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Clothier GKK, Guimarães TR, Thompson SW, Howard SC, Muir BW, Moad G, Zetterlund PB. Streamlining the Generation of Advanced Polymer Materials Through the Marriage of Automation and Multiblock Copolymer Synthesis in Emulsion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202320154. [PMID: 38400586 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202320154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Synthetic polymers are of paramount importance in modern life - an incredibly wide range of polymeric materials possessing an impressive variety of properties have been developed to date. The recent emergence of artificial intelligence and automation presents a great opportunity to significantly speed up discovery and development of the next generation of advanced polymeric materials. We have focused on the high-throughput automated synthesis of multiblock copolymers that comprise three or more distinct polymer segments of different monomer composition bonded in linear sequence. The present work has exploited automation to prepare high molar mass multiblock copolymers (typically>100,000 g mol-1) using reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization in aqueous emulsion. A variety of original multiblock copolymers have been synthesised via a Chemspeed robot, exemplified by a multiblock copolymer comprising thirteen constituent blocks. Moreover, libraries of copolymers of randomized monomer compositions (acrylates, acrylamides, methacrylates, and styrenes), block orders, and block lengths were also generated, thereby demonstrating the robustness of our synthetic approach. One multiblock copolymer contained all four monomer families listed in the pool, which is unprecedented in the literature. The present work demonstrates that automation has the power to render complex and laborious syntheses of such unprecedented materials not just possible, but facile and straightforward, thus representing the way forward to the next generation of complex macromolecular architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn K K Clothier
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Thiago R Guimarães
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques (LCPO), CNRS (UMR 5629), ENSCPB, Université de Bordeaux, 16 avenue Pey Berland, 33607, Pessac, France
| | - Steven W Thompson
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Shaun C Howard
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Bag 10, Clayton South, VIC, 3169, Australia
| | - Benjamin W Muir
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Bag 10, Clayton South, VIC, 3169, Australia
| | - Graeme Moad
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Bag 10, Clayton South, VIC, 3169, Australia
| | - Per B Zetterlund
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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2
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Schreur-Piet I, Heuts JP. The Effect of Macromonomer Surfactant Microstructure on Aqueous Polymer Dispersion and Derived Polymer Film Properties. Biomacromolecules 2024; 25:4203-4214. [PMID: 38860966 PMCID: PMC11238338 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.4c00292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Water-borne coatings were prepared from poly(methyl methacrylate-co-butyl acrylate) latexes using different methacrylic acid containing macromonomers as stabilizers, and their physical properties were determined. The amphiphilic methacrylic acid macromonomers containing methyl, butyl, or lauryl methacrylate as hydrophobic comonomers were synthesized via catalytic chain transfer polymerization to give stabilizers with varying architecture, composition, and molar mass. A range of latexes of virtually the same composition was prepared by keeping the content of methacrylic acid groups during the emulsion polymerization constant and by only varying the microstructure of the macromonomers. These latexes displayed a range of rheological behaviors: from highly viscous and shear thinning to low viscous and Newtonian. The contact angles of the resulting coatings ranged from very hydrophilic (<10°) to almost hydrophobic (88°), and differences in hardness, roughness, and water vapor sorption and permeability were found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingeborg Schreur-Piet
- Department of Chemical Engineering
& Chemistry and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box
513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Johan P.A. Heuts
- Department of Chemical Engineering
& Chemistry and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box
513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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3
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Clothier GKK, Guimarães TR, Thompson SW, Rho JY, Perrier S, Moad G, Zetterlund PB. Multiblock copolymer synthesis via RAFT emulsion polymerization. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:3438-3469. [PMID: 37093560 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00115b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
A multiblock copolymer is a polymer of a specific structure that consists of multiple covalently linked segments, each comprising a different monomer type. The control of the monomer sequence has often been described as the "holy grail" of synthetic polymer chemistry, with the ultimate goal being synthetic access to polymers of a "perfect" structure, where each monomeric building block is placed at a desired position along the polymer chain. Given that polymer properties are intimately linked to the microstructure and monomer distribution along the constituent chains, it goes without saying that there exist seemingly endless opportunities in terms of fine-tuning the properties of such materials by careful consideration of the length of each block, the number and order of blocks, and the inclusion of monomers with specific functional groups. The area of multiblock copolymer synthesis remains relatively unexplored, in particular with regard to structure-property relationships, and there are currently significant opportunities for the design and synthesis of advanced materials. The present review focuses on the synthesis of multiblock copolymers via reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization implemented as aqueous emulsion polymerization. RAFT emulsion polymerization offers intriguing opportunities not only for the advanced synthesis of multiblock copolymers, but also provides access to polymeric nanoparticles of specific morphologies. Precise multiblock copolymer synthesis coupled with self-assembly offers material morphology control on length scales ranging from a few nanometers to a micrometer. It is imperative that polymer chemists interact with physicists and material scientists to maximize the impact of these materials of the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn K K Clothier
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Thiago R Guimarães
- MACROARC, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane City, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Steven W Thompson
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Julia Y Rho
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Sébastien Perrier
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Graeme Moad
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Bag 10, Clayton South, VIC 3169, Australia
| | - Per B Zetterlund
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
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4
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Evolution of Molar Mass Distributions Using a Method of Partial Moments: Initiation of RAFT Polymerization. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14225013. [PMID: 36433139 PMCID: PMC9696826 DOI: 10.3390/polym14225013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe a method of partial moments devised for accurate simulation of the time/conversion evolution of polymer composition and molar mass. Expressions were derived that enable rigorous evaluation of the complete molar mass and composition distribution for shorter chain lengths (e.g., degree of polymerization, Xn = N < 200 units) while longer chains (Xn ≥ 200 units) are not neglected, rather they are explicitly considered in terms of partial moments of the molar mass distribution, μxN(P)=∑n=N+1∞nx[Pn] (where P is a polymeric species and n is its’ chain length). The methodology provides the exact molar mass distribution for chains Xn < N, allows accurate calculation of the overall molar mass averages, the molar mass dispersity and standard deviations of the distributions, provides closure to what would otherwise be an infinite series of differential equations, and reduces the stiffness of the system. The method also allows for the inclusion of the chain length dependence of the rate coefficients associated with the various reaction steps (in particular, termination and propagation) and the various side reactions that may complicate initiation or initialization. The method is particularly suited for the detailed analysis of the low molar mass portion of molar mass distributions of polymers formed by radical polymerization with reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) and is relevant to designing the RAFT-synthesis of sequence-defined polymers. In this paper, we successfully apply the method to compare the behavior of thermally initiated (with an added dialkyldiazene initiator) and photo-initiated (with a RAFT agent as a direct photo-iniferter) RAFT-single-unit monomer insertion (RAFT-SUMI) and oligomerization of N,N-dimethylacrylamide (DMAm).
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5
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Xu L, Zhong S, Zuo T, Wang T, Cai Y, Yi L. Facile Synthesis of Soap-Free Latexes of Methacrylic Copolymers via Sulfur-Free Reversible Addition–Fragmentation Chain Transfer Emulsion Polymerization. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c04936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lang Xu
- Institute of Advanced Functional Coatings, College of Textile Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, P. R. China
- Engineering Research Center for Eco-Dyeing & Finishing of Textiles, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, P. R. China
| | - Shenjie Zhong
- Institute of Advanced Functional Coatings, College of Textile Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, P. R. China
- Engineering Research Center for Eco-Dyeing & Finishing of Textiles, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, P. R. China
| | - Tian Zuo
- Institute of Advanced Functional Coatings, College of Textile Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, P. R. China
- Engineering Research Center for Eco-Dyeing & Finishing of Textiles, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, P. R. China
| | - Teng Wang
- Institute of Advanced Functional Coatings, College of Textile Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, P. R. China
- Engineering Research Center for Eco-Dyeing & Finishing of Textiles, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, P. R. China
| | - Ying Cai
- Institute of Advanced Functional Coatings, College of Textile Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, P. R. China
- Engineering Research Center for Eco-Dyeing & Finishing of Textiles, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, P. R. China
| | - Lingmin Yi
- Institute of Advanced Functional Coatings, College of Textile Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, P. R. China
- Engineering Research Center for Eco-Dyeing & Finishing of Textiles, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, P. R. China
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6
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Booth JR, Davies JD, Bon SAF. ω-Unsaturated methacrylate macromonomers as reactive polymeric stabilizers in mini-emulsion polymerization. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py01664d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Polymer latexes of poly(benzyl methacrylate) P(BzMA) were synthesized by mini-emulsion polymerization, using hexadecane as the hydrophobe and ω-unsaturated methacrylate-based macromonomers as a reactive stabilizer. The amphiphilic macromonomers were synthesized by...
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7
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Khan M, Guimarães TR, Choong K, Moad G, Perrier S, Zetterlund PB. RAFT Emulsion Polymerization for (Multi)block Copolymer Synthesis: Overcoming the Constraints of Monomer Order. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c02415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Murtaza Khan
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Thiago R. Guimarães
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Kenneth Choong
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Graeme Moad
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Bag 10, Clayton South, VIC 3169, Australia
| | - Sébastien Perrier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Per B. Zetterlund
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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8
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Yuan M, Xu L, Cui X, Lv J, Zhang P, Tang H. Facile Synthesis of Ultrahigh Molecular Weight Poly(Methyl Methacrylate) by Organic Halides in the Presence of Palladium Nanoparticles. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12112747. [PMID: 33233643 PMCID: PMC7699786 DOI: 10.3390/polym12112747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A facile and versatile approach for the synthesis of ultrahigh molecular weight poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) at mild conditions was developed. Certain organic halides combined with a catalytical amount of palladium nanoparticles (Pd NPs) were found to be very effective in initiating polymerizations of methyl methacrylate (MMA), methyl acrylate, vinyl acetate and other vinyl monomers. An ultrahigh molecular weight PMMA with a number-average molecular weight of 4.65 × 106 Da and a weight-average molecular weight of 8.08 × 106 Da was synthesized at 70 °C using 2-bromoisobutyric acid ethyl ester (EBiB) as an initiator in the presence of catalytical amount (10.1 ppm) of Pd NPs. A kinetic investigation found that the orders of polymerization with respect to EBiB, Pd NP and MMA were 0.23, 0.50, and 0.58, respectively. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) combined with matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectroscopy (MALDI-TOF) and gel permeation chromatography (GPC) were used to prove that the macromolecular chain had an end-group of EBiB residue. The electron spin resonance (ESR), transmission electron microscope (TEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results reveal that the reaction of EBiB with Pd NPs caused a bromo atom (Br) transfer from EBiB to Pd NPs and resulted in the generation of EBiB residue radical to initiate the polymerization of MMA and the formation of PdIIBr2 on the surface of Pd nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Yuan
- Institute of Industrial Catalysis, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; (M.Y.); (L.X.); (X.C.); (J.L.)
| | - Lili Xu
- Institute of Industrial Catalysis, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; (M.Y.); (L.X.); (X.C.); (J.L.)
| | - Xuetao Cui
- Institute of Industrial Catalysis, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; (M.Y.); (L.X.); (X.C.); (J.L.)
| | - Jiaxing Lv
- Institute of Industrial Catalysis, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; (M.Y.); (L.X.); (X.C.); (J.L.)
| | - Panpan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China;
| | - Huadong Tang
- Institute of Industrial Catalysis, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; (M.Y.); (L.X.); (X.C.); (J.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-18957127963 or +86-571-88320215
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9
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Richardson RAE, Guimarães TR, Khan M, Moad G, Zetterlund PB, Perrier S. Low-Dispersity Polymers in Ab Initio Emulsion Polymerization: Improved MacroRAFT Agent Performance in Heterogeneous Media. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Thiago R. Guimarães
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Murtaza Khan
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Graeme Moad
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Bag 10, Clayton South, VIC 3169, Australia
| | - Per B. Zetterlund
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Sébastien Perrier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
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10
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Lee WH, Booth JR, Bon SAF. On Particle Size Distributions in Catalytic Chain Transfer Emulsion Polymerization: Chain-Extension and the Use of Derived Macromonomers as Reactive Surfactants in Emulsion Polymerization. Biomacromolecules 2020; 21:4599-4614. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.0c00766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wai Hin Lee
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Joshua R. Booth
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Stefan A. F. Bon
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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11
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Polymerisable surfactants for polymethacrylates using catalytic chain transfer polymerisation (CCTP) combined with sulfur free-RAFT in emulsion polymerisation. Eur Polym J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2020.109491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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12
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Schreur-Piet I, van Herk AM, Laven J, Heuts JPA. Synthesis and Rheological Characterization of Latexes Stabilized by Methacrylic Acid Containing Macromonomers. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b02794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ingeborg Schreur-Piet
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander M. van Herk
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, Singapore 627833
| | - Jozua Laven
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Johan P. A. Heuts
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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Clothier GKK, Guimarães TR, Khan M, Moad G, Perrier S, Zetterlund PB. Exploitation of the Nanoreactor Concept for Efficient Synthesis of Multiblock Copolymers via MacroRAFT-Mediated Emulsion Polymerization. ACS Macro Lett 2019; 8:989-995. [PMID: 35619483 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.9b00534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Multiblock copolymers are a class of polymeric materials with a range of potential applications. We report here a strategy for the synthesis of multiblock copolymers based on methacrylates. Reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization is implemented as an emulsion polymerization to generate seed particles as nanoreactors, which can subsequently be employed in sequential RAFT emulsion polymerizations. The segregation effect allowed the synthesis of a high molar mass (>100,000 g·mol-1) decablock homopolymer at a high polymerization rate to an extent not previously achieved. A heptablock copolymer containing seven different 100 unit blocks was also successfully prepared, demonstrating how the strategy can be employed to precisely control the polymer composition at a level hitherto not accessible in environmentally friendly aqueous emulsion polymerization. Importantly, the methodology is a batch process without any intermediate purification steps, thus, rendering industrial scale up more feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn K. K. Clothier
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Thiago R. Guimarães
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Murtaza Khan
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Graeme Moad
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Bag 10, Clayton South, VIC 3169, Australia
| | - Sébastien Perrier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Per B. Zetterlund
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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14
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Demarteau J, Debuigne A, Detrembleur C. Organocobalt Complexes as Sources of Carbon-Centered Radicals for Organic and Polymer Chemistries. Chem Rev 2019; 119:6906-6955. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jérémy Demarteau
- Center for Education and Research on Macromolecules (CERM), CESAM Research Unit, University of Liège, Allée du 6 Août, Building B6A, Agora Square, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Antoine Debuigne
- Center for Education and Research on Macromolecules (CERM), CESAM Research Unit, University of Liège, Allée du 6 Août, Building B6A, Agora Square, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Christophe Detrembleur
- Center for Education and Research on Macromolecules (CERM), CESAM Research Unit, University of Liège, Allée du 6 Août, Building B6A, Agora Square, 4000 Liège, Belgium
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15
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Guimarães TR, Khan M, Kuchel RP, Morrow IC, Minami H, Moad G, Perrier S, Zetterlund PB. Nano-Engineered Multiblock Copolymer Nanoparticles via Reversible Addition–Fragmentation Chain Transfer Emulsion Polymerization. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b00257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Hideto Minami
- Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, Rokko, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Graeme Moad
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Bag 10, Clayton South, VIC 3169, Australia
| | - Sébastien Perrier
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
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16
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Kang M, Kim S, Kim H, Song Y, Jung D, Kang S, Seo JH, Nam S, Lee Y. Calcium-Binding Polymer-Coated Poly(lactide- co-glycolide) Microparticles for Sustained Release of Quorum Sensing Inhibitors to Prevent Biofilm Formation on Hydroxyapatite Surfaces. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:7686-7694. [PMID: 30768237 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b18301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Quorum sensing (QS) inhibitor-based therapy is an attractive strategy to inhibit bacterial biofilm formation without excessive induction of antibiotic resistance. Thus, we designed Ca2+-binding poly(lactide- co-glycolide) (PLGA) microparticles that can maintain a sufficient concentration of QS inhibitors around hydroxyapatite (HA) surfaces in order to prevent biofilm formation on HA-based dental or bone tissues or implants and, therefore, subsequent pathogenesis. Poly(butyl methacrylate- co-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphate) (PBMP) contains both Ca2+-binding phosphomonoester groups and PLGA-interacting butyl groups. The PBMP-coated PLGA (PLGA/PBMP) microparticles exhibited superior adhesion to HA surfaces without altering the sustained release properties of uncoated PLGA microparticles. PLGA/PBMP microparticle-encapsulating furanone C-30, a representative QS inhibitor, effectively inhibited the growth of Streptococcus mutans and its ability to form biofilms on HA surface for prolonged periods of up to 100 h, which was much longer than either furanone C-30 in its free form or when encapsulated in noncoated PLGA microparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minji Kang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences , Seoul National University , Gwanak-ro 1 , Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826 , Republic of Korea
| | - Sungwhan Kim
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences , Seoul National University , Gwanak-ro 1 , Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826 , Republic of Korea
| | - Heejin Kim
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences , Seoul National University , Gwanak-ro 1 , Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826 , Republic of Korea
| | - Youngjun Song
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences , Seoul National University , Gwanak-ro 1 , Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826 , Republic of Korea
| | - Dongwook Jung
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences , Seoul National University , Gwanak-ro 1 , Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826 , Republic of Korea
| | - Sunah Kang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences , Seoul National University , Gwanak-ro 1 , Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826 , Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hun Seo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Korea University , 145 Anam-ro , Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841 , Republic of Korea
| | - Sohee Nam
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences , Seoul National University , Gwanak-ro 1 , Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826 , Republic of Korea
| | - Yan Lee
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences , Seoul National University , Gwanak-ro 1 , Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826 , Republic of Korea
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17
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Khan M, Guimarães TR, Zhou D, Moad G, Perrier S, Zetterlund PB. Exploitation of Compartmentalization in RAFT Miniemulsion Polymerization to Increase the Degree of Livingness. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.29329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Murtaza Khan
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering The University of New South Wales Sydney New South Wales 2052 Australia
| | - Thiago R. Guimarães
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering The University of New South Wales Sydney New South Wales 2052 Australia
| | - Dewen Zhou
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering The University of New South Wales Sydney New South Wales 2052 Australia
| | - Graeme Moad
- CSIRO Manufacturing Bag 10, Clayton South Victoria 3169 Australia
| | - Sébastien Perrier
- Department of Chemistry University of Warwick Coventry CV4 7AL United Kingdom
- Warwick Medical School University of Warwick Coventry CV4 7AL United Kingdom
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Monash University 381 Royal Parade, Parkville Victoria 3052 Australia
| | - Per B. Zetterlund
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering The University of New South Wales Sydney New South Wales 2052 Australia
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18
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Lotierzo A, Longbottom BW, Lee WH, Bon SAF. Synthesis of Janus and Patchy Particles Using Nanogels as Stabilizers in Emulsion Polymerization. ACS NANO 2019; 13:399-407. [PMID: 30566826 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b06557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Polymer nanogels are used as colloidal stabilizers in emulsion polymerization. The nanogels were made by the covalent cross-linking of block copolymer micelles, the macromolecular building blocks of which were synthesized using a combination of catalytic chain transfer emulsion polymerization and reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) of methacrylate monomers. The use of the nanogels in an emulsion polymerization led to anisotropic Janus and patchy colloids, where a latex particle was decorated by a number of patches on its surface. Control of the particle size and patch density was achieved by tailoring of the reaction conditions, such as varying the amount of nanogels, pH, and salt concentration. Overall, the emulsion polymerization process in the presence of nanogels as stabilizers is shown to be a versatile and easily scalable route toward the fabrication of Janus and patchy polymer colloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Lotierzo
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL , U.K
| | | | - Wai Hin Lee
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL , U.K
| | - Stefan A F Bon
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL , U.K
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19
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Stace SJ, Vanderspikken J, Howard SC, Li G, Muir BW, Fellows CM, Keddie DJ, Moad G. Ab initio RAFT emulsion polymerization mediated by small cationic RAFT agents to form polymers with low molar mass dispersity. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py00893d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report on low molar mass cationic RAFT agents that provide predictable molar mass and low molar mass dispersities (Đm) in ab initio emulsion polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J. Stace
- School of Science and Technology
- University of New England
- Armidale
- Australia
- CSIRO Manufacturing
| | - Jochen Vanderspikken
- CSIRO Manufacturing
- Clayton South
- Australia
- Hasselt University
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO)
| | | | - Guoxin Li
- CSIRO Manufacturing
- Clayton South
- Australia
| | | | | | - Daniel J. Keddie
- School of Science and Technology
- University of New England
- Armidale
- Australia
- School of Biology
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20
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Moad G. A Critical Assessment of the Kinetics and Mechanism of Initiation of Radical Polymerization with Commercially Available Dialkyldiazene Initiators. Prog Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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21
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Haven JJ, Hendrikx M, Junkers T, Leenaers PJ, Tsompanoglou T, Boyer C, Xu J, Postma A, Moad G. Elements of RAFT Navigation. ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/bk-2018-1284.ch004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joris J Haven
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Research Way, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Vic 3800, Australia
- Insitute for Materials Research, Universiteit Hasselt, B-3590 Diepenbeck, Belgium
| | - Matthew Hendrikx
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Research Way, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Tanja Junkers
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Vic 3800, Australia
- Insitute for Materials Research, Universiteit Hasselt, B-3590 Diepenbeck, Belgium
| | - Pieter J Leenaers
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Research Way, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Theodora Tsompanoglou
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Research Way, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Cyrille Boyer
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, School of Chemical Engineering, University of NSW, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Jiangtao Xu
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, School of Chemical Engineering, University of NSW, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Almar Postma
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Research Way, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Graeme Moad
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Research Way, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
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22
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Chang JJ, Xiao L, Wang CG, Niino H, Chatani S, Goto A. Use of poly(methyl methacrylate) with an unsaturated chain end as a macroinitiator precursor in organocatalyzed living radical block polymerization. Polym Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8py01066h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PMMA–PBA block copolymers were synthesized through a one-pot AFCT and organocatalyzed LRP from a PMMA containing an unsaturated chain end.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Jie Chang
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences
- Nanyang Technological University
- 637371 Singapore
| | - Longqiang Xiao
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences
- Nanyang Technological University
- 637371 Singapore
| | - Chen-Gang Wang
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences
- Nanyang Technological University
- 637371 Singapore
| | - Hiroshi Niino
- Otake R&D Center
- Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation
- Otake
- Japan
| | | | - Atsushi Goto
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences
- Nanyang Technological University
- 637371 Singapore
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23
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Lotierzo A, Schofield RM, Bon SAF. Toward Sulfur-Free RAFT Polymerization Induced Self-Assembly. ACS Macro Lett 2017; 6:1438-1443. [PMID: 35650808 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.7b00857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Polymerization induced self-assembly (PISA) using methacrylate-based macromonomers as RAFT agents is an unexplored, attractive route to make self-assembled colloidal objects. The use of this class of RAFT-agents in heterogeneous polymerizations is however not trivial, because of their inherent low reactivity. In this work we demonstrate that two obstacles need to be overcome, one being control of chain-growth (propagation), the other monomer partitioning. Batch dispersion polymerizations of hydroxypropyl methacrylate in the presence of poly(glycerol methacrylate) macromonomers in water showed limited control of chain-growth. Semicontinuous experiments whereby monomer was fed improved results only to some extent. Control of propagation is essential for PISA to allow for dynamic rearrangement of colloidal structures. We tackled the problem of monomer partitioning (caused by uncontrolled particle nucleation) by starting the polymerization with an amphiphilic thermoresponsive diblock copolymer, already "phase-separated" from solution. TEM analysis showed that PISA was successful and that different particle morphologies were obtained throughout the polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Lotierzo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Ryan M. Schofield
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Stefan A. F. Bon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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24
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Kulai I, Saffon-Merceron N, Voitenko Z, Mazières S, Destarac M. Alkyl Triarylstannanecarbodithioates: Synthesis, Crystal Structures, and Efficiency in RAFT Polymerization. Chemistry 2017; 23:16066-16077. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201703412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2017] [Revised: 08/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ihor Kulai
- Laboratoire des IMRCP; Université Paul Sabatier, CNRS UMR 5623; 118 route de Narbonne 31062 Toulouse Cedex 9 France
| | - Nathalie Saffon-Merceron
- Institut de Chimie de Toulouse, CNRS FR 2599; Université Paul Sabatier; 118 route de Narbonne 31062 Toulouse Cedex 9 France
| | - Zoia Voitenko
- Department of Chemistry; Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv; 12, Lva Tolstoho street 01033 Kyiv Ukraine
| | - Stéphane Mazières
- Laboratoire des IMRCP; Université Paul Sabatier, CNRS UMR 5623; 118 route de Narbonne 31062 Toulouse Cedex 9 France
| | - Mathias Destarac
- Laboratoire des IMRCP; Université Paul Sabatier, CNRS UMR 5623; 118 route de Narbonne 31062 Toulouse Cedex 9 France
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25
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Perrier
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
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26
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Abstract
Stimuli-responsive polymers respond to a variety of external stimuli, which include optical, electrical, thermal, mechanical, redox, pH, chemical, environmental and biological signals. This paper is concerned with the process of forming such polymers by RAFT polymerization.
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27
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Schreur-Piet I, Heuts JPA. In situ stabilizer formation from methacrylic acid macromonomers in emulsion polymerization. Polym Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py01583f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Methacrylic acid oligomers containing a propenyl ω-endgroup were synthesized by CCTP and used as precursors to efficient stabilizers in surfactant-free emulsion polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingeborg Schreur-Piet
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Chemistry
- Eindhoven University of Technology
- 5600 MB Eindhoven
- The Netherlands
| | - Johan P. A. Heuts
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Chemistry
- Eindhoven University of Technology
- 5600 MB Eindhoven
- The Netherlands
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28
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Zhou D, Kuchel RP, Zetterlund PB. A new paradigm in polymerization induced self-assembly (PISA): Exploitation of “non-living” addition–fragmentation chain transfer (AFCT) polymerization. Polym Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py00998d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Polymerization-induced self-assembly (PISA) is conducted based on “non-living” radical dispersion polymerization in the form of addition–fragmentation chain transfer (AFCT) polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dewen Zhou
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD)
- School of Chemical Engineering
- The University of New South Wales
- Sydney
- Australia
| | - Rhiannon P. Kuchel
- Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre
- University of New South Wales
- Sydney
- Australia
| | - Per B. Zetterlund
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD)
- School of Chemical Engineering
- The University of New South Wales
- Sydney
- Australia
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29
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Nurumbetov G, Engelis N, Godfrey J, Hand R, Anastasaki A, Simula A, Nikolaou V, Haddleton DM. Methacrylic block copolymers by sulfur free RAFT (SF RAFT) free radical emulsion polymerisation. Polym Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6py02038k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the use of sulfur free reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer polymerisation (RAFT) as a versatile tool for the controlled synthesis of methacrylic block and comb-like copolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Rachel Hand
- University of Warwick
- Chemistry Department
- Coventry
- UK
| | - Athina Anastasaki
- University of Warwick
- Chemistry Department
- Coventry
- UK
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology
| | | | | | - David M. Haddleton
- University of Warwick
- Chemistry Department
- Coventry
- UK
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology
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30
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Zhou D, Gao Y, A S, Xu Q, Meng Z, Greiser U, Wang W. Anticancer Drug Disulfiram for In Situ RAFT Polymerization: Controlled Polymerization, Multifacet Self-Assembly, and Efficient Drug Delivery. ACS Macro Lett 2016; 5:1266-1272. [PMID: 35614738 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.6b00777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Here we report the synthesis of a well-defined amphiphilic conjugate, tetraethylthiuram disulfide (disulfiram, DS)-poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether acrylate (DS-PEGMEA), and its multifacet self-assembly in aqueous solutions and application in DS drug delivery to melanoma cells. The DS-PEGMEA was synthesized via the reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization utilizing DS, a 90 year old anticancer drug, as a precursor to generate RAFT agent in situ. Results demonstrate that the in situ formed RAFT can effectively control the polymerization of PEGMEA. Depending on the concentration in aqueous solution, the amphiphilic DS-PEGMEA conjugate can self-assemble to form layered, toroidal, hairy, or spherical nanostructures, respectively. Moreover, DS drug can be further encapsulated by DS-PEGMEA to formulate core-shell structured DS/DS-PEGMEA nanoparticles mediating the apoptosis of melanoma cells (A375) while inducing minimal cytotoxicity to normal (hADSC and NIH fibroblast) cells. Both DS and PEGMEA are approved by the American Food and Drug Administration (FDA); therefore, the DS-PEGMEA has great potential for application in clinical drug delivery to melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dezhong Zhou
- Charles
Institute of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Yongsheng Gao
- Charles
Institute of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sigen A
- Charles
Institute of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Qian Xu
- Charles
Institute of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Zhao Meng
- Charles
Institute of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Udo Greiser
- Charles
Institute of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Wenxin Wang
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin 300072, China
- Charles
Institute of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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31
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Gardiner J, Martinez-Botella I, Tsanaktsidis J, Moad G. Dithiocarbamate RAFT agents with broad applicability – the 3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazole-1-carbodithioates. Polym Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5py01382h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The RAFT agents offerĐ< 1.1 for MAMs, methyl acrylate (MA),N,N-dimethylacrylamide (DMA) and styrene, andĐ< 1.3 for LAMs, vinyl acetate (VAc); versatility and end-group fidelity was proved with synthesis both polyDMA-block-polyMA and polyDMA-block-polyVAc.
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32
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Kulai I, Brusylovets O, Voitenko Z, Harrisson S, Mazières S, Destarac M. RAFT Polymerization with Triphenylstannylcarbodithioates (Sn-RAFT). ACS Macro Lett 2015; 4:809-813. [PMID: 35596510 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.5b00329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A new range of tin-based reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT) agents is described and evaluated for the polymerization of acrylamides, methyl acrylate and styrene. These organometallic compounds are highly reactive reversible transfer agents which allow an efficient control of the polymerization of substituted acrylamide monomers, whereas RAFT control for methyl acrylate and styrene polymerization is contaminated by side reactions at prolonged reaction times. 119Sn NMR is shown to be an informative instrument for the monitoring of Sn-RAFT-mediated polymerizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ihor Kulai
- IMRCP,
UMR 5623, Université de Toulouse, 118, route de Narbonne F-31062 Toulouse, Cedex 9, France
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Department of Chemistry, 64/13, Volodymyrska Street, Kyiv, Ukraine 01601
| | - Oleksii Brusylovets
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Department of Chemistry, 64/13, Volodymyrska Street, Kyiv, Ukraine 01601
| | - Zoia Voitenko
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Department of Chemistry, 64/13, Volodymyrska Street, Kyiv, Ukraine 01601
| | - Simon Harrisson
- IMRCP,
UMR 5623, Université de Toulouse, 118, route de Narbonne F-31062 Toulouse, Cedex 9, France
| | - Stéphane Mazières
- IMRCP,
UMR 5623, Université de Toulouse, 118, route de Narbonne F-31062 Toulouse, Cedex 9, France
| | - Mathias Destarac
- IMRCP,
UMR 5623, Université de Toulouse, 118, route de Narbonne F-31062 Toulouse, Cedex 9, France
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33
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Ilchev A, Pfukwa R, Hlalele L, Smit M, Klumperman B. Improved control through a semi-batch process in RAFT-mediated polymerization utilizing relatively poor leaving groups. Polym Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5py01293g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The negative effect that a RAFT agent with a poor leaving group has on the evolution of molecular dispersity in a RAFT-mediated polymerization was shown to be mitigated by performing the polymerization in semi-batch mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Ilchev
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science
- Stellenbosch University
- Matieland 7602
- South Africa
| | - Rueben Pfukwa
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science
- Stellenbosch University
- Matieland 7602
- South Africa
| | - Lebohang Hlalele
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science
- Stellenbosch University
- Matieland 7602
- South Africa
| | - Marica Smit
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science
- Stellenbosch University
- Matieland 7602
- South Africa
| | - Bert Klumperman
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science
- Stellenbosch University
- Matieland 7602
- South Africa
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34
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Affiliation(s)
- Graeme Moad
- CSIRO Manufacturing Flagship, Bayview Ave, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
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35
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Moad G. Mechanism and Kinetics of Dithiobenzoate-Mediated RAFT Polymerization - Status of the Dilemma. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201300562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Graeme Moad
- CSIRO Materials Science and Engineering; Bag 10 Clayton South VIC 3169 Australia
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36
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Moad G, Rizzardo E, Thang SH. Fundamentals of RAFT Polymerization. FUNDAMENTALS OF CONTROLLED/LIVING RADICAL POLYMERIZATION 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/9781849737425-00205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
This chapter sets out to describe the fundamental aspects of radical polymerization with reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT polymerization). Following a description of the mechanism we describe aspects of the kinetics of RAFT polymerization, how to select a RAFT agent to achieve optimal control over polymer molecular weight, composition and architecture, and how to avoid side reactions which might lead to retardation or inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graeme Moad
- CSIRO Materials Science and Engineering Bayview Ave, Clayton, Victoria 3168 Australia
| | - Ezio Rizzardo
- CSIRO Materials Science and Engineering Bayview Ave, Clayton, Victoria 3168 Australia
| | - San H. Thang
- CSIRO Materials Science and Engineering Bayview Ave, Clayton, Victoria 3168 Australia
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37
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Soeriyadi AH, R.Whittaker M, Boyer C, Davis TP. Soft ionization mass spectroscopy: Insights into the polymerization mechanism. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.26536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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38
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Keddie
- CSIRO Materials Science and Engineering, Bag 10, Clayton South, Victoria, Australia
| | - Graeme Moad
- CSIRO Materials Science and Engineering, Bag 10, Clayton South, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ezio Rizzardo
- CSIRO Materials Science and Engineering, Bag 10, Clayton South, Victoria, Australia
| | - San H. Thang
- CSIRO Materials Science and Engineering, Bag 10, Clayton South, Victoria, Australia
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39
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Moad G, Rizzardo E, Thang SH. Living Radical Polymerization by the RAFT Process – A Third Update. Aust J Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1071/ch12295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 825] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This paper provides a third update to the review of reversible deactivation radical polymerization (RDRP) achieved with thiocarbonylthio compounds (ZC(=S)SR) by a mechanism of reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) that was published in June 2005 (Aust. J. Chem. 2005, 58, 379). The first update was published in November 2006 (Aust. J. Chem. 2006, 59, 669) and the second in December 2009 (Aust. J. Chem. 2009, 62, 1402). This review cites over 700 publications that appeared during the period mid 2009 to early 2012 covering various aspects of RAFT polymerization which include reagent synthesis and properties, kinetics and mechanism of polymerization, novel polymer syntheses, and a diverse range of applications. This period has witnessed further significant developments, particularly in the areas of novel RAFT agents, techniques for end-group transformation, the production of micro/nanoparticles and modified surfaces, and biopolymer conjugates both for therapeutic and diagnostic applications.
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40
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Rizzardo E, Solomon DH. On the Origins of Nitroxide Mediated Polymerization (NMP) and Reversible Addition–Fragmentation Chain Transfer (RAFT). Aust J Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1071/ch12194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The early experiments on radical polymerization, which were to lead to a study of nitroxide trapping of the initiation step and the interest in defect groups, particularly the macromonomers formed by termination by disproportionation, are discussed. Results from the nitroxide trapping clearly show that the initiation step ranges from simple clean addition to the head of the monomer, to complex addition/abstraction reactions. Careful selection of the monomer/initiation system is emphasized with particular reference to two common monomers, styrene and methyl methacrylate, and two initiating radicals, t-butoxy and benzoyloxy. The discovery of nitroxide mediated polymerization (NMP) from observations made during the nitroxide trapping work is reported and the ability to have a living radical system demonstrated with numerous examples. Similarly, the study of the copolymerization of macromonomers, formed by disproportionation of the propagating chains, is discussed with the discovery of β-scission and an early form of addition–fragmentation reported. The evolution of reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) to a highly versatile and commercially attractive radical system is reported and the detailed chemistry behind the discovery of this living radical system discussed. Both NMP and RAFT enable the synthesis of structures not previously possible by radical polymerization and in some cases not possible by any other process.
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Sanders GC, van Ravensteijn BGP, Duchateau R, Heuts JPA. The unexpected behaviour of epoxidised macromonomers derived from catalytic chain transfer during ring opening copolymerisation. Polym Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2py20195j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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42
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Sanders GC, Sciarone TJJ, Lambermont-Thijs HML, Duchateau R, Heuts JPA. Methacrylic Stereoblock Copolymers via the Combination of Catalytic Chain Transfer and Anionic Polymerization. Macromolecules 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ma2020535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gemma C. Sanders
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Dutch Polymer Institute (DPI), John F. Kennedylaan 2, 5612 AB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Timo J. J. Sciarone
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Dutch Polymer Institute (DPI), John F. Kennedylaan 2, 5612 AB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | | | - Robbert Duchateau
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Johan P. A. Heuts
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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Rizzardo E, Chiefari J, Chong BY, Ercole F, Krstina J, Jeffery J, Le TP, Mayadunne RT, Meijs GF, Moad CL, Moad G, Thang SH. Tailored polymers by free radical processes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/masy.19991430122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Moad G, Rizzardo E, Thang SH. End-functional polymers, thiocarbonylthio group removal/transformation and reversible addition-fragmentation-chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. POLYM INT 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.2988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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46
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Wang W, Hutchinson RA. Free-Radical Acrylic Polymerization Kinetics at Elevated Temperatures. Chem Eng Technol 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ceat.201000234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Chen L, Yan L, Li Q, Wang C, Chen S. Controllable synthesis of new polymerizable macrosurfactants via CCTP and RAFT techniques and investigation of their performance in emulsion polymerization. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:1724-1733. [PMID: 19928970 DOI: 10.1021/la9037809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We reported herein the synthesis of poly(methacrylic acid)-b-poly(butyl acrylate) (PMAA-b-PBA) block copolymers (surfmers) and their performance as novel polymerizable macrosurfactants in emulsion polymerization. The surfmers bearing terminal unsaturated carbon-carbon double bonds were first successfully designed and sythesized via catalytic chain transfer polymerization (CCTP) and radical addition-fragmentation polymerization (RAFT) techniques. The structures of surfmers were characterized by Raman spectra, nuclear magnetic resonance ((1)H NMR), and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The critical micelle concentration of surfmers was determined. Subsequently, the surfmers were used as emulsifier to prepare polyacrylate latexes (PA-surf). The influence of the surfmer concentration as well as PMAA and PBA chain segment ratios of surfmer on their performance in emulsion polymerization was discussed thoroughly. The particle size, amount of coagulum, and stability against electrolyte solutions of the latexes were evaluated. Also, the relations between monomer conversion in emulsion polymerization, polymerization rate, emulsion particle size, surface tension, and reaction time were investigated, which showed some interesting information for the probable mechanism underlying this emulsion polymerization system. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectra (ATR FT-IR) were performed to investigate the surface morphology and component distribution of the latex films. The results show high efficiency of these surfmers in emulsion polymerization, suggesting that the resultant PMAA-b-PBA block copolymers act not only as the emulsifier but also as the stabilizer of monomer droplets as well as the so-called comonomer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Material-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Technology, Nanjing 210009, PR China
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Zetterlund PB, Kagawa Y, Okubo M. Controlled/living radical polymerization in dispersed systems. Chem Rev 2008; 108:3747-94. [PMID: 18729519 DOI: 10.1021/cr800242x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 481] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Per B Zetterlund
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan.
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Controlled radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate in the presence of 2-bromoethanol. Polym Bull (Berl) 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-007-0729-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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