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Zhu L, Cui C, Xiao X, Zhang J, Kuang X, Liu H, Zhou Z, Qi F. Online Compositional Analysis of Complex Oligomers in Biomass Degradation by High-Pressure Flow-Through Reactor Coupled with High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2024; 96:8657-8664. [PMID: 38738643 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c00806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Online analysis of the composition and evolution of complex oligomeric intermediates in biomass degradation is highly desirable to elucidate the mechanism of bond cleavage and study the effect of conditions on the selective conversion of feedstocks. However, harsh reaction conditions and complicated conversion systems pose tremendous challenges for conventional, state-of-the-art analytical techniques. Herein, we introduce a continuous and rapid compositional analysis strategy coupling a high-pressure flow-through reactor with online high-resolution mass spectrometry, which enables the molecular-level characterization of most biomass-related products throughout the conversion for over 2 h. Catalytic depolymerization of one model compound was studied, and temperature-dependent data of over 50 intermediates as well as recondensation dimers and oligomers were obtained, which have rarely been reported in the literature. Thousands of products during the flow-through conversion of birch wood with molecular weights up to 1000 Da were presented, and 8 typical lignin dimers and oligomers with various interunit linkages were identified at the molecular level, demonstrating the potential to analyze more complicated systems far beyond conventional methods, especially for complex oligomers. The continuous evolutions of different components and typical products were unveiled for the first time, providing valuable insights into the investigation of the structure, composition, and decomposition mechanism of lignocellulose as well as the influence of reaction conditions. This method leads to the previously unattained ability to probe and reveal complicated chemical compositions in high-pressure reactions and can be applied to all other high-pressure heterogeneous aqueous reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linyu Zhu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
| | - Cunhao Cui
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
| | - Xintong Xiao
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
| | - Jing Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
| | - Xun Kuang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
| | - Haoran Liu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
| | - Zhongyue Zhou
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
| | - Fei Qi
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
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Liu CY, Chen Y, Hu J. Identification of the Electrogenerated Hidden Nitrenium Ions by In Situ Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2024; 96:3354-3361. [PMID: 38295431 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c04315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
The identification of the electrogenerated reactive intermediates is essential for an in-depth understanding of the electroredox processes. Although various short-lived intermediates are well characterized by coupling electrochemistry with mass spectrometry (EC/MS), many electrogenerated transient species (τ < 1 μs) are still rarely captured by the currently available EC/MS approaches. Here, we present a low-delay coupling device, which was constructed by decorating a microelectrode into the front tip of a microsized ion emitter. For the first time, the in situ detection of a previously hidden intermediate, i.e., the transient nitrenium ion of carbazole (τ = 333 ns), was achieved. The electrochemical generation of indole nitrenium ion, whose half-life is estimated to be shorter compared to the carbazole nitrenium ion due to less resonance stabilization, was also confirmed by direct observation. This clog-free microelectrode/ion emitter is cheap and easy to fabricate and offers a general and powerful approach to monitoring the fast reactions of electrogenerated reactive intermediates. We believe that our integrated EC/MS approach holds substantial potential for broad applicability, particularly in probing the intricate and ultrafast electroredox processes occurring at the electrode-solution interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yan Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, P. R. China
| | - Yun Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, P. R. China
| | - Jun Hu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, P. R. China
- School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
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Cai J, Li S, Wang Q, Deng D, Wang S, Ge L, Cui Y, Shen Y, Shen Q. Developing a detection strategy for ten paralytic shellfish poisonings in urine, combining high-throughput DESI-MS screening and accurate UPLC-QqQ/MS quantification. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2024; 1234:124036. [PMID: 38330520 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2024.124036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) is the most widespread and harmful form of shellfish poisoning with high mortality rate. In this study, a combined desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (DESI-MS) and ultra-performance liquid chromatography triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (UPLC-QqQ/MS) method was established for the detection of PSPs in urine. The method was optimized using a spray solution of methanol and water (1:1, v/v) containing 0.1 % FA, at a flow rate of 2.5 µL·min-1 and an applied voltage of 3 kV. The limit of detection (LOD) for PSPs detection by DESI-MS was in the range of 87-265 μg·L-1, which basically meets the requirements for the rapid screening of PSPs. The LOD for UPLC-QqQ/MS was in the range of 2.2-14.9 μg·L-1, with a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 7.3-49.7 μg·L-1, thus fulfilling the quantitative demand for PSPs in urine. Finally, after spiking the urine samples of six volunteers with PSPs to a concentration of 100 μg·L-1, DESI-MS successfully and efficiently detected the positive samples. Subsequently, UPLC-QqQ/MS was employed for precise quantification, yielding results in the range of 84.6-95.1 μg·L-1. The experimental findings demonstrated that the combination of DESI-MS and UPLC-QqQ/MS enables high-throughput, rapid screening of samples and accurate quantification of positive samples, providing assurance for food safety and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Cai
- Department of Forensic Science, Zhejiang Police College, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Shiyan Li
- Aquatic Products Quality Inspection Center of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Qingcheng Wang
- Hangzhou Linping Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Linping 311106, Zhejiang, China
| | - Dan Deng
- Hangzhou Linping Hospital of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Linping 311100, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shitong Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Zhejiang Province Joint Key Laboratory of Aquatic Products Processing, Institute of Seafood, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 330009, China
| | - Lijun Ge
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Zhejiang Province Joint Key Laboratory of Aquatic Products Processing, Institute of Seafood, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 330009, China
| | - Yiwei Cui
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Zhejiang Province Joint Key Laboratory of Aquatic Products Processing, Institute of Seafood, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 330009, China
| | - Yuejian Shen
- Hangzhou Linping Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Linping 311106, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Qing Shen
- Panvascular Diseases Research Center, The Quzhou Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Quzhou People's Hospital, Quzhou 324000, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Zhejiang Province Joint Key Laboratory of Aquatic Products Processing, Institute of Seafood, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 330009, China.
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Cheng QY, Wang T, Hu J, Chen HY, Xu JJ. In Situ Probing the Short-Lived Intermediates in Visible-Light Heterogeneous Photocatalysis by Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2023; 95:14150-14157. [PMID: 37665645 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c03494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Visible-light-mediated heterogeneous photocatalysis has recently emerged as an environmentally friendly and energy-sustainable alternative for organic transformations. Despite the advancements in developing wide varieties of photocatalysts during the past decades, the accurate probing and identification of the photogenerated species, especially the short-lived radical intermediates, are still challenging. In this work, we reported a hybrid ion emitter that integrated with a pico-liter heterogeneous photocatalytic reactor, which was fabricated by depositing the photocatalyst (e.g., TiO2) into the front tip of a quartz micropipette. Benefited from the dual-function feature of the hybrid micropipette (i.e., a clog-free tip-confined pico-liter reactor for heterogeneous photocatalysis and an ion emitter for nanoelectrospray ionization), sensitized photoredox reactions at the catalyst-solution interface can be triggered upon visible-light irradiation using a cheap LED laser (453 nm), and the newly produced transient radical intermediates can be rapidly transformed into gaseous ions for mass spectrometric identification. Using this novel low-delay coupling device, photogenerated intermediates, including the cationic radicals produced during the photooxidation of anilines and the anionic radicals produced during the photoreduction of quinones, were successfully captured by mass spectrometry. We believe that our hybrid photochemical microreactor/ion emitter has provided a new and powerful tool for exploring the complicated heterogeneous photochemical processes, especially their ultrafast initial transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu-Yue Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Ting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Jun Hu
- School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
| | - Hong-Yuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Jing-Juan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
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McDaniel TJ, Holtz JM, Bondzie EH, Overfelt M, Fedick PW, Mulligan CC. Rapid screening of high-priority N-nitrosamines in pharmaceutical, forensic, and environmental samples with paper spray ionization and filter cone spray ionization-mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2023; 37 Suppl 1:e9493. [PMID: 36775811 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The burgeoning concern of N-nitrosamine (NAM) contamination found in various pharmaceutical compositions has increased the demand for rapid and reliable screening methods to better assess the breadth of the problem. These carcinogenic compounds are also found in food, water, and soil, and they have been used in poison-related homicides. METHODS A combination of complementary, ambient ionization methods, paper spray ionization (PSI) and filter cone spray ionization (FCSI)-mass spectrometry (MS), was characterized towards trace-level residue screening of select NAMs (e.g., N-nitrosodimethylamine, N-nitrosodiethylamine, N-nitrosodibutylamine) directly from complex and problematic matrices of interest, including prescription and over-the-counter tablets, drinking water, soil, and consumable goods. Spectral data for analyte confirmation and detection limit studies were collected using a Thermo LCQ Fleet ion trap mass spectrometer. RESULTS PSI-MS and FCSI-MS readily produced mass spectral data marked by their simplicity (e.g., predominantly protonated molecular ions observed) and congruence with traditional electrospray ionization mass spectra in under 2 min. per sample. Both methods proved robust to the complex matrices tested, yielding ion signatures for target NAMs, as well as active pharmaceutical ingredients for analyzed tablets, flavorants inherent to food products, etc. Low part-per-million detection limits were observed but were shown dependent on sample composition. CONCLUSIONS PSI-MS and FCSI-MS were successful in detecting trace-level NAMS in complex liquid- and solid-phase matrices with little to no prior preparation. This work suggests that these methodologies can provide a means for assessing problematic pharmaceutical adulterants/degradants for expedited quality control, as well as enhancing environmental stewardship efforts and forensic investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jessica M Holtz
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, IL, USA
| | | | - Makoy Overfelt
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, IL, USA
| | - Patrick W Fedick
- Chemistry Division, Research Department, Naval Air Warfare Center, Weapons Division (NAWCWD), United States Navy Naval Air Systems Command (NAVAIR), China Lake, CA, USA
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Sun J, Cao M, Ge X, Ouyang J, Na N. Examination of electronically mismatched Diels-Alder reaction by on-line mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2023:e9510. [PMID: 36946002 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Electronically mismatched Diels-Alder reactions have gained much attention as an alternative pathway for C-C bond formation. To facilitate the development of facile organic transformations, mechanistic investigations are required. Spectroscopic methods (NMR, electron paramagnetic resonance and UV-visible) are normally adopted for mechanistic examinations, but further improvements in directly obtaining structural information of short-lived intermediates are encouraged. Herein, an electronically mismatched Diels-Alder reaction between indole and 1,3-cyclohexadiene was studied using in situ electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (in situ ESI-MS). Based on direct sampling and detection of the in situ ESI-MS without sample pretreatment, the structures and dynamics of important intermediates were examined on-line. METHODS A syringe-based photocatalytic reactor and in situ ambient MS (AMS) evaluation system was constructed for mechanism studies. The role of oxygen was confirmed via control reaction employed in the N2 -bubbled system. The stepwise cation radical-based pathway and the [2 + 2] cycloaddition process were determined through a series of experiments, including solvent evaluation, MS/MS experiments and dynamic monitoring. RESULTS The dependence of the reaction on solvent polarity demonstrated that the reaction occurs via the formation of cation radicals, which were captured, identified and dynamically monitored via in situ ESI-MS. Without pre-separation, the intermediate of [2 + 2] cycloaddition was identified and the cycloaddition process was thereby determined to be the combination of [4 + 2] cycloaddition and [2 + 2] cycloaddition. In addition, oxygen was proved to act as an electron mediator for both catalyst Ru(bpz)3 (PF6 )2 and radical cations. CONCLUSIONS The mechanism of an electronically mismatched Diels-Alder reaction was successfully deduced by in situ MS associated with a syringe-based photocatalytic reactor. The structures and dynamics of cation radicals, the effect of O2 for the reaction and the detailed process of [2 + 2] cycloaddition have been well demonstrated. This work could not only promote the understanding and development of facile photocatalytic transformations, but also enlarge the application range of AMS in on-line monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianghui Sun
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Mengyu Cao
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiyang Ge
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Jin Ouyang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Beijing Normal University at Zhuhai, Zhuhai City, Guangdong Province, 519087, China
| | - Na Na
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
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Ge X, Yin Y, Sun J, Ouyang J, Na N. OH radical-initiated single-electron transfer for accelerated degradation via carbocation intermediates. Chem Sci 2023; 14:2229-2236. [PMID: 36845917 PMCID: PMC9945577 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc06915f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Single electron transfer (SET) has made great contributions to a broad range of chemical processes, whose radical cation and carbocation intermediates are important for mechanism studies. Herein, hydroxyl radical (˙OH)-initiated SET was revealed in accelerated degradations, via the online examination of radical cations and carbocations by electrosonic spray ionization mass spectrometry (ESSI-MS). In the green and efficient non-thermal plasma catalysis system (MnO2-plasma), hydroxychloroquine was efficiently degraded upon SET via carbocations. In the plasma field full of active oxygen species, ˙OH was generated on the MnO2 surface to initiate SET-based degradations. Furthermore, theoretical calculations revealed that ˙OH preferred to withdraw the electron from the N atom that was conjugated to the benzene ring. This facilitated the generation of radical cations through SET, which was followed by the sequential formation of two carbocations for accelerated degradations. Transition states and energy barriers were calculated to study the formation of radical cations and subsequent carbocation intermediates. This work demonstrates an ˙OH-initiated SET for accelerated degradation via carbocations, providing a deeper understanding and the potential for the wider application of SET in green degradations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiyang Ge
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University Beijing 100875 China
| | - Yiyan Yin
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University Beijing 100875 China
| | - Jianghui Sun
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University Beijing 100875 China
| | - Jin Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University Beijing 100875 China
| | - Na Na
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University Beijing 100875 China
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Zach T, Geyer F, Kiendl B, Mößeler J, Nguyen O, Schmidpeter T, Schuster P, Nagel C, Schatzschneider U. Electrospray Mass Spectrometry to Study Combinatorial iClick Reactions and Multiplexed Kinetics of [Ru(N 3)(N∧N)(terpy)]PF 6 with Alkynes of Different Steric and Electronic Demand. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:2982-2993. [PMID: 36745056 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c03377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In a combinatorial approach, a family of ruthenium(II) azido complexes [Ru(N3)(N∧N)(terpy)]PF6 with terpy = 2,2':6',2″-terpyridine and N∧N as a bidentate chelator derived from 2,2'-biypridine and its 4,4'-disubstituted derivatives, 2,2'-bipyrimidine, and 1,10-phenanthroline were reacted with different internal and terminal alkynes to give access to a total of 7 × 7 = 49 triazolato complexes in a room-temperature catalyst-free iClick reaction. The reactants were mixed in a repurposed high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) autosampler, and the reaction progress was monitored by direct injection into an electrospray mass spectrometer. The ratio of the peak intensities of [Ru(N3)(N∧N)(terpy)]+ and [Ru(triazolato)(N∧N)(terpy)]+ was converted to a colored heat map for facile visual inspection of the conversion ratio. By automated multiple injections of the reaction mixture in fixed time intervals and plotting peak intensities over reaction time, pseudo-first-order rate constants were easily determined. Finally, nonoverlapping isotope patterns of the azido starting materials and triazolato products enabled multiplexed parallel determination of rate constants for four different ruthenium(II) azido complexes from a single sample vial, thereby reducing experiment time by 75%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristan Zach
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074Würzburg, Germany
| | - Florian Geyer
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074Würzburg, Germany
| | - Benjamin Kiendl
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jan Mößeler
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074Würzburg, Germany
| | - Olivier Nguyen
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074Würzburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Schmidpeter
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074Würzburg, Germany
| | - Patrick Schuster
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Nagel
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Schatzschneider
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074Würzburg, Germany
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Condensed Phase Membrane Introduction Mass Spectrometry: A Direct Alternative to Fully Exploit the Mass Spectrometry Potential in Environmental Sample Analysis. SEPARATIONS 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/separations10020139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Membrane introduction mass spectrometry (MIMS) is a direct mass spectrometry technique used to monitor online chemical systems or quickly quantify trace levels of different groups of compounds in complex matrices without extensive sample preparation steps and chromatographic separation. MIMS utilizes a thin, semi-permeable, and selective membrane that directly connects the sample and the mass spectrometer. The analytes in the sample are pre-concentrated by the membrane depending on their physicochemical properties and directly transferred, using different acceptor phases (gas, liquid or vacuum) to the mass spectrometer. Condensed phase (CP) MIMS use a liquid as a medium, extending the range to new applications to less-volatile compounds that are challenging or unsuitable to gas-phase MIMS. It directly allows the rapid quantification of selected compounds in complex matrices, the online monitoring of chemical reactions (in real-time), as well as in situ measurements. CP-MIMS has expanded beyond the measurement of several organic compounds because of the use of different types of liquid acceptor phases, geometries, dimensions, and mass spectrometers. This review surveys advancements of CP-MIMS and its applications to several molecules and matrices over the past 15 years.
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Sun J, Tan H, Gao Y, Li J, Wei J, Zhang S, Ouyang J, Na N. Confined surface-enhanced indole cation-radical cyclization studied by mass spectrometry. Analyst 2023; 148:262-268. [PMID: 36503912 DOI: 10.1039/d2an01719a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Reactions in confined spaces exhibit unique reactivity, while how the confinement effect enhances reactions remains unclear. Herein, the reaction in the confined space of a nanopipette reactor was examined by in situ nano-electrospray mass spectrometry (nanoESI-MS). The indole cation-radical cyclization was selected as the model reaction, catalyzed by a common visible-light-harvesting complex Ru(bpz)3(PF6)2 (1% eq.) rather than traditional harsh reaction conditions (high temperature or pressure, etc.). As demonstrated by in situ nanoESI-MS, this reaction was readily promoted in the nanopipette under mild conditions, while it was inefficient in both normal flasks and microdroplets. Both experimental and theoretical evidence demonstrated the formation of concentrated Ru(II)-complexes on the inner surface of the nanopipette, which facilitated the accelerated reactions. As a result, dissociative reactive cation radicals with lower HOMO-LUMO gap were generated from the Ru(II)-complexes by ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT). Furthermore, the crucial cation radical intermediates were captured and dynamically monitored via in situ nanoESI-MS, responsible for the electronically matched [4 + 2] cycloaddition and subsequent intramolecular dehydrogenation. This work inspires a deeper understanding of the unique reactions in confined spaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianghui Sun
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Hongwei Tan
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Yixuan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Jingjing Li
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Juanjuan Wei
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Shengxi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Jin Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Na Na
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
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de Paula CCA, Binatti I, Coelho Pimenta JV, Augusti R. Accelerated synthesis of phthalimide derivatives: Intrinsic reactivity of diamines towards phthalic anhydride evaluated by paper spray ionization mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2022; 36:e9407. [PMID: 36169595 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Paper spray (PS) is a simple and innovative ambient ionization technique for mass spectrometry (MS) analysis. Under PS-MS conditions, chemical reactions, which usually occur slowly on a bulk scale, are accelerated. Moreover, the formation of products and transient species can be easily monitored. In this manuscript, reactions between phthalic anhydride and diamines were conducted and monitored using a PS-MS platform. The reaction products (phthalimides) have many pharmaceutical applications, but their traditional syntheses can take hours under reflux, requiring laborious purification steps. METHODS In situ reactions were performed by dropping methanolic solutions of phthalic anhydride and diamines on a triangular paper. The analyses were achieved by positioning the triangle tip in front of the mass spectrometer entrance, whereas a metal clip was attached to the triangle base. After adding methanol to the paper, a high voltage was applied across the metal clip, and the mass spectra were acquired. RESULTS The intrinsic reactivity of alkyl and aromatic diamines was evaluated. The carbon chain remarkably influenced the reactivity of aliphatic diamines. For aryl diamines, the ortho isomer was the most reactive. Moreover, for aryl amines with electron-withdrawing substituents, no reaction was noticed. CONCLUSIONS Taking advantage of the unique characteristics of PS-MS, it was possible to investigate the intrinsic reactivity of model alkyl (ethylene versus propylene) and aryl (o-phenylene versus m-phenylene and p-phenylene) diamines towards phthalic anhydride. Some crucial parameters that affect the intrinsic reactivity of organic molecules, such as isomerism, intramolecular interaction, and conformation, were easily explored.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Rodinei Augusti
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Xiang Z, Zheng Y, Huang Y, Shi J, Zhang Z. Focusing Plasma Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2022; 94:17090-17101. [PMID: 36444961 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c03237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A plasma-based source named focusing plasma desorption/ionization (FPDI) is described, which applies a high direct current voltage between a metal wire inside a polymeric hollow truncated cone and a piece of a one-sided coated conducting paper substrate. The conducting paper acts as both the counter electrode and the sample carrier. Upon the generation of a visible plasma beam, it would directly ionize the samples spotted on the conducting paper substrate or located around the plasma beam. The signal intensity of target analytes in mass spectrometric analysis is dependent highly on whether the conducting paper substrate is grounded or not, the type of conducting paper substrate, the inside diameter of the polymeric hollow truncated cone tip, the metal wire tip-to-polymer tip distance, the polymer tip-to-paper substrate distance, the applied voltage, and the helium flow rate. Based on the experimental observation, a plausible mechanism is proposed for the generation of the plasma beam from FPDI. Compared to the available low-temperature plasma, flowing atmospheric-pressure afterglow, and helium plasma ionization sources, FPDI has demonstrated higher sensitivity and better compatibility with commercial mass spectrometers without any extra power supplies. As a proof of concept, FPDI coupled with a mass spectrometer has also been applied for the discrimination of different brands of gasoline and determination of solid tablets and pesticides with limits of detection in the range of 2.2 to 30.7 ng mL-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhicheng Xiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Shiyou University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710065, China
| | - Yajun Zheng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Shiyou University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710065, China
| | - Yajie Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Shiyou University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710065, China
| | - Jun Shi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Shiyou University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710065, China
| | - Zhiping Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Shiyou University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710065, China
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13
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Guan X, Lu H, Ge X, Yin Y, Ouyang J, Na N. Near-Infrared Fluorescent Probe for H 2S Detection: Will pH Affect the Intracellular Sensing? ACS Sens 2022; 7:2483-2491. [PMID: 35977550 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c01402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent probe has exhibited unique advantages for in vitro and in vivo detection of hydrogen sulfide (H2S), an important endogenous gasotransmitter in redox homeostasis and multiple life processes. However, both the pH-dependent emission of NIR probes and H2S conversions would normally affect the accurate detection in cellular environments in different acidic conditions. Herein, both experiments and theoretical calculations were carried out to examine the effect of pH on intracellular sensing of H2S by the NIR probe. Selecting a NIR probe of R1 with dual-excited NIR responses to H2S as the model, the pH-dependent R1 emission was confirmed by optical measurements, whose structural changes were further examined by mass spectrometry (MS). Significantly, the dynamic changes versus pH increase were employed for the online monitoring of ambient MS (AMS), observing important intermediate species without sample pretreatments. Thereby, intermediates and transition states were confirmed by theoretical calculations, which proposed the mechanism of nucleophilic substitution, followed by the hydrolysis process with increasing pH. As examined, R1 exhibited a relatively stable NIR emission at pH 4-8, while a dramatic change in signals occurred at higher-pH conditions. Therefore, R1 was demonstrated to be reliable for intracellular sensing of H2S and had been confirmed by cell imaging. This work has initiated a comprehensive strategy for evaluating fluorescence (FL) probes, showing potential for the development of fluorescent probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowen Guan
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Hua Lu
- Beijing Products Quality Supervision and Inspection Institute, Beijing 101300, China
| | - Xiyang Ge
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yiyan Yin
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Jin Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Na Na
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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14
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Xi XJ, Hu J, Chen HY, Xu JJ. Rapid identification of the short-lived intermediates in alternating-current electrolysis by mass spectrometry. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:10233-10236. [PMID: 36004520 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc04363g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report the rapid mass spectrometric identification of the short-lived intermediates generated under AC electrolysis via combining bipolar electrochemistry with nanoelectrospray ionization in a hybrid ultramicroelectrode/ion emitter. The key reactive intermediates involved in the C-O/O-H cross-metathesis between 4-alkoxy anilines and alcohols were successfully captured and identified for the first time, providing direct evidence for the previously proposed mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Jun Xi
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China.
| | - Jun Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China.
| | - Hong-Yuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China.
| | - Jing-Juan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China.
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15
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Zhu L, Cui C, Liu H, Zhou Z, Qi F. Thermochemical depolymerization of lignin: Process analysis with state-of-the-art soft ionization mass spectrometry. FRONTIERS IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fceng.2022.982126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lignin valorization via thermochemical approaches has the potential to produce renewable fuels and value-added chemicals, which are of great significance to the sustainable development of human beings. During the thermochemical depolymerization which involves acid-catalyzed, alkali-catalyzed, oxidative, reductive, pyrolytic, and other reactions, the lignin structure will undergo a series of bond cleavage, condensation, and functional group changes, while the mechanism is still unclear. To improve the efficiency, the analysis of the evolution of intermediates during depolymerization is very important, among which soft ionization mass spectrometry plays a vital role. This review aims to summarize the research progress of process analysis of lignin depolymerization in both gas-phase, typically thermal and catalytic pyrolysis, and liquid-phase via online mass spectrometry. The challenges and our insights into the future development of the lignin valorization as well as soft ionization mass spectrometry methods are also discussed.
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16
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Foster SW, Xie X, Hellmig JM, Moura‐Letts G, West WR, Lee ML, Grinias JP. Online monitoring of small volume reactions using compact liquid chromatography instrumentation. SEPARATION SCIENCE PLUS 2022; 5:213-219. [PMID: 37008988 PMCID: PMC10065474 DOI: 10.1002/sscp.202200012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A wide variety of analytical techniques have been employed for monitoring chemical reactions, with online instrumentation providing additional benefits compared to offline analysis. A challenge in the past for online monitoring has been placement of the monitoring instrumentation as close as possible to the reaction vessel to maximize sampling temporal resolution and preserve sample composition integrity. Furthermore, the ability to sample very small volumes from bench-scale reactions allows the use of small reaction vessels and conservation of expensive reagents. In this study, a compact capillary LC instrument was used for online monitoring of as small as 1 mL total volume of a chemical reaction mixture, with automated sampling of nL-scale volumes directly from the reaction vessel used for analysis. Analyses to demonstrate short term (~2 h) and long term (~ 50 h) reactions were conducted using tandem on-capillary ultraviolet absorbance followed by in-line MS detection or ultraviolet absorbance detection alone, respectively. For both short term and long term reactions (10 and 250 injections, respectively), sampling approaches using syringe pumps minimized the overall sample loss to ~0.2% of the total reaction volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel W. Foster
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry Rowan University Glassboro New Jersey USA
| | - Xiaofeng Xie
- Axcend LLC Provo Utah USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Brigham Young University Provo Utah USA
| | - Jacob M. Hellmig
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry Rowan University Glassboro New Jersey USA
| | - Gustavo Moura‐Letts
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry Rowan University Glassboro New Jersey USA
| | | | - Milton L. Lee
- Axcend LLC Provo Utah USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Brigham Young University Provo Utah USA
| | - James P. Grinias
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry Rowan University Glassboro New Jersey USA
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Conformation Changes of Enkephalin in Coordination with Pb2+ Investigated by Gas Phase Hydrogen/Deuterium Exchange Mass Spectrometry Combined with Theoretical Calculations. Chem Res Chin Univ 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40242-021-1069-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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18
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Yu Q, Gao J, Yu X, Shi J, Lin L, Wang X. Implementing reactive secondary electrospray ionization based on gas–droplet reactions for VOC analysis. Analyst 2022; 147:4903-4909. [DOI: 10.1039/d2an01422j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A reactive secondary electrospray ionization method is proposed based on accelerated gas–liquid reactions in microdroplets. It enables online derivatization of volatile organic compounds and can facilitate rapid analysis of these samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Yu
- Division of Advanced Manufacturing, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Jing Gao
- Division of Advanced Manufacturing, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xiaohua Yu
- Open FIESTA, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Jianbo Shi
- Open FIESTA, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Lin Lin
- Sustech Core Research Facilities, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xiaohao Wang
- Division of Advanced Manufacturing, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
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Cui C, Chen X, Liu C, Zhu Y, Zhu L, Ouyang J, Shen Y, Zhou Z, Qi F. In Situ Reactor-Integrated Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry for Heterogeneous Catalytic Reactions and Its Application in the Process Analysis of High-Pressure Liquid-Phase Lignin Depolymerization. Anal Chem 2021; 93:12987-12994. [PMID: 34520172 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c02710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Process analysis of heterogeneous catalytic reactions such as lignin depolymerization is essential to understand the reaction mechanism at the molecular level, but it is always challenging due to harsh conditions. Herein, we report an operando process analysis strategy by combining a microbatch reactor with high-resolution mass spectrometry (MS) via a reactor-integrated electrospray ionization (R-ESI) technique. R-ESI-MS expands the applications of traditional in situ MS to a heterogeneous and high-pressure liquid-phase system. With this strategy, we present the evolution of a series of monomers, dimers, and oligomers during lignin depolymerization under operando conditions (methanol solvent, 260 °C, ∼8 MPa), which is the first experimental elucidation of a progressive depolymerization pathway and evidence of repolymerization of active monomers. The proposed R-ESI-MS is crucial in probing depolymerization intermediates of lignin; it also provides a flexible strategy for process analysis of heterogeneous catalytic reactions under operando conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cunhao Cui
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
| | - Xiamin Chen
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
| | - Chunjiang Liu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
| | - Yanan Zhu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
| | - Linyu Zhu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
| | - Jianfeng Ouyang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
| | - Yang Shen
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
| | - Zhongyue Zhou
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
| | - Fei Qi
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
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