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Das A, Pal S, Jewrajka SK. Physical, Electrochemical, and Solvent Permeation Properties of Amphiphilic Conetwork Membranes Formed through Interlinking of Poly(vinylidene fluoride)- Graft-Poly[(2-dimethylamino)ethyl Methacrylate] with Telechelic Poly(ethylene glycol) and Small Molecular Weight Cross-Linkers. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:15340-15352. [PMID: 36459173 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c02553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
We report the preparation of dense and porous amphiphilic conetwork (APCN) membranes through the covalent interconnection of poly(vinylidene fluoride)-graft-poly[(2-dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate] (PVDF-g-PDMAEMA) copolymers with telechelic poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) or α,α-dichloro-p-xylene (XDC). The dense APCN membranes exhibit varying solvent swelling and mechanical properties depending on the compositions and overall crystallinity. The crystallinity of both PVDF (20-47%) and PEG (9-17%) is significantly suppressed in the dense APCNs prepared through the interconnection of PVDF-g-PDMAEMA with reactive PEG as compared to the APCN membranes (48-53%) prepared with XDC as well as mechanical blend of PVDF-g-PDMAEMA plus nonreactive PEG. The dense APCN membranes exhibit a good transport number of monovalent ions and ionic conductivity. The APCN membrane interconnected with PEG and containing binary ionic liquids exhibits a room-temperature lithium ion conductivity of 0.52 mS/cm. On the other hand, APCN ultrafiltration (UF) membranes exhibit organic solvent-resistant behavior. The UF membrane obtained by interconnecting PVDF-g-PDMAEMA with telechelic PEG shows low protein fouling propensity, higher hydrophilicity, and water flux as compared to membranes prepared using XDC as the interconnecting agent. The significant effect of the covalent interconnection of the amphiphilic graft copolymers with telechelic PEG or XDC on the overall properties provides a good opportunity to modulate the properties and performance of APCN membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupam Das
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana500046, India
| | - Sandip Pal
- Membrane Science and Separation Technology Division, Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute (CSIR-CSMCRI), G. B. Marg, Bhavnagar, Gujarat364002, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh201002, India
| | - Suresh K Jewrajka
- Membrane Science and Separation Technology Division, Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute (CSIR-CSMCRI), G. B. Marg, Bhavnagar, Gujarat364002, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh201002, India
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Kumar A, Nutan B, Jewrajka SK. Modulation of Properties through Covalent Bond Induced Formation of Strong Ion Pairing between Polyelectrolytes in Injectable Conetwork Hydrogels. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2021; 4:3374-3387. [PMID: 35014422 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c01673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In situ simultaneous formation of both covalent linkages and ion pair is challenging yet necessary to control the biological properties of a hydrogel. We report that the generation of covalent linkages (+N-C) facilitates the simultaneous formation of ion pairs between polyelectrolytes (PEs) in a hydrogel network. Co-injection of tertiary amine functional macromolecules and reactive poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) containing negatively charged PE leads to the formation of hydrogel conetworks consisting of covalent junctions and ion pairs. Our design is based on the gradual appearance of +N-C junctions followed by formation of ion pairs. This strategy provides an easy access to hydrogel networks bearing a predetermined proportion of ion pair and covalent cross-linking junction. The proportion of ion pair could be varied by introducing a precalculated proportion of mono- and difunctional reactive PEG in the hydrogel system. The topology of the prepolymer and the hydrogel could be modulated (graft) during hydrogel formation. This approach is applicable to obtain covalent/ionic, covalent bond induced purely ionic, and purely covalent hydrogels of several macromolecular entities. The effect of ion pairing in the hydrogels is strongly reflected in the modulus, strain bearing, degradation, free volume, swelling, and drug release properties. The hydrogels exhibit microscopic recovery of modulus after application of high amplitude strain depending on the prepolymer concentration (chain entanglement) and nature of hydrogel network. The hydrogels are hemocompatible, and the covalent/ionic hydrogels show a slower release of methotrexate than that of the purely covalent hydrogel. This work provides an understanding for the in situ construction and manipulation of biological properties of hydrogels through the covalent bond induced formation of a strong ion pair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avinash Kumar
- Membrane Science and Separation Technology Division, Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute (CSIR-CSMCRI), G.B. Marg, Bhavnagar, Gujarat 364002, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Bhingaradiya Nutan
- Membrane Science and Separation Technology Division, Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute (CSIR-CSMCRI), G.B. Marg, Bhavnagar, Gujarat 364002, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Suresh K Jewrajka
- Membrane Science and Separation Technology Division, Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute (CSIR-CSMCRI), G.B. Marg, Bhavnagar, Gujarat 364002, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
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Ulrich S, Osypova A, Panzarasa G, Rossi RM, Bruns N, Boesel LF. Pyranine-Modified Amphiphilic Polymer Conetworks as Fluorescent Ratiometric pH Sensors. Macromol Rapid Commun 2019; 40:e1900360. [PMID: 31523877 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201900360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The fluorescent dye 8-hydroxypyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonate (pyranine) combines high photostability with ratiometric pH detection in the physiological range, making it a prime candidate for optical sensors in biomedical applications, such as pH-based chronic wound monitoring. However, pyranine's high water solubility and the difficulty of covalent attachment pose severe limitations in terms of leaching from sensor matrices. Herein, pyranine-modified nanophase-separated amphiphilic polymer conetworks (APCNs) are reported as fluorescent ratiometric pH sensors. The thin, freestanding APCN membranes composed of one hydrophilic and one hydrophobic polymer provide an optically transparent, flexible, and stable ideal matrix that enables contact between dye and aqueous environment. An active ester-based conjugation approach results in a highly homogeneous and stable pyranine modification of the APCN's hydrophilic phase. This concept effectively solves the leaching challenge for pyranine without compromising its functionality, which is demonstrated by ratiometric pH detection in the range of pH 5-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Ulrich
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Biomimetic Membranes and Textiles, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014, St. Gallen, Switzerland.,Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Alina Osypova
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Biomimetic Membranes and Textiles, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Guido Panzarasa
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Biomimetic Membranes and Textiles, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - René M Rossi
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Biomimetic Membranes and Textiles, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Nico Bruns
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland.,Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Thomas Graham Building, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G1 1XL, UK
| | - Luciano F Boesel
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Biomimetic Membranes and Textiles, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014, St. Gallen, Switzerland
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Nutan B, Chandel AKS, Jewrajka SK. Liquid Prepolymer-Based in Situ Formation of Degradable Poly(ethylene glycol)-Linked-Poly(caprolactone)-Linked-Poly(2-dimethylaminoethyl)methacrylate Amphiphilic Conetwork Gels Showing Polarity Driven Gelation and Bioadhesion. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2018; 1:1606-1619. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.8b00461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bhingaradiya Nutan
- Membrane Science and Separation Technology Division, Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute G. B. Marg, Bhavnagar, Gujarat 364002, India
| | - Arvind K. Singh Chandel
- Membrane Science and Separation Technology Division, Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute G. B. Marg, Bhavnagar, Gujarat 364002, India
| | - Suresh K. Jewrajka
- Membrane Science and Separation Technology Division, Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute G. B. Marg, Bhavnagar, Gujarat 364002, India
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Achilleos M, Mpekris F, Stylianopoulos T, Krasia-Christoforou T. Structurally-defined semi-interpenetrating amphiphilic polymer networks with tunable and predictable mechanical response. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra07376j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Structurally-defined, 1,2-bis-(2-iodoethoxy)ethane (BIEE)-crosslinked semi-interpenetrating amphiphilic polymer networks were synthesized, exhibiting tunable and predictable mechanical response based on mathematical modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariliz Achilleos
- University of Cyprus
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering
- Nicosia
- Cyprus
| | - Fotios Mpekris
- University of Cyprus
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering
- Nicosia
- Cyprus
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Kepola EJ, Loizou E, Patrickios CS, Leontidis E, Voutouri C, Stylianopoulos T, Schweins R, Gradzielski M, Krumm C, Tiller JC, Kushnir M, Wesdemiotis C. Amphiphilic Polymer Conetworks Based on End-Linked "Core-First" Star Block Copolymers: Structure Formation with Long-Range Order. ACS Macro Lett 2015; 4:1163-1168. [PMID: 35614799 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.5b00608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Amphiphilic polymer conetworks are cross-linked polymers that swell both in water and in organic solvents and can phase separate on the nanoscale in the bulk or in selective solvents. To date, however, this phase separation has only been reported with short-range order, characterized by disordered morphologies. We now report the first example of amphiphilic polymer conetworks, based on end-linked "core-first" star block copolymers, that form a lamellar phase with long-range order. These mesoscopically ordered systems can be produced in a simple fashion and exhibit significantly improved mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ralf Schweins
- Large Scale
Structures Group, Institut Laue-Langevin, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, CS 20 156, Grenoble F-38042 Cedex 9, France
| | - Michael Gradzielski
- Stranski-Laboratorium
für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Institut für
Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Krumm
- Department
of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, Technische Universität Dortmund, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Joerg C. Tiller
- Department
of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, Technische Universität Dortmund, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Michelle Kushnir
- Department
of Chemistry and Integrated Biosciences Program, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325-3601, United States
| | - Chrys Wesdemiotis
- Department
of Chemistry and Integrated Biosciences Program, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325-3601, United States
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Li Z, Yuan D, Fan X, Tan BH, He C. Poly(ethylene glycol) conjugated poly(lactide)-based polyelectrolytes: synthesis and formation of stable self-assemblies induced by stereocomplexation. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:2321-2333. [PMID: 25661108 DOI: 10.1021/la504860a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A series of pH-responsive amphiphilic poly(N,N-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate)-block-poly(D-lactic acid)-block-poly(N,N-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) conjugated with poly(ethylene glycol) (D-PDLA-D@PEG) and D-PLLA-D@PEG copolymers were synthesized using a combination of ring-opening polymerization and atom-transfer radical polymerization followed by sequential quaternization of PDMAEMA chains and azide-alkyne click reaction with alkyne-end PEG. Gel permeation chromatography, nuclear magnetic resonance, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy results demonstrate the successful synthesis of the copolymers, and the conjugated PEG percentages in the copolymers can be tuned by the feeding ratios in the quaternization reaction. Conjugating PEG onto the PDMAEMA segments also successfully facilitated the D-PDLA-D@PEG, D-PLLA-D@PEG, and its corresponding 1:1 D/L mixtures to be dissolved directly in aqueous solution at the desired concentration range without using any organic solvents unlike the copolymers without PEG conjugation (D-PDLA-D and D-PLLA-D). We demonstrate control over micellar size, charge, and stability via three different preparation pathways, i.e., solution pH, percentages of PEG conjugation in the copolymers, and formation of PLA stereocomplex in micellar core. Static and dynamic light scattering studies demonstrate that the size of the core-shell micelles increases when the solution pH is reduced due to the protonation of the PDMAEMA segments that caused the osmotic pressure within the micelle to increase until the micelles reached a maximum size. It is interesting to note that the micelles formed by 1:1 D/L mixtures have larger swelling ratios as well as aggregation number and hydrodynamic radius that do not change significantly with pH and dilution, respectively, as compared to micelles formed from individual D or L forms of the copolymers. The enhanced stability of the pH-responsive micelles prepared by direct dissolution of the 1:1 D/L mixtures of the PEG conjugated PLA-based polyelectrolytes in aqueous medium is attributed to the stereocomplex formation between PLLA and PDLA in the micellar core as confirmed by wide-angle X-ray scattering measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zibiao Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore , Singapore 117574, Singapore
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Zhang B, Tang H, Wu P. The unusual volume phase transition behavior of the poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)–poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) interpenetrating polymer network microgel: different roles in different stages. Polym Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4py00653d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Shi L, Xie P, Li Z, Wu Y, Deng J. Chiral pH-Responsive Amphiphilic Polymer Co-networks: Preparation, Chiral Recognition, and Release Abilities. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201200729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Homenick CM, de Silveira G, Sheardown H, Adronov A. Pluronics as crosslinking agents for collagen: novel amphiphilic hydrogels. POLYM INT 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.2969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Lin C, Gitsov I. Synthesis and Physical Properties of Reactive Amphiphilic Hydrogels Based on Poly(p-chloromethylstyrene) and Poly(ethylene glycol): Effects of Composition and Molecular Architecture. Macromolecules 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/ma9026564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ivan Gitsov
- Department of Chemistry
- The Michael M. Szwarc Polymer Research Institute
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Kang J, Beers KJ. Macromolecular transport through nanostructured and porous hydrogels synthesized using the amphiphilic copolymer, PCL-b-PEO-b-PCL. Eur Polym J 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2009.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Kali G, Georgiou TK, Iván B, Patrickios CS. Anionic amphiphilic end-linked conetworks by the combination of quasiliving carbocationic and group transfer polymerizations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.23481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Georgiou TK, Patrickios CS. Synthesis, characterization, and DNA adsorption studies of ampholytic model conetworks based on cross-linked star copolymers. Biomacromolecules 2007; 9:574-82. [PMID: 18163576 DOI: 10.1021/bm701123s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Five model conetworks based on cross-linked star ampholytic copolymers were synthesized by group transfer polymerization. The ampholytic copolymers were based on two hydrophilic monomers: the positively ionizable 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA) and the negatively ionizable methacrylic acid (MAA). Ethylene glycol dimethacrylate was used as the cross-linker. These five ampholytic model conetworks were isomers based on equimolar DMAEMA-MAA copolymer stars of different architectures: heteroarm (two), star block (two), and statistical. The two networks based on the homopolymer stars were also synthesized. The MAA units were introduced via the polymerization of tetrahydropyranyl methacrylate and the acid hydrolysis of the latter after network formation. All the precursors to the (co)networks were characterized in terms of their molecular weights using gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The mass of the extractables from the (co)networks was measured and characterized in terms of molecular weight and composition using GPC and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy, respectively. The degrees of swelling (DS) of all the ampholytic conetworks were measured as a function of pH and were found to present a minimum at a pH value which was taken as the isoelectric point, pI. The DS and the pI values did not present a dependence on conetwork architecture. Finally, DNA adsorption studies onto the ampholyte conetworks indicated that DNA binding was governed by electrostatics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theoni K Georgiou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus
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Liao L, Zhang C, Gong S. Synthesis and characterization of amphiphilic polymer networks based on acrylated poly(ε-caprolactone) andN-vinylpyrrolidone. J Appl Polym Sci 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/app.26352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Sun Y, Maughan J, Haigh R, Hopkins SA, Wyman P, Johnson C, Fullwood NJ, Ebdon J, MacNeil S, Rimmer S. Polymethacrylate Networks as Substrates for Cell Culture. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/masy.200751016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Rimmer S, German MJ, Maughan J, Sun Y, Fullwood N, Ebdon J, MacNeil S. Synthesis and properties of amphiphilic networks 3: preparation and characterization of block conetworks of poly(butyl methacrylate-block-(2,3 propandiol-1-methacrylate-stat-ethandiol dimethacrylate)). Biomaterials 2005; 26:2219-30. [PMID: 15585223 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2004.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2004] [Accepted: 07/12/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Amphiphilic conetwork polymers were prepared and studied as substrates in the culture of dermal fibroblasts. Both block and random conetworks polymers were produced by radical polymerization of either low-molecular weight monomers or oligomeric macromonomers. The oligomeric macromonomers were prepared by methacrylation of biscarboxy oligo(butyl methacrylates) (OBMA). The latter were synthesized by ozononolysis of poly(butyl methacrylate-co-butadiene) materials. The hydrophilic component was derived from copolymerization with 2,3 propandiol-1-methacrylate and cross-linking was provided by inclusion of ethandiol dimethacrylate (EDMA). None of the synthesized materials showed indications of cytotoxicity to human dermal fibroblasts. All of the block conetworks were highly phase separated and possessed pores on the micron length scale. The equilibrium water contents of the latter could be controlled by addition of EDMA. Block conetworks that did not contain EDMA were highly swollen and had smoother surfaces than those that contained EDMA. The former were poor substrates for cell proliferation (as measured by monitoring DNA content) whilst the latter class gave increasing levels of DNA during culture; an indicator proliferation. The performance of these materials in cell culture was also dependent on the fraction of OBMA in the formulation. Increasing the fractions of BMA, either in the random terpolymer or block networks, system had the effect of increasing both cell proliferation and viability (as measured by the Alamar Blue assay).
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rimmer
- Department of Chemistry (The Polymer Centre and CTEB), The Polymer and Biomaterials Chemistry Laboratories, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S3 7HF, UK.
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Liu Z, Ebdon J, Rimmer S. Telechelic oligo(2,3-dihydroxypropylmethacrylate acetonide)s with aldehyde end functionality prepared by ozonolytic cleavage of poly(2,3-dihydroxypropan-1-methacrylate acetonide-stat-butadiene), prepared by monomer starve-fed emulsion polymerization. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2003.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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