Phenomena of counterion binding, polyion complexation and polyion condensation

Counterion condensation and shape within Poisson-Boltzmann theory

An analytical approximation to the nonlinear Poisson-Boltzmann (PB) equation is applied to charged macromolecules that possess one-dimensional symmetry and can be modeled by a plane, infinite cylinder, or sphere. A functional substitution allows the nonlinear PB equation subject to linear boundary conditions to be transformed into an approximate linear (Debye-Hückel-type) equation subject to nonlinear boundary conditions. A simple analytical result for the surface potential of such polyelectrolytes follows, leading to expressions for the amount of condensed (or renormalized) charge and the electrostatic Helmholtz energy for polyelectrolytes. Analytical high-charge/low-salt and low-charge/high-salt limits are shown to be similar to results obtained by others based on PB or counterion condensation theory. Several important general observations concerning polyelectrolytes treated within the context of PB theory can be made including: (1) all charged surfaces display some counterion condensation for finite electrolyte concentration, (2) the effect of surface geometry is described primarily by the sum of the Debye constant and the mean curvature of the surface, (3) two surfaces with the same surface charge density and mean curvature condense approximately identical fractions of counterions, (4) the amount of condensation is not determined by a predefined "condensation distance" although such a distance can be determined uniquely from it, and (5) substantial condensation occurs if the Debye constant of the electrolyte is much less than the mean curvature of a highly charged polyelectrolyte.