1
|
Tushar SI, Anik HR, Uddin MM, Mandal S, Mohakar V, Rai S, Sharma S. Nanocellulose-based porous lightweight materials with flame retardant properties: A review. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 339:122237. [PMID: 38823907 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
This review discusses the development and application of nanocellulose (NC)-aerogels, a sustainable and biodegradable biomaterial, with enhanced flame retardant (FR) properties. NC-aerogels combine the excellent physical and mechanical properties of NC with the low density and thermal conductivity of aerogels, making them promising for thermal insulation and other fields. However, the flammability of NC-aerogels limits their use in some applications, such as electromagnetic interference shielding, oil/water separation, and flame-resistant textiles. The review covers the design, fabrication, modification, and working mechanism of NC porous materials, focusing on how advanced technologies can impart FR properties into them. The review also evaluates the FR performance of NC-aerogels by employing widely recognized tests, such as the limited oxygen index, cone calorimeter, and UL-94. The review also explores the integration of innovative and eco-friendly materials, such as MXene, metal-organic frameworks, dopamine, lignin, and alginate, into NC-aerogels, to improve their FR performance and functionality. The review concludes by outlining the potential, challenges, and limitations of future research on FR NC-aerogels, identifying the obstacles and potential solutions, and understanding the current progress and gaps in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shariful Islam Tushar
- Department of Design and Merchandising, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA; Department of Apparel Engineering, Bangladesh University of Textiles, Tejgaon, Dhaka 1208, Bangladesh
| | - Habibur Rahman Anik
- Department of Apparel Engineering, Bangladesh University of Textiles, Tejgaon, Dhaka 1208, Bangladesh; Department of Chemistry and Chemical & Biomedical Engineering, University of New Haven, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
| | - Md Mazbah Uddin
- Department of Textiles, Merchandising, and Interiors, University of Georgia, 305 Sanford Dr., Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Sumit Mandal
- Department of Design and Merchandising, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Vijay Mohakar
- Department of Textiles, Merchandising, and Interiors, University of Georgia, 305 Sanford Dr., Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Smriti Rai
- Department of Textiles, Merchandising, and Interiors, University of Georgia, 305 Sanford Dr., Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Suraj Sharma
- Department of Textiles, Merchandising, and Interiors, University of Georgia, 305 Sanford Dr., Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hong X, Zhang S, Tian Z, Qin S, Yang L, Liu D, Gu Z, Chen J. Preparation of Exfoliated Organo‐Montmorillonite and Its Effect on Flame Retardancy and Mechanical Properties of Polypropylene. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202103219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Hong
- Engineering Research Center of Comprehensive Utilization and Clean Processing of Phosphorus Resources Ministry of Education School of Chemical Engineering Sichuan University, NO. 24, South Section 1 First Ring Road Chengdu 610065 P. R. China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Comprehensive Utilization and Clean Processing of Phosphorus Resources Ministry of Education School of Chemical Engineering Sichuan University, NO. 24, South Section 1 First Ring Road Chengdu 610065 P. R. China
| | - Zhuangzhuang Tian
- Engineering Research Center of Comprehensive Utilization and Clean Processing of Phosphorus Resources Ministry of Education School of Chemical Engineering Sichuan University, NO. 24, South Section 1 First Ring Road Chengdu 610065 P. R. China
| | - Shiqian Qin
- Engineering Research Center of Comprehensive Utilization and Clean Processing of Phosphorus Resources Ministry of Education School of Chemical Engineering Sichuan University, NO. 24, South Section 1 First Ring Road Chengdu 610065 P. R. China
| | - Lin Yang
- Engineering Research Center of Comprehensive Utilization and Clean Processing of Phosphorus Resources Ministry of Education School of Chemical Engineering Sichuan University, NO. 24, South Section 1 First Ring Road Chengdu 610065 P. R. China
| | - Daijun Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Comprehensive Utilization and Clean Processing of Phosphorus Resources Ministry of Education School of Chemical Engineering Sichuan University, NO. 24, South Section 1 First Ring Road Chengdu 610065 P. R. China
| | - Zhanyong Gu
- College of Chemical Engineering Shijiazhuang University, NO. 6 Changjiang Road Shijiazhuang 050035 P. R. China
| | - Jianjun Chen
- Engineering Research Center of Comprehensive Utilization and Clean Processing of Phosphorus Resources Ministry of Education School of Chemical Engineering Sichuan University, NO. 24, South Section 1 First Ring Road Chengdu 610065 P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Flame-Retardant Systems Based on Chitosan and Its Derivatives: State of the Art and Perspectives. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25184046. [PMID: 32899696 PMCID: PMC7570566 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25184046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
During the last decade, the utilization of chitin, and in par0ticular its deacetylated form, i.e., chitosan, for flame retardant purposes, has represented quite a novel and interesting application, very far from the established uses of this bio-sourced material. In this context, chitosan is a carbon source that can be successfully exploited, often in combination with intumescent products, in order to provide different polymer systems (namely, bulky materials, fabrics and foams) with high flame retardant (FR) features. Besides, this specific use of chitosan in flame retardance is well suited to a green and sustainable approach. This review aims to summarize the recent advances concerning the utilization of chitosan as a key component in the design of efficient flame retardant systems for different polymeric materials.
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhang L, Yi D, Hao J. Poly (diallyldimethylammonium) and polyphosphate polyelectrolyte complexes as an all‐in‐one flame retardant for polypropylene. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lichen Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, School of Materials Science and EngineeringBeijing Institute of Technology Beijing 10081 China
| | - Deqi Yi
- National Engineering Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, School of Materials Science and EngineeringBeijing Institute of Technology Beijing 10081 China
| | - Jianwei Hao
- National Engineering Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, School of Materials Science and EngineeringBeijing Institute of Technology Beijing 10081 China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Reis Bernardes F, Jakeline Cunha Rezende M, de Oliveira Rodrigues V, Sandra Veiga Nascimento R, Pereira da Silva Ribeiro S. Synthesis and Application of H-ZSM-5 Zeolites with Different Levels of Acidity as Synergistic Agents in Flame Retardant Polymeric Materials. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11122110. [PMID: 31888118 PMCID: PMC6960519 DOI: 10.3390/polym11122110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies show a synergistic effect between intumescent formulations and aluminosilicates, such as zeolites and clays, but little is known about the effect of acidity of these additives on the synergistic action. In this work, H-ZSM-5 zeolite was submitted to desilication treatments for 30 min and for 2 h, and silicalite-1 was synthesized. The objective was to obtain samples of equivalent crystalline structure, but with different amounts of acid sites, in order to evaluate the effect of acid concentration of H-ZSM-5 zeolites on the synergistic action with an intumescent formulation composed by ammonium polyphosphate and pentaerythritol in polypropylene. H-ZSM-5 zeolites and silicalite were characterized by X-ray diffraction, nitrogen adsorption analysis and temperature-programmed desorption of ammonia. The desilication produced H-ZSM-5 zeolites with similar volumes of mesopores in both treatments, but the zeolite resulting from 2 h of desilication presented a higher concentration of acid sites than the zeolite from 30 min. The flame-retardant properties were evaluated by UL-94 classification, limiting oxygen index, glow-wire, thermogravimetric analysis and heating microscopy. The results showed that increasing the concentration and accessibility of the acid sites of H-ZSM-5 zeolites the flame-retardant properties of the studied composites improved. It is suggested that the increase of acid site concentration positively influences the catalysis of the reaction between ammonium polyphosphate and pentaerythritol, favoring the production of the precursors of the intumescent layer.
Collapse
|
6
|
Li T, Li S, Ma T, Zhong Y, Zhang L, Xu H, Wang B, Sui X, Feng X, Chen Z, Mao Z. Flame‐retardant poly (ethylene terephthalate) enabled by a novel melamine polyphosphate nanowire. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Teng Li
- Key Lab of Science and Technology of Eco‐textile, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyDonghua University Shanghai 201620 China
| | - Shuai Li
- Key Lab of Science and Technology of Eco‐textile, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyDonghua University Shanghai 201620 China
| | - Tongjun Ma
- Key Lab of Science and Technology of Eco‐textile, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyDonghua University Shanghai 201620 China
| | - Yi Zhong
- Key Lab of Science and Technology of Eco‐textile, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyDonghua University Shanghai 201620 China
| | - Linping Zhang
- Key Lab of Science and Technology of Eco‐textile, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyDonghua University Shanghai 201620 China
| | - Hong Xu
- Key Lab of Science and Technology of Eco‐textile, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyDonghua University Shanghai 201620 China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco‐textiles of Shandong ProvinceQingdao University Qingdao 266071 China
| | - Bijia Wang
- Key Lab of Science and Technology of Eco‐textile, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyDonghua University Shanghai 201620 China
| | - Xiaofeng Sui
- Key Lab of Science and Technology of Eco‐textile, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyDonghua University Shanghai 201620 China
| | - Xueling Feng
- Key Lab of Science and Technology of Eco‐textile, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyDonghua University Shanghai 201620 China
| | - Zhize Chen
- Key Lab of Science and Technology of Eco‐textile, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyDonghua University Shanghai 201620 China
| | - Zhiping Mao
- Key Lab of Science and Technology of Eco‐textile, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyDonghua University Shanghai 201620 China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco‐textiles of Shandong ProvinceQingdao University Qingdao 266071 China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Cyclodextrins and Cyclodextrin Derivatives as Green Char Promoters in Flame Retardants Formulations for Polymeric Materials. A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11040664. [PMID: 30978988 PMCID: PMC6523419 DOI: 10.3390/polym11040664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymers are intrinsically flammable materials; hence, fire retardance (FR) is required in their most common applications (i.e., electronic and construction, to mention some). Recently, it has been reported that cyclodextrin (CD) and cyclodextrin derivatives are beginning to be introduced into Intumescent Fire Retardant (IFR) formulations in place of pentaerythritol, which is used in IFRs that are currently on the market. Since IFRs are of less environmental concern than their hazardous halogen containing counterparts, the use of natural origin compounds in IFRs provides a way to comply with green chemistry issues. BCD and BCD derivatives presence in IFR mixtures promotes a higher yield of blowing gases and char when polymeric materials undergo combustion. Both processes play important roles in intumescence. The key rule to obtain in insulating compact char is the good dispersion of the nanoparticles in the matrix, which can be achieved by functionalizing nanoparticles with BCD derivatives. Moreover, CD derivatives are attractive because of their nanosized structure and their ability to form inclusion complexes with many compounds used as FR components, reducing their release to the environment during their shelf life of FR items. Often, fire retardance performed by BCD and BCD derivatives accompanies other relevant properties, such as improved mechanical resistance, washability resistance, self healing ability, thermal conductivity, etc. The application of CD fire retardant additives in many polymers, such as poly(lactic acid), poly(propylene), poly(vinyl acetate), poly(methyl methacrylate), linear low density poly(ethylene), polyamides, and polyesters are comprehensively reviewed here.
Collapse
|
8
|
Bee ST, Sin LT, Lim KS, Ratnam CT, Bee SL, Rahmat AR. Interactive effect of electron beam irradiation and montmorillonite (MMT) on properties of polycarbonate (PC)/acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) nanocomposites. Polym Bull (Berl) 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-018-2622-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
9
|
Zhou T, Chen W, Duan W, Liu Y, Wang Q. In situ
synthesized and dispersed melamine polyphosphate flame retardant epoxy resin composites. J Appl Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/app.47194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhou
- The State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering; Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University; Chengdu 610065 People's Republic of China
| | - Wenhua Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering; Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University; Chengdu 610065 People's Republic of China
| | - Wenfeng Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Special Functional Waterproof Materials; Beijing 101300 People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering; Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University; Chengdu 610065 People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering; Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University; Chengdu 610065 People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Dong C, Wirasaputra A, Luo Q, Liu S, Yuan Y, Zhao J, Fu Y. Intrinsic Flame-Retardant and Thermally Stable Epoxy Endowed by a Highly Efficient, Multifunctional Curing Agent. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2016; 9:E1008. [PMID: 28774127 PMCID: PMC5456980 DOI: 10.3390/ma9121008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
It is difficult to realize flame retardancy of epoxy without suffering much detriment in thermal stability. To solve the problem, a super-efficient phosphorus-nitrogen-containing reactive-type flame retardant, 10-(hydroxy(4-hydroxyphenyl)methyl)-5,10-dihydrophenophosphazinine-10-oxide (HB-DPPA) is synthesized and characterized. When it is used as a co-curing agent of 4,4'-methylenedianiline (DDM) for curing diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA), the cured epoxy achieves UL-94 V-0 rating with the limiting oxygen index of 29.3%. In this case, the phosphorus content in the system is exceptionally low (0.18 wt %). To the best of our knowledge, it currently has the highest efficiency among similar epoxy systems. Such excellent flame retardancy originates from the exclusive chemical structure of the phenophosphazine moiety, in which the phosphorus element is stabilized by the two adjacent aromatic rings. The action in the condensed phase is enhanced and followed by pressurization of the pyrolytic gases that induces the blowing-out effect during combustion. The cone calorimeter result reveals the formation of a unique intumescent char structure with five discernible layers. Owing to the super-efficient flame retardancy and the rigid molecular structure of HB-DPPA, the flame-retardant epoxy acquires high thermal stability and its initial decomposition temperature only decreases by 4.6 °C as compared with the unmodified one.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunlei Dong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Alvianto Wirasaputra
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Qinqin Luo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang 524048, China.
| | - Shumei Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Yanchao Yuan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Jianqing Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Yi Fu
- Silverage Engineering Plastics (Dongguan) Co., Ltd., Dongguan 523187, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhang W, He X, Song T, Jiao Q, Yang R. Comparison of intumescence mechanism and blowing-out effect in flame-retarded epoxy resins. Polym Degrad Stab 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2014.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
12
|
Luo W, Li Y, Zou H, Liang M. Study of different-sized sulfur-free expandable graphite on morphology and properties of water-blown semi-rigid polyurethane foams. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra05559d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, EG with different nominal particle sizes (70 μm, 430 μm and 960 μm) and different loadings from 0 to 50 pphp were considered to investigate the effect of expandable graphite on the morphology and properties of water-blown semi-rigid polyurethane foams (SPFs).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Luo
- The State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065, People's Republic of China
| | | | - Huawei Zou
- The State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065, People's Republic of China
| | - Mei Liang
- The State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Zhao G, Guo Q, Yi J, Cai X. Synergistic effect of zinc oxide on the flame retardant and thermal properties of acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene/poly(ethylene terephthalate)/ammonium polyphosphate systems. J Appl Polym Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/app.34039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
|
14
|
Zhao G, Pan Z, Lu C, Cai X. Halogen-free intumescent flame retardant acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene/poly(ethylene terephthalate) blends. J Appl Polym Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/app.32537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
15
|
Kandola BK, Biswas B, Price D, Horrocks AR. Studies on the effect of different levels of toughener and flame retardants on thermal stability of epoxy resin. Polym Degrad Stab 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2009.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
16
|
Antonov AV, Reshetnikov IS, Khalturinskij NA. Combustion of char-forming polymeric systems. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2007. [DOI: 10.1070/rc1999v068n07abeh000408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
17
|
The water resistance of surface-modified APP with melamine-TDI in LLDPE. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-007-9135-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
18
|
A quantitative study of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide evolution during thermal degradation of flame retarded epoxy resins. Polym Degrad Stab 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2007.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
19
|
Lu SY, Hamerton I. Recent developments in the chemistry of halogen-free flame retardant polymers. Prog Polym Sci 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6700(02)00018-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1229] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
20
|
Horrocks AR, Wang MY, Hall ME, Sunmonu F, Pearson JS. Flame retardant textile back-coatings. Part 2. Effectiveness of phosphorus-containing flame retardants in textile back-coating formulations. POLYM INT 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/1097-0126(200010)49:10<1079::aid-pi468>3.0.co;2-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
21
|
Bugajny M, Bourbigot S, Le Bras M, Delobel R. The origin and nature of flame retardance in ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers containing hostaflam AP 750. POLYM INT 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0126(199904)48:4<264::aid-pi118>3.0.co;2-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
22
|
Chuang TH, Chern CK, Guo W. The application of expandable graphite as a flame retardant and smoke-suppressing additive for ethylene-propylene-diene terpolymer. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 1997. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-006-0020-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
23
|
|