (C.X.); (A.F.B.); (P.J.P.); (M.M.O.)
- Correspondence:
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18
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Bucsella B, Hoffmann A, Zollinger M, Stephan F, Pattky M, Daumke R, Heiligtag FJ, Frank B, Bassas-Galia M, Zinn M, Kalman F. Novel RP-HPLC based assay for selective and sensitive endotoxin quantification. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2020; 12:4621-4634. [PMID: 32924034 DOI: 10.1039/d0ay00872a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The paper presents a novel instrumental analytical endotoxin quantification assay. It uses common analytical laboratory equipment (HPLC-FLD) and allows quantifying endotoxins (ETs) in different matrices from about 109 EU per mL down to about 40 EU per mL (RSE based). Test results are obtained in concentration units (e.g. ng ET per mL), which can then be converted to commonly used endotoxin units (EU per mL) in case of known pyrogenic activity. During endotoxin hydrolysis, the endotoxin specific rare sugar acid KDO is obtained quantitatively. After that, KDO is stoichiometrically reacted with DMB, which results in a highly fluorescent derivative. The mixture is separated using RP-HPLC followed by KDO-DMB quantification with a fluorescence detector. Based on the KDO content, the endotoxin content in the sample is calculated. The developed assay is economic and has a small error. Its applicability was demonstrated in applied research. ETs were quantified in purified bacterial biopolymers, which were produced by Gram-negative bacteria. Results were compared to LAL results obtained for the same samples. A high correlation was found between the results of both methods. Further, the new assay was utilized with high success during the development of novel endotoxin specific depth filters, which allow efficient, economic and sustainable ET removal during DSP. Those examples demonstrate that the new assay has the potential to complement the animal-based biological LAL pyrogenic quantification tests, which are accepted today by the major health authorities worldwide for the release of commercial pharmaceutical products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanka Bucsella
- University of Zürich, Department of Chemistry, Winterthurerstr. 190, Zürich, CH-8057, Switzerland and HES-SO Valais (University of Applied Sciences, Sion; Wallis), Institute of Life Technologies, Route du Rawyl 64, CH-1950 Sion 2, Switzerland.
| | - Anika Hoffmann
- HES-SO Valais (University of Applied Sciences, Sion; Wallis), Institute of Life Technologies, Route du Rawyl 64, CH-1950 Sion 2, Switzerland.
| | - Mathieu Zollinger
- HES-SO Valais (University of Applied Sciences, Sion; Wallis), Institute of Life Technologies, Route du Rawyl 64, CH-1950 Sion 2, Switzerland.
| | - Fabio Stephan
- HES-SO Valais (University of Applied Sciences, Sion; Wallis), Institute of Life Technologies, Route du Rawyl 64, CH-1950 Sion 2, Switzerland. and Lonza AG, Quality Control Biopharma, Rottenstrasse 6, CH-3930 Visp, Switzerland
| | - Martin Pattky
- HES-SO Valais (University of Applied Sciences, Sion; Wallis), Institute of Life Technologies, Route du Rawyl 64, CH-1950 Sion 2, Switzerland. and Lonza AG, Quality Control Biopharma, Rottenstrasse 6, CH-3930 Visp, Switzerland
| | - Ralph Daumke
- FILTROX AG, Moosmühlestr. 6, CH-9001 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | | | - Brian Frank
- FILTROX AG, Moosmühlestr. 6, CH-9001 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Mònica Bassas-Galia
- HES-SO Valais (University of Applied Sciences, Sion; Wallis), Institute of Life Technologies, Route du Rawyl 64, CH-1950 Sion 2, Switzerland. and FILTROX AG, Moosmühlestr. 6, CH-9001 St. Gallen, Switzerland and Acrostak AG, Stegackerstrasse 14, 8409 Winterthur, Switzerland
| | - Manfred Zinn
- HES-SO Valais (University of Applied Sciences, Sion; Wallis), Institute of Life Technologies, Route du Rawyl 64, CH-1950 Sion 2, Switzerland.
| | - Franka Kalman
- HES-SO Valais (University of Applied Sciences, Sion; Wallis), Institute of Life Technologies, Route du Rawyl 64, CH-1950 Sion 2, Switzerland. and Acrostak AG, Stegackerstrasse 14, 8409 Winterthur, Switzerland
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19
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Jabbar Siddiqui A, Le Sénéchal C, Vilain S, Buré C. Effect of matrices and additives on phosphorylated and ketodeoxyoctonic acid lipids A analysis by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2020; 55:e4600. [PMID: 32720737 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Lipid A is a major compound of the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria and is a key factor of bacterial virulence. As lipid A's structure differs among bacterial species and varies between strains of the same species, knowing its modifications is essential to understand its implications in the infectious process. To analyze these lipids, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) is a well-suited method that is fast and efficient. However, there are limitations with the matrix and additives used, such as the suppression of signal or prompt fragmentations that could give a false overview of lipid A composition in biological samples. For a comprehensive analysis of the entire lipid A species present in a sample, we tested 16 matrices and 11 additives on two commercial lipids A. The first commercial one contains single phosphorylation group, and the second contains two phosphorylation and two ketodeoxyoctonic acid (KDO) groups. The lipid A containing KDO groups was essentially detected by the 3-hydroxypicolinic acid (3-HPA) matrix, whereas the monophosphorylated lipid A could be detected by 13 matrices out of the 16. We also demonstrated that the signal of diphosphorylated lipid A can be enhanced with the use of additives in the matrix. Our study indicated that the best conditions to obtain a clear signal of both lipids A without prompt fragmentation was the use of 3-HPA with 10mM trifluoroacetic acid (TFA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Amna Jabbar Siddiqui
- CNRS, Bordeaux INP, CBMN, UMR 5248, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, F-33600, France
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
| | - Caroline Le Sénéchal
- CNRS, Bordeaux INP, CBMN, UMR 5248, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, F-33600, France
| | - Sébastien Vilain
- CNRS, Bordeaux INP, CBMN, UMR 5248, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, F-33600, France
| | - Corinne Buré
- CNRS, Bordeaux INP, CBMN, UMR 5248, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, F-33600, France
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20
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Lian X, Huang S, Han S, Yi Q, Wang W, Sun J, Wang L, Song L. The involvement of a regucalcin in suppressing hemocyte apoptosis in Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 103:229-238. [PMID: 32439509 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Regucalcin (RGN), also known as senescence marker protein-30 (SMP30), plays a vital role in the regulation of Ca2+ homeostasis. In the present study, a regucalcin (designated as CgRGN) was identified from Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. The complete cDNA sequence of CgRGN was of 1059 bp, containing an open reading frame of 933 bp which encoded a protein of 310 amino acids. The deduced amino acid sequence of CgRGN shared similarity with other RGNs from the genome of C. gigas as well as other species. The mRNA transcripts of CgRGN were universally detected in all tested tissues, with higher level in hepatopancreas, labial palp, and gills. The relative expression level of CgRGN in hemocytes was significantly up-regulated (p < 0.05) at 3, 12, 72, and 96 h after the stimulation of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). After CgRGN expression was interfered by specific CgRGN-dsRNA, the hemocytes apoptosis rate increased dramatically at 12 h post LPS stimulation (1.56 fold, p < 0.01), compared to the control group. The caspase-3 activity in hemocytes and NO concentration in hemolymph increased significantly (p < 0.05) in dsCgRGN injection oysters. These results collectively indicated that CgRGN could suppress LPS-induced apoptosis and be involved in the immune response of oysters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingye Lian
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Shu Huang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Shuo Han
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Qilin Yi
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Weilin Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Jiejie Sun
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Functional Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266235, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Functional Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266235, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China.
| | - Linsheng Song
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Functional Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266235, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
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21
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Sándor V, Berkics BV, Kilár A, Kocsis B, Kilár F, Dörnyei Á. NACE–ESI‐MS/MS method for separation and characterization of phosphorylation and acylation isomers of lipid A. Electrophoresis 2020; 41:1178-1188. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201900251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Sándor
- Institute of Bioanalysis Medical School and Szentágothai Research Centre University of Pécs Pécs Hungary
| | - Balázs Viktor Berkics
- Institute of Bioanalysis Medical School and Szentágothai Research Centre University of Pécs Pécs Hungary
| | - Anikó Kilár
- Institute of Bioanalysis Medical School and Szentágothai Research Centre University of Pécs Pécs Hungary
| | - Béla Kocsis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School University of Pécs Pécs Hungary
| | - Ferenc Kilár
- Institute of Bioanalysis Medical School and Szentágothai Research Centre University of Pécs Pécs Hungary
- Department of Bioengineering Sapientia Hungarian University of Transylvania Miercurea Ciuc Romania
| | - Ágnes Dörnyei
- Department of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Science University of Pécs Pécs Hungary
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Jiao Y, Gu Z, Luo S, Deng Y. Evolutionary and functional analysis of MyD88 genes in pearl oyster Pinctada fucata martensii. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 99:322-330. [PMID: 32060010 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) is an adapter protein that links toll-like receptor and interleukin 1 receptor-mediated signal transduction. In this study, we identified 20 MyD88 genes from eight mollusk genomes and found that MyD88 was expanded in bivalves. This expansion tends to be tandem duplication. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that the tandem duplication of MyD88 was formed before bivalve differentiation. All of the identified MyD88 contained both of death domain (DD) and toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain, and 13 mollusks MyD88 have low complexity regions (LCRs), which were not found in the MyD88 from humans and zebrafish. The genomic structure showed that most of the mollusk MyD88 (14 of 19) contained five conserved introns, four of which were found in humans and zebrafish. Furthermore, the cDNA full length of PfmMyD88-2 (one of the two identified MyD88 in Pincatada fucata martensii) was obtained with 1591 bp, including 260 bp of 5'UTR, 257 bp of 3'UTR, and 1077 bp of open reading frame encoding 358 amino acids. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis demonstrated that PfmMyD88-2 mRNA was widely expressed in all detected tissues. The highest expression level was in the gills and followed by hepatopancreas and feet. After lipopolysaccharide stimulation, PfmMyD88-2 expression level increased and reached the highest level at 12 h and then gradually declined to the normal level. Over-expression of PfmMyD88-2 in HEK293T increased the luciferase activity of the pNF-κB-Luc reporter. We also identified that PfmmiR-4047 could regulate the expression of PfmMyD88-2. These results help us elucidate the mechanism underlying mollusk immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Jiao
- Fishery College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524025, China; Guangdong Technology Research Center for pearl aquaculture and process, Zhanjiang, 524025, China
| | - Zefeng Gu
- Fishery College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524025, China
| | - Shaojie Luo
- Fishery College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524025, China
| | - Yuewen Deng
- Fishery College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524025, China; Guangdong Technology Research Center for pearl aquaculture and process, Zhanjiang, 524025, China.
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23
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Choi YR, Kim KS, Bandu R, Kim H, Lee JE, Shin B, Cho YJ, Park JM, Lee H, Kim KP. Liquid Chromatography/Electrospray Ionization Tandem Mass Spectrometry‐based Structural Analysis of Deacylated Lipooligosaccharides From Escherichia coli. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.11993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Ri Choi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Institute of Natural Science, Global Center for Pharmaceutical Ingredient MaterialsKyung Hee University Yongin 17104 Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Sung Kim
- R&D center, EyeGene Goyang 10551 Republic of Korea
- Department of Integrated Bioscience and BiotechnologySejong University Seoul 05006 Republic of Korea
| | - Raju Bandu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Institute of Natural Science, Global Center for Pharmaceutical Ingredient MaterialsKyung Hee University Yongin 17104 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoseon Kim
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Institute of Natural Science, Global Center for Pharmaceutical Ingredient MaterialsKyung Hee University Yongin 17104 Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Eun Lee
- R&D center, EyeGene Goyang 10551 Republic of Korea
| | | | - Yang Je Cho
- R&D center, EyeGene Goyang 10551 Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Moon Park
- College of PharmacyGachon University Incheon 21936 Republic of Korea
| | - Hookeun Lee
- College of PharmacyGachon University Incheon 21936 Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Pyo Kim
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Institute of Natural Science, Global Center for Pharmaceutical Ingredient MaterialsKyung Hee University Yongin 17104 Republic of Korea
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24
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Gestal MC, Johnson HM, Harvill ET. Immunomodulation as a Novel Strategy for Prevention and Treatment of Bordetella spp. Infections. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2869. [PMID: 31921136 PMCID: PMC6923730 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Well-adapted pathogens have evolved to survive the many challenges of a robust immune response. Defending against all host antimicrobials simultaneously would be exceedingly difficult, if not impossible, so many co-evolved organisms utilize immunomodulatory tools to subvert, distract, and/or evade the host immune response. Bordetella spp. present many examples of the diversity of immunomodulators and an exceptional experimental system in which to study them. Recent advances in this experimental system suggest strategies for interventions that tweak immunity to disrupt bacterial immunomodulation, engaging more effective host immunity to better prevent and treat infections. Here we review advances in the understanding of respiratory pathogens, with special focus on Bordetella spp., and prospects for the use of immune-stimulatory interventions in the prevention and treatment of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica C Gestal
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Hannah M Johnson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Eric T Harvill
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
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25
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LPS Inhibits Fatty Acid Absorption in Enterocytes through TNF-α Secreted by Macrophages. Cells 2019; 8:cells8121626. [PMID: 31842409 PMCID: PMC6953048 DOI: 10.3390/cells8121626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Diarrhea, such as steatorrhea, could result from fat absorption disorders, which could be caused by many factors, including Escherichia coli infection. However, it is not clear how E. coli affects fatty acid absorption in animals. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), as one of the main pathogenic components of E. coli, is the main cause of the virulence of E. coli. Therefore, we used LPS to explore the underlying mechanism of E. coli that causes the inhibition of fatty acid absorption in the intestine. In this study, we found that LPS caused apoptosis of intestinal epithelial cells in mice. Further, caspase-3 activation caused the inhibition of fatty acid absorption in the intestinal porcine enterocyte cell line (IPEC-J2). However, direct treatment of LPS did not induce any significant change in fatty acid absorption in IPEC-J2. We then prepared conditioned medium of LPS-treated porcine macrophage cell line (3D4/2) for incubating IPEC-J2, as LPS initiates inflammation by activating immune cells. The conditioned medium decreased fatty acid absorption and caspase-3 activation in IPEC-J2. While inhibiting the activation of caspase-3 in IPEC-J2, conditioned medium no longer caused serious deficiency of fatty acid absorption. As IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in conditioned medium increase significantly, IPEC-J2 was treated with IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α, respectively. Only TNF-α induced caspase-3 activation in IPEC-J2. Reducing the secretion of TNF-α in 3D4/2, there was no obvious activation of caspase-3 in IPEC-J2, and fatty acid absorption recovered effectively. Based on the above results, we hold the opinion that LPS does not suppress fatty acid absorption directly in the intestine, but may work on macrophages that secrete cytokines, such as TNF-α, inducing caspase-3 activation and finally leading to the inhibition of fatty acid absorption in intestine.
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26
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Klein DR, Powers MJ, Trent MS, Brodbelt JS. Top-Down Characterization of Lipooligosaccharides from Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria. Anal Chem 2019; 91:9608-9615. [PMID: 31305072 PMCID: PMC6702669 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b00940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Modification of structures of lipooligosaccharides (LOS) represents one prevalent mechanism by which Gram-negative bacteria can become resistant to key antibiotics. Owing to the significant complexity of LOS, the structural characterization of these amphipathic lipids has largely focused on elucidation of the lipid A substructures. Analysis of intact LOS enables detection of core oligosaccharide modifications and gives insight into the heterogeneity that results from combinations of lipid A and oligosaccharide substructures. Top-down analysis of intact LOS also provides the opportunity to determine unknown oligosaccharide structures, which is particularly advantageous in the context of glycoconjugate vaccine development. Advances in mass spectrometry technologies, including the development of MSn capabilities and alternative ion activation techniques, have made top-down analysis an indispensable tool for structural characterization of complex biomolecules. Here we combine online chromatographic separations with MS3 utilizing ultraviolet photodissociation (UVPD) and higher-energy collisional dissociation (HCD). HCD generally provides information about the presence of labile modifications via neutral loss fragments in addition to the saccharide linkage arrangement, whereas UVPD gives more detailed insight about saccharide branching and the positions of nonstoichiometric modifications. This integrated approach was used to characterize LOS from Acinetobacter baumannii 1205 and 5075. Notably, MS3 analysis of A. baumannii 1205, an antibiotic-resistant strain, confirmed phosphoethanolamine and hexosamine modification of the lipid A substructure and further enabled derivation of a core oligosaccharide structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin R. Klein
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712
| | - Matthew J. Powers
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA 30602
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Georgia, College of Arts and Sciences, Athens, GA 30602
| | - M. Stephen Trent
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA 30602
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Georgia, College of Arts and Sciences, Athens, GA 30602
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Tavakolian S, Goudarzi H, Eslami G, Faghihloo E. Transcriptional Regulation of Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition Related Genes by Lipopolysaccharide in Human Cervical Cancer Cell Line HeLa. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2019; 20:2455-2461. [PMID: 31450920 PMCID: PMC6852821 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2019.20.8.2455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Cancer is one of the common diseases in the world, and cervical cancer is the fourth one. In this type of cancer, many risk factors, especially infectious diseases, such as human papilloma virus (HPV) and gram-negative bacteria can have important effects on the expression of epithelial to mesenchymal transition related genes like Snail,E-cadherin, and ZEB-1, responsible for connecting cell tissues. In this study, we have investigated the effect of Escherichia coli O111:B4 Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on HPV positive cell line (HeLa), the expression level of the (Snail, E-cadherin, and ZEB-1), HPV oncogenes (E6, E7) and also microRNA-9, 192. Materials and Methods: HeLa cell line was treated with LPS to analyze Snail, E-cadherin, ZEB-1, E6, E7 and also microRNA-9, 192 expression by quantitative real-time PCR in 24, 48 and 72 hours. Results: Quantitative real-time PCR revealed a significant reduction in E-cadherin mRNA level at 10ug/L of LPS in three time-points and after 24 hours at 5ug/L of LPS; however, ZEB-1 at 10ug/L of LPS and Snail at 5, 10ug/L of LPS are up-regulated. E7 also illustrated a slight increase, but we did not find any relationship between E7 and LPS treatment. Additionally, there are upward trends in microRNA-9, 192 levels. Conclusion: The result of this study, LPS is able to reduce E-cadherin expression, caused by increase in repressor E-cadherin protein expression and some microRNAs, probably. Since bacterial infection can be in cervical site, it is likely to be effective in reducing the E-cadherin expression in the EMT and enhance cancer process, therefore; removing these infections by using the appropriate antibiotics may result in slowing down this process, which requires more research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaian Tavakolian
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Hossein Goudarzi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Gita Eslami
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Ebrahim Faghihloo
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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28
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Song HW, Yoo G, Bong JH, Kang MJ, Lee SS, Pyun JC. Surface display of sialyltransferase on the outer membrane of Escherichia coli and ClearColi. Enzyme Microb Technol 2019; 128:1-8. [PMID: 31186105 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2019.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
α2,3-Sialyltransferase from Pasteurella multocida (PmST1) is an enzyme that transfers a sialyl group of donor substrates to an acceptor substrate called N-acetyl-d-lactosamine (LacNAc). In this study PmST1 was expressed on the outer membrane of wildtype Escherichia coli (BL21) with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and ClearColi with no LPS, and then the enzyme activity and expression level of PmST1 were compared. As the first step, the expression levels of PmST1 on the outer membranes of wildtype E. coli (BL21) and ClearColi were compared according to the IPTG induction time, and the absolute amount of surface-displayed PmST1 was calculated using densitometry of SDS-PAGE. As the next step, the influence of LPS on the PmST1 activity was estimated by analyzing Michaelis-Menten plot. The enzyme activity of PmST1 was analyzed by measuring the concentration of CMP, which was a by-product after the transfer of the sialyl group of donor compounds to the acceptor compounds. From a Michaelis-Menten plot, the enzyme activity of the surface-displayed PmST1 and the maximum rate (Vmax) of ClearColi were higher than those of wildtype E. coli (BL21). However, the KM value, which represented the concentration of substrate to reach half the maximum rate (Vmax), was similar for both enzymes. These results represented such a difference in enzyme activity was occurred from the interference of LPS on the mass transport of the donor and acceptor to PmST1 for the sialyl group transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Woo Song
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seo-dae-mun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Gu Yoo
- School of Chemistry & Institute for Life Sciences, FNES, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Ji-Hong Bong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seo-dae-mun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Jung Kang
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Seo Lee
- School of Chemistry & Institute for Life Sciences, FNES, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - Jae-Chul Pyun
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seo-dae-mun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
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29
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Ren Y, Kong J, Xue J, Shi X, Li H, Qiao J, Lu Y. Effects of ozonation on the activity of endotoxin and its inhalation toxicity in reclaimed water. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 154:153-161. [PMID: 30782557 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.01.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Aerosolized reclaimed water can cause inflammatory responses in lung after inhalation, and endotoxin has been identified as the main inducer. Since the effects of disinfection treatments on endotoxins had conflicting results, this study explored the changes of endotoxin activity and inflammation inducing ability of reference endotoxin, gram-negative bacteria solutions and reclaimed water after ozonation respectively, and found that LAL assay based endotoxin activity and mouse inhalation exposure based inflammation examination had inconsistent results. The excessive ozone could not remove the endotoxin activity, but was able to reduce the inflammation inducing ability of free endotoxin. When treating on gram-negative strains, ozone first released the cell-bound endotoxin and caused the dramatic increase of endotoxin activity. But for the inflammatory response, despite the rapid increase at the very beginning, it immediately dropped back with further ozonation. The endotoxin aggregate size was proposed as a key regulator of the toxicity of endotoxin, which was modified by ozone oxidation. In real reclaimed water, insufficient ozone significantly enhanced the inflammatory response, but when the ozone dosages were large enough, the inflammation could be drawn back to the original level, which was consistent with the observations from pure endotoxin and bacteria. This work demonstrates that the endotoxin activity cannot predict the endotoxin-induced toxicity of ozone treated water, and low dosage of ozone treatment may even increase the health risk of reclaimed water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunru Ren
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jiayang Kong
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jinling Xue
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xiaojie Shi
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Huijun Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Juan Qiao
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Yun Lu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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30
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Crittenden CM, Escobar EE, Williams PE, Sanders JD, Brodbelt JS. Characterization of Antigenic Oligosaccharides from Gram-Negative Bacteria via Activated Electron Photodetachment Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2019; 91:4672-4679. [PMID: 30844257 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b00048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Lipooligosaccharides (LOS), composed of hydrophilic oligosaccharides and hydrophobic lipid A domains, are found on the outer membranes of Gram-negative bacteria. Here we report the characterization of deacylated LOS of LPS by activated-electron photodetachment mass spectrometry. Collision induced dissociation (CID) of these phosphorylated oligosaccharides produces simple MS/MS spectra with most fragment ions arising from cleavages near the reducing end of the molecule where the phosphate groups are located. In contrast, 193 nm ultraviolet photodissociation (UVPD) generates a wide array of product ions throughout the oligosaccharide including cross-ring fragments that illuminate the branching patterns. However, there are also product ions that are redundant or uninformative, resulting in more congested spectra that complicate interpretation. In this work, a hybrid UVPD-CID approach known as activated-electron photodetachment (a-EPD) affords less congested spectra than UVPD alone and richer fragmentation patterns than CID alone. a-EPD combines UVPD of negatively charged oligosaccharides to yield abundant charge-reduced radical ions which are subsequently interrogated by collisional activation. CID of the charge-reduced precursors results in extensive fragmentation throughout the backbone of the oligosaccharide. This hybridized a-EPD approach was employed to characterize the structure and branching pattern of deacylated LOS of E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Edwin E Escobar
- Department of Chemistry , University of Texas at Austin , Austin , Texas 78712 , United States
| | - Peggy E Williams
- Department of Chemistry , University of Texas at Austin , Austin , Texas 78712 , United States
| | - James D Sanders
- Department of Chemistry , University of Texas at Austin , Austin , Texas 78712 , United States
| | - Jennifer S Brodbelt
- Department of Chemistry , University of Texas at Austin , Austin , Texas 78712 , United States
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31
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Jackie J, Lau WK, Feng HT, Li SFY. Detection of Endotoxins: From Inferring the Responses of Biological Hosts to the Direct Chemical Analysis of Lipopolysaccharides. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2019; 49:126-137. [DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2018.1479958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jackie Jackie
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Shimadzu (Asia Pacific) Pte Ltd, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wai Khin Lau
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hua-Tao Feng
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sam Fong Yau Li
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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32
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Fluorescence immunoassay of E. coli using anti-lipopolysaccharide antibodies isolated from human serum. Biosens Bioelectron 2019; 126:518-528. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Revised: 10/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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33
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Lv Z, Song X, Xu J, Jia Z, Yang B, Jia Y, Qiu L, Wang L, Song L. The modulation of Smac/DIABLO on mitochondrial apoptosis induced by LPS in Crassostrea gigas. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 84:587-598. [PMID: 30336283 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis is well studied as the major mechanism of physiological cell death in vertebrates. In the present study, a second mitochondria-derived activator of caspases (Smac)/direct inhibitor of apoptosis-binding protein (IAP) with low pI protein (DIABLO) (designated as CgSmac) was identified from oyster Crassostrea gigas. The open reading frame of CgSmac was of 966 bp nucleotides encoding a predicted polypeptide of 321 amino acids with a conserved Smac/DIABLO domain containing a potential IAP-binding motif of VMPV. CgSmac proteins were distributed in hemocytes and co-localized with mitochondria. Western blotting analysis revealed that CgSmac proteins mainly existed in the dimer form in hemocytes, and the monomeric precursors and mature monomers were also detected. After lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation, the mRNA expression of CgSmac in hemocytes was significantly up-regulated and peaked at 6 h (12.26-fold, p < 0.05), and the protein level of its dimers was significantly up-regulated at 6 h, 12 h, 24 h, and 48 h, while that of CgSmac monomers was up-regulated at 6 h, 12 h and down-regulated at 24 h, 48 h. The decrease of mitochondrial membrane potential indicated that the occurrence of early stage of apoptosis in primary cultured hemocytes was induced by LPS, and RNA interference (RNAi) of CgSmac could not rescue this decrease. The caspase-3 activity in primary cultured hemocytes was significantly suppressed after RNAi of CgSmac. Correspondingly, the total apoptotic rate of primary cultured hemocytes was also significantly suppressed in dsCgSmac + LPS group (31.57%) compared to dsEGFP + LPS group (40.27%, p < 0.05), which in turn demonstrated the conserved pro-apoptotic function of CgSmac. Furthermore, the early apoptotic rate (10.4% vs. 8.5%, p < 0.05) was significantly higher in dsCgSmac + LPS group than that of dsEGFP + LPS group, while the necrosis (7.7% vs. 10.0%, p < 0.05) and late apoptotic rates (13.4% vs. 21.9%, p < 0.05) were lower in dsCgSmac + LPS group than those of dsEGFP + LPS group. Collectively, CgSmac could activate mitochondrial apoptosis pathway by promoting caspase-3 activity in oyster hemocytes against exogenous LPS invasion. These results provided new insights on oyster apoptosis and the immune defense mechanisms in invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Lv
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaorui Song
- Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266235, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Jiachao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhihao Jia
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Bin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yunke Jia
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Limei Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266235, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology& Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Linsheng Song
- Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266235, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology& Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China.
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34
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Deutsch-Nagy L, Urbán P, Tóth Z, Bihari Z, Kocsis B, Fekete C, Kilár F. Genome sequence of Shigella sonnei 4303. Gut Pathog 2018; 10:47. [PMID: 30386437 PMCID: PMC6201595 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-018-0274-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Shigella spp. are Gram-negative intracellular pathogenic bacteria belonging to the family Enterobacteriaceae and can cause bacterial dysentery, a severe diarrheal disease. The pathophysiological impact of the Gram-negative bacteria is highly related to the composition and structural variability of lipopolysaccharides, the major lipoid components of the outer membrane. Out of the 114 genes involved in the lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis pathway, 47 genes are specific to Shigella spp. Changes in the specific genes can lead to loss of the O polysaccharide side chain, resulting in rough (R) type bacteria with increased sensitivity to temperature, or hydrophobic antibiotics. The formation of various different lipopolysaccharides or lipooligosaccharides has been observed previously in a mutant line showing altered biological properties, but the genetic background has not been investigated in detail. Results The parental strain of the mutant line, Shigella sonnei 4303, was subjected to whole genome sequencing to gain a better insight into the structure and biosynthesis of lipopolysaccharides. The sequencing revealed a 4,546,505 bp long genome including chromosomal and plasmid DNA, and the lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis genes were also identified. A comparison of the genome was performed with the phylogenetically closely related, wild type, well characterized, highly virulent strain, S. sonnei 53G. Conclusion Analysis of the lipopolysaccharide biosynthetic genes helped us to get more insight into the pathogenicity and virulence of the bacteria. The genome revealed high similarities with S. sonnei 53G, which can be used as a standard in characterizing the S. sonnei 4303’s R-type isogenic derivatives. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13099-018-0274-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Deutsch-Nagy
- 1Institute of Bioanalysis, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, 7624 Pécs, Hungary.,2Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 20, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Péter Urbán
- 2Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 20, 7624 Pécs, Hungary.,3Department of General and Environmental Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 6, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Tóth
- 2Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 20, 7624 Pécs, Hungary.,3Department of General and Environmental Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 6, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Bihari
- Department of Metagenomics, Institute for Biotechnology, Bay Zoltán Nonprofit Ltd. for Applied Research (BAY-BIO), Széchenyi tér 5, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Béla Kocsis
- 5Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Csaba Fekete
- 2Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 20, 7624 Pécs, Hungary.,3Department of General and Environmental Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 6, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Kilár
- 1Institute of Bioanalysis, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, 7624 Pécs, Hungary.,2Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 20, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
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Harvey DJ. Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: An update for 2013-2014. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2018; 37:353-491. [PMID: 29687922 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This review is the eighth update of the original article published in 1999 on the application of Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI) mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and brings coverage of the literature to the end of 2014. Topics covered in the first part of the review include general aspects such as theory of the MALDI process, matrices, derivatization, MALDI imaging, fragmentation, and arrays. The second part of the review is devoted to applications to various structural types such as oligo- and poly- saccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, glycosides, and biopharmaceuticals. Much of this material is presented in tabular form. The third part of the review covers medical and industrial applications of the technique, studies of enzyme reactions, and applications to chemical synthesis. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev 37:353-491, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Harvey
- Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7FZ, United Kingdom
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Crittenden CM, Herrera CM, Williams PE, Ricci DP, Swem LR, Trent MS, Brodbelt JS. Mapping phosphate modifications of substituted lipid A via a targeted MS 3 CID/UVPD strategy. Analyst 2018; 143:3091-3099. [PMID: 29881855 PMCID: PMC6019210 DOI: 10.1039/c8an00561c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Structural characterization of lipid A from Gram-negative bacteria remains a significant challenge, especially with respect to localizing modifications of the phosphate groups typically found on the reducing and non-reducing ends of the β-1',6-linked glucosamine disaccharide backbone of lipid A. As reported here, combining traditional collisional activated dissociation (CAD) and ultraviolet photodissociation (UVPD) in a hybrid MS3 approach facilitates identification and localization of substituents of the phosphate groups. The focus is on rapid identification and characterization of substituted lipid A species with specific emphasis on the modifications on the 1 and 4' phosphate moieties. Mapping these modifications, typically ones that modify the surface charges of lipopolysaccharides, is particularly important owing to the impact of these types of modifications on antibiotic resistance. The presence of phosphoethanolamine, aminoarabinose, and galactosamine moieties in hexaacylated and heptaacylated lipid A species, including ones from Enterobacter cloacae and Acinetobacter baumannii, are characterized using a targeted MS3 strategy to identify glycosidic product ions (1,5X1 and 0,4A2, typically) which allow localization of the substituents.
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Mass Spectrometry-based Structural Analysis and Systems Immunoproteomics Strategies for Deciphering the Host Response to Endotoxin. J Mol Biol 2018; 430:2641-2660. [PMID: 29949751 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2018.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
One cause of sepsis is systemic maladaptive immune response of the host to bacteria and specifically, to Gram-negative bacterial outer-membrane glycolipid lipopolysaccharide (LPS). On the host myeloid cell surface, proinflammatory LPS activates the innate immune system via Toll-like receptor-4/myeloid differentiation factor-2 complex. Intracellularly, LPS is also sensed by the noncanonical inflammasome through caspase-11 in mice and 4/5 in humans. The minimal functional determinant for innate immune activation is the membrane anchor of LPS called lipid A. Even subtle modifications to the lipid A scaffold can enable, diminish, or abolish immune activation. Bacteria are known to modify their LPS structure during environmental stress and infection of hosts to alter cellular immune phenotypes. In this review, we describe how mass spectrometry-based structural analysis of endotoxin helped uncover major determinations of molecular pathogenesis. Through characterization of LPS modifications, we now better understand resistance to antibiotics and cationic antimicrobial peptides, as well as how the environment impacts overall endotoxin structure. In addition, mass spectrometry-based systems immunoproteomics approaches can assist in elucidating the immune response against LPS. Many regulatory proteins have been characterized through proteomics and global/targeted analysis of protein modifications, enabling the discovery and characterization of novel endotoxin-mediated protein translational modifications.
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Coetzer WG, Turner TR, Schmitt CA, Grobler JP. Adaptive genetic variation at three loci in South African vervet monkeys ( Chlorocebus pygerythrus) and the role of selection within primates. PeerJ 2018; 6:e4953. [PMID: 29888138 PMCID: PMC5991302 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus pygerythrus) are one of the most widely distributed non-human primate species found in South Africa. They occur across all the South African provinces, inhabiting a large variety of habitats. These habitats vary sufficiently that it can be assumed that various factors such as pathogen diversity could influence populations in different ways. In turn, these factors could lead to varied levels of selection at specific fitness linked loci. The Toll-like receptor (TLR) gene family, which play an integral role in vertebrate innate immunity, is a group of fitness linked loci which has been the focus of much research. In this study, we assessed the level of genetic variation at partial sequences of two TLR loci (TLR4 and 7) and a reproductively linked gene, acrosin (ACR), across the different habitat types within the vervet monkey distribution range. Gene variation and selection estimates were also made among 11-21 primate species. Low levels of genetic variation for all three gene regions were observed within vervet monkeys, with only two polymorphic sites identified for TLR4, three sites for TLR7 and one site for ACR. TLR7 variation was positively correlated with high mean annual rainfall, which was linked to increased pathogen abundance. The observed genetic variation at TLR4 might have been influenced by numerous factors including pathogens and climatic conditions. The ACR exonic regions showed no variation in vervet monkeys, which could point to the occurrence of a selective sweep. The TLR4 and TLR7 results for the among primate analyses was mostly in line with previous studies, indicating a higher rate of evolution for TLR4. Within primates, ACR coding regions also showed signs of positive selection, which was congruent with previous reports on mammals. Important additional information to the already existing vervet monkey knowledge base was gained from this study, which can guide future research projects on this highly researched taxon as well as help conservation agencies with future management planning involving possible translocations of this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willem G Coetzer
- Department of Genetics, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Trudy R Turner
- Department of Anthropology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | | | - J Paul Grobler
- Department of Genetics, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
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Abstract
Abstract
Recommendations are given concerning the terminology of methods of bioanalytical chemistry. With respect to dynamic development particularly in the analysis and investigation of biomacromolecules, terms related to bioanalytical samples, enzymatic methods, immunoanalytical methods, methods used in genomics and nucleic acid analysis, proteomics, metabolomics, glycomics, lipidomics, and biomolecules interaction studies are introduced.
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Almostafa M, Fridgen TD, Banoub JH. Structural investigation by tandem mass spectrometry analysis of a heterogeneous mixture of Lipid A n isolated from the lipopolysaccharide of Aeromonas hydrophila SJ-55Ra. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2018; 32:167-183. [PMID: 29065225 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE We report herein the electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) negative ion mode and low-energy collision-induced dissociation tandem mass spectrometry (CID-MS/MS) analysis of a mixture of lipid An isolated from the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of a rough-resistant wild strain of the Gram-negative bacteria Aeromonas hydrophila grown in the presence of phages (SJ-55Ra). This investigation indicates that the presence of a mixture of lipid A acylated disaccharides, whose molecular structures were not relatively conserved, resulted from the incomplete LPS biosynthesis caused by the phage treatment. METHODS The heterogeneous lipid An mixture from the LPS-SJ55Ra was obtained following growth of the Gram-negative bacteria Aeromonas hydrophila (SJ-55R) in the presence of phages and isolation by the aqueous phenol method. Following hydrolysis and purification of the lipopolysaccharide, ESI-MS and low-energy CID-MS/MS analyses were performed on a triple-quadrupole (QqQ) and a Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FTICR) instrument. RESULTS ESI-MS analysis suggested that this lipid An mixture contained eight molecular disaccharide anions and three monosaccharide anions. This series of lipid An was asymmetrically substituted with ((R)-14:0(3-OH)) fatty acids located at O-3 and N-2 and with branched fatty acids: (Cl4:0(3-(R)-O-C14:0)) and (C12:0(3-(R)-O-(14:0)) at the O-3' and N-2' positions. CONCLUSIONS Tandem mass spectrometric analyses allowed the exact determination of the fatty acid acylation locations on the D-GlcpN disaccharide. The MS/MS results established that it was possible to selectively cleave C-O, C-N, and C-C bonds, together with glycosidic C-O and cross-ring cleavages, affording excellent structural analysis of lipid A biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mervt Almostafa
- Chemistry Department, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada
| | - Travis D Fridgen
- Chemistry Department, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada
| | - Joseph H Banoub
- Chemistry Department, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada
- Special Projects, Science Branch, Department of Fisheries and Oceans Canada, St. John's, Canada
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Sándor V, Kilár A, Kilár F, Kocsis B, Dörnyei Á. Characterization of complex, heterogeneous lipid A samples using HPLC-MS/MS technique III. Positive-ion mode tandem mass spectrometry to reveal phosphorylation and acylation patterns of lipid A. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2018; 53:146-161. [PMID: 29144587 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we report the detailed analysis of the fragmentation patterns of positively charged lipid A species based on their tandem mass spectra obtained under low-energy collision-induced dissociation conditions of an electrospray quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer. The tandem mass spectrometry experiments were performed after the separation of the compounds with a reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography method. We found that both, phosphorylated and nonphosphorylated lipid A molecules can be readily ionized in the positive-ion mode by adduct formation with triethylamine added to the eluent. The tandem mass spectra of the lipid A triethylammonium adduct ions showed several product ions corresponding to inter-ring glycosidic cleavages of the sugar residues, as well as consecutive and competitive eliminations of fatty acids, phosphoric acid, and water following the neutral loss of triethylamine. Characteristic product ions provided direct information on the phosphorylation site(s), also when phosphorylation isomers (ie, containing either a C1 or a C4' phosphate group) were simultaneously present in the sample. Continuous series of high-abundance B-type and low-abundance Y-type inter-ring fragment ions were indicative of the fatty acyl distribution between the nonreducing and reducing ends of the lipid A backbone. The previously reported lipid A structures of Proteus morganii O34 and Escherichia coli O111 bacteria were used as standards. Although, the fragmentation pathways of the differently phosphorylated lipid A species significantly differed in the negative-ion mode, they were very similar in the positive-ion mode. The complementary use of positive-ion and negative-ion mode tandem mass spectrometry was found to be essential for the full structural characterization of the C1-monophosphorylated lipid A species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Sándor
- Institute of Bioanalysis, Medical School and Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, 7624, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Anikó Kilár
- Institute of Bioanalysis, Medical School and Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, 7624, Pécs, Hungary
- Department of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 6, 7624, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Kilár
- Institute of Bioanalysis, Medical School and Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, 7624, Pécs, Hungary
- Department of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 6, 7624, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Béla Kocsis
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, 7624, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Ágnes Dörnyei
- Department of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 6, 7624, Pécs, Hungary
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Yoo G, Dilkaute C, Bong JH, Song HW, Lee M, Kang MJ, Jose J, Pyun JC. Autodisplay of the La/SSB protein on LPS-free E. coli for the diagnosis of Sjögren's syndrome. Enzyme Microb Technol 2017; 100:1-10. [PMID: 28284305 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2017.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2016] [Revised: 01/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to present an immunoassay for the diagnosis of Sjögren's syndrome based on the autodisplayed La/SSB protein on the outer membrane of intact E. coli (strain UT-5600) and LPS-free E. coli (ClearColi™). As the first step, an autodisplay vector (pCK002) was transfected into intact E. coli and LPS-free E. coli for comparison of efficiency of autdisplay of La/SSB. The maximal level of La/SSB expression was estimated to be similar for LPS-free E. coli and intact E. coli at different optimal induction periods. Intact E. coli was found to grow twofold faster than LPS-free E. coli, and the maximal level of expression for LPS-free E. coli was obtained with a longer induction period. When the zeta potential was measured, both intact E. coli and LPS-free E. coli showed negative values, and the autodisplay of negatively charged La/SSB protein (pI<7) on the outer membrane of intact E. coli and LPS-free E. coli resulted in a slight change in zeta potential values. E. coli with autodisplayed La/SSB protein was used for an immunoassay of anti-La/SSB antibodies for the diagnosis of Sjögren's syndrome. The surface of E. coli with the autodisplayed antigen was modified with rabbit serum and papain to prevent false positive signals because of nonspecific binding of unrelated antibodies from human serum. LPS-free E. coli with autodisplayed La/SSB protein yielded sensitivity and selectivity of 81.6% and 78.6%, respectively. The Bland-Altman test showed that the immunoassays based on LPS-free E. coli and intact E. coli with autodisplayed La/SSB protein were statistically equivalent to a clinical immunoassay for detection of anti-La/SSB antibodies (confidence coefficient 95%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gu Yoo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seo-dae-mun-gu, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Carina Dilkaute
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medical Chemistry, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Ji-Hong Bong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seo-dae-mun-gu, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Woo Song
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seo-dae-mun-gu, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Misu Lee
- College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Jung Kang
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joachim Jose
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medical Chemistry, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Jae-Chul Pyun
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seo-dae-mun-gu, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea.
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A spontaneous mutation in kdsD, a biosynthesis gene for 3 Deoxy-D-manno-Octulosonic Acid, occurred in a ciprofloxacin resistant strain of Francisella tularensis and caused a high level of attenuation in murine models of tularemia. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174106. [PMID: 28328947 PMCID: PMC5362203 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Francisella tularensis, a gram-negative facultative intracellular bacterial pathogen, is the causative agent of tularemia and able to infect many mammalian species, including humans. Because of its ability to cause a lethal infection, low infectious dose, and aerosolizable nature, F. tularensis subspecies tularensis is considered a potential biowarfare agent. Due to its in vitro efficacy, ciprofloxacin is one of the antibiotics recommended for post-exposure prophylaxis of tularemia. In order to identify therapeutics that will be efficacious against infections caused by drug resistant select-agents and to better understand the threat, we sought to characterize an existing ciprofloxacin resistant (CipR) mutant in the Schu S4 strain of F. tularensis by determining its phenotypic characteristics and sequencing the chromosome to identify additional genetic alterations that may have occurred during the selection process. In addition to the previously described genetic alterations, the sequence of the CipR mutant strain revealed several additional mutations. Of particular interest was a frameshift mutation within kdsD which encodes for an enzyme necessary for the production of 3-Deoxy-D-manno-Octulosonic Acid (KDO), an integral component of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS). A kdsD mutant was constructed in the Schu S4 strain. Although it was not resistant to ciprofloxacin, the kdsD mutant shared many phenotypic characteristics with the CipR mutant, including growth defects under different conditions, sensitivity to hydrophobic agents, altered LPS profiles, and attenuation in multiple models of murine tularemia. This study demonstrates that the KdsD enzyme is essential for Francisella virulence and may be an attractive therapeutic target for developing novel medical countermeasures.
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Masood MA, Blonder J, Veenstra TD. Quantitation of Monophosphorylated Lipid A in the Oil-in-Water Adjuvant Delivery Systems Using Transesterification and GC-MS. J Pharm Sci 2017; 106:1760-1763. [PMID: 28285019 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2017.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Vaccine delivery systems play pivotal role in effective antigen delivery. These systems often contain adjuvants that stimulate specific immune response and are important for vaccines' efficacy and safety. Oil-in-water vaccine delivery lipid emulsion systems containing monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA) as immune modulator have been extensively investigated in vaccine trials. Herein, we describe a simple orthogonal method, for quantitative measurement of MPLA in an oil-in-water lipid delivery system using direct transesterification reaction followed by gas-chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. In this protocol, the transesterification reaction results in the release of fatty acid methyl esters followed by gas-chromatography-mass spectrometry-based targeted quantification of the specific 3-hydroxytetradecanoate fatty acid methyl ester to measure the concentration of MPLA in an oil-in-water lipid emulsion system.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Athar Masood
- Laboratory of Proteomics and Analytical Technologies, Advanced Technology Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland 21702-1201.
| | - Josip Blonder
- Laboratory of Proteomics and Analytical Technologies, Advanced Technology Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland 21702-1201
| | - Timothy D Veenstra
- Laboratory of Proteomics and Analytical Technologies, Advanced Technology Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland 21702-1201
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Mass Spectrometry for Profiling LOS and Lipid A Structures from Whole-Cell Lysates: Directly from a Few Bacterial Colonies or from Liquid Broth Cultures. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1600:187-198. [PMID: 28478568 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6958-6_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharides (LPSs, endotoxins) are components of the outer cell membrane of most Gram-negative bacteria and can play an important role in a number of diseases of bacteria, including Gram-negative sepsis. The hydrophilic carbohydrate part of LPSs consists of a core oligosaccharide (in the case of an R-type LPS or lipooligosaccharide, LOS) linked to an O-polysaccharide chain (in the case of an S-type LPS), which is responsible for O-specific immunogenicity. The hydrophobic lipid A anchor is composed of a phosphorylated diglucosamine backbone to which varying numbers of ester- and amide-linked fatty acids are attached and this part of the LPSs is associated with endotoxicity. The detailed chemical characterization of endotoxins requires long-lasting large-scale isolation procedures, by which high-purity LPSs can be obtained. However, when a large number of bacterial samples and their LPS content are to be compared prompt, small-scale isolation methods are used for the preparation of endotoxins directly from bacterial cell cultures. The purity of the endotoxins extracted by these methods may not be high, but it is sufficient for analysis.Here, we describe a fast and easy micromethod suitable for extracting small quantities of LOS and a slightly modified micromethod for the detection of the lipid A constituents of the LPSs from bacteria grown in different culture media and evaluate the structures with mass spectrometry. The cellular LOS and lipid A were obtained from crude isolates of heat-killed cells, which were then subjected to matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry analysis. The observed ions in the 10-colony samples were similar to those detected for purified samples. The total time for the sample preparation and the MS analysis is less than 3 h.
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Li H, Hitchins VM, Wickramasekara S. Rapid detection of bacterial endotoxins in ophthalmic viscosurgical device materials by direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 943:98-105. [PMID: 27769383 PMCID: PMC5500980 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial endotoxins are lipopolysaccharides bound to the bacterial cell wall and released when bacteria rupture or disintegrate. Possible contamination of endotoxin in ophthalmic devices can cause a painful eye inflammation or result in toxic anterior segment syndrome after cataract surgery. Measurement of bacterial endotoxin in medical device materials is difficult since endotoxin binds with polymer matrix and some of the materials are very viscous and non-water soluble, where traditional enzyme-based Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) assay cannot be applied. Here we propose a rapid and high throughput ambient ionization mass spectrometric (MS) method using direct analysis in real time (DART) for the evaluation of endotoxin contamination in medical device materials. Large and structurally complex endotoxin instantaneously breaks down into low-mass characteristic fragment ions using DART and is detected by MS in both positive and negative ion modes. This method enables the identification and separation of endotoxin from medical materials with a detection limit of 0.03 ng mL-1 endotoxins in aqueous solution. Ophthalmic viscosurgical device materials including sodium hyaluronate (NaHA), non-water soluble perfluoro-n-octane (PFO) and silicone oil (SO) were spiked with different known concentrations of endotoxin and analyzed by DART MS, where the presence of endotoxin was successfully detected and featured small mass fragment ions were generated for NaHA, PFO and SO as well. Current findings showed the feasibility of measuring endotoxin contamination in medical device materials using DART-MS, which can lead to a one-step analysis of endotoxins in different matrices, avoiding any potential contamination during sample pre-treatment steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongli Li
- Division of Biology, Chemistry, and Materials Science, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, United States; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Victoria M Hitchins
- Division of Biology, Chemistry, and Materials Science, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, United States
| | - Samanthi Wickramasekara
- Division of Biology, Chemistry, and Materials Science, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, United States.
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Sándor V, Dörnyei Á, Makszin L, Kilár F, Péterfi Z, Kocsis B, Kilár A. Characterization of complex, heterogeneous lipid A samples using HPLC-MS/MS technique I. Overall analysis with respect to acylation, phosphorylation and isobaric distribution. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2016; 51:1043-1063. [PMID: 27506631 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We established a new reversed phase-high performance liquid chromatography method combined with electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry for the simultaneous determination and structural characterization of different lipid A types in bacteria (Escherichia coli O111, Salmonella adelaide O35 and Proteus morganii O34) showing serological cross-reactivity. The complex lipid A mixtures (obtained by simple extraction and acid hydrolysis of the outer membrane lipopolysaccharides) were separated and detected without phosphate derivatization. Several previously unidentified ions were detected, which differed in the number and type of acyl chains and number of phosphate groups. In several cases, we observed the different retention of isobaric lipid A species, which had different secondary fatty acyl distribution at the C2' or the C3' sites. The fragmentation of the various, C4' monophosphorylated lipid A species in deprotonated forms provided structural assignment for each component. Fragmentation pathways of the tri-acylated, tetra-acylated, penta-acylated, hexa-acylated and hepta-acylated lipid A components and of the lipid A partial structures are suggested. As standards, the hexa-acylated ion at m/z 1716 with the E. coli-type acyl distribution and the hepta-acylated ion at m/z 1954 with the Salmonella-type acyl distribution were used. The results confirmed the presence of multiple forms of lipid A in all strains analyzed. In addition, the negative-ion mode MS permitted efficient detection for non-phosphorylated lipid A components, too. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Sándor
- Institute of Bioanalysis and Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, 7624, Pécs, Hungary.
| | - Ágnes Dörnyei
- Department of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 6, 7624, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Lilla Makszin
- Institute of Bioanalysis and Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, 7624, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Kilár
- Institute of Bioanalysis and Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, 7624, Pécs, Hungary
- Department of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 6, 7624, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Péterfi
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, 7624, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Béla Kocsis
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, 7624, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Anikó Kilár
- MTA-PTE Molecular Interactions in Separation Science Research Group, Ifjúság útja 6, 7624, Pécs, Hungary
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Garrett TA. Major roles for minor bacterial lipids identified by mass spectrometry. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2016; 1862:1319-1324. [PMID: 27760388 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry of lipids, especially those isolated from bacteria, has ballooned over the past two decades, affirming in the process the complexity of the lipidome. With this has come the identification of new and interesting lipid structures. Here is an overview of several novel lipids, from both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria with roles in health and disease, whose structural identification was facilitated using mass spectrometry. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Bacterial Lipids edited by Russell E. Bishop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa A Garrett
- Department of Chemistry, Vassar College, 124 Raymond Avenue, Poughkeepsie, NY 12604, United States.
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49
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Sándor V, Kilár A, Kilár F, Kocsis B, Dörnyei Á. Characterization of complex, heterogeneous lipid A samples using HPLC-MS/MS technique II. Structural elucidation of non-phosphorylated lipid A by negative-ion mode tandem mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2016; 51:615-628. [PMID: 28239963 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Non-phosphorylated lipid A species confer reduced inflammatory potential for the bacteria. Knowledge on their chemical structure and presence in bacterial pathogens may contribute to the understanding of bacterial resistance and activation of the host innate immune system. In this study, we report the fragmentation pathways of negatively charged, non-phosphorylated lipid A species under low-energy collision-induced dissociation conditions of an electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight instrument. Charge-promoted consecutive and competitive eliminations of the acyl chains and cross-ring cleavages of the sugar residues were observed. The A-type fragment ion series and the complementary X-type fragment(s) with corresponding deprotonated carboxamide(s) were diagnostic for the distribution of the primary and secondary acyl residues on the non-reducing and the reducing ends, respectively, of the non-phosphorylated lipid A backbone. Reversed-phase liquid chromatography in combination with negative-ion electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry could provide sufficient information on the primary and secondary acyl residues of a non-phosphorylated lipid A. As a standard, the hexa-acylated ion at m/z 1636 with the Escherichia coli-type acyl distribution (from E. coli O111) was used. The method was tested and refined with the analysis of other non-phosphorylated hexa- and several hepta-, penta-, and tetra-acylated lipid A species detected in crude lipid A fractions from E. coli O111 and Proteus morganii O34 bacteria. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Sándor
- Institute of Bioanalysis and Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12., 7624, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Anikó Kilár
- MTA-PTE Molecular Interactions in Separation Science Research Group, Ifjúság útja 6., 7624, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Kilár
- Institute of Bioanalysis and Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12., 7624, Pécs, Hungary
- Department of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 6., 7624, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Béla Kocsis
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12., 7624, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Ágnes Dörnyei
- Department of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 6., 7624, Pécs, Hungary
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50
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Phillips NJ, John CM, Jarvis GA. Analysis of Bacterial Lipooligosaccharides by MALDI-TOF MS with Traveling Wave Ion Mobility. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2016; 27:1263-1276. [PMID: 27056565 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-016-1383-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Lipooligosaccharides (LOS) are major microbial virulence factors displayed on the outer membrane of rough-type Gram-negative bacteria. These amphipathic glycolipids are comprised of two domains, a core oligosaccharide linked to a lipid A moiety. Isolated LOS samples are generally heterogeneous mixtures of glycoforms, with structural variability in both domains. Traditionally, the oligosaccharide and lipid A components of LOS have been analyzed separately following mild acid hydrolysis, although important acid-labile moieties can be cleaved. Recently, an improved method was introduced for analysis of intact LOS by MALDI-TOF MS using a thin layer matrix composed of 2,4,6-trihydroxyacetophenone (THAP) and nitrocellulose. In addition to molecular ions, the spectra show in-source "prompt" fragments arising from regiospecific cleavage between the lipid A and oligosaccharide domains. Here, we demonstrate the use of traveling wave ion mobility spectrometry (TWIMS) for IMS-MS and IMS-MS/MS analyses of intact LOS from Neisseria spp. ionized by MALDI. Using IMS, the singly charged prompt fragments for the oligosaccharide and lipid A domains of LOS were readily separated into resolved ion plumes, permitting the extraction of specific subspectra, which led to increased confidence in assigning compositions and improved detection of less abundant ions. Moreover, IMS separation of precursor ions prior to collision-induced dissociation (CID) generated time-aligned, clean MS/MS spectra devoid of fragments from interfering species. Incorporating IMS into the profiling of intact LOS by MALDI-TOF MS exploits the unique domain structure of the molecule and offers a new means of extracting more detailed information from the analysis. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy J Phillips
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Constance M John
- Center for Immunochemistry, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 4150 Clement Street, San Francisco, CA, 94121, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Gary A Jarvis
- Center for Immunochemistry, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 4150 Clement Street, San Francisco, CA, 94121, USA.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
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