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Bruder FK, Fäcke T, Rölle T. The Chemistry and Physics of Bayfol ® HX Film Holographic Photopolymer. Polymers (Basel) 2017; 9:polym9100472. [PMID: 30965774 PMCID: PMC6418958 DOI: 10.3390/polym9100472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Holographic photopolymers are a new technology to create passive diffractive optical elements by a pure laser interference recording. In this review, we explain the chemistry concepts of light harvesting in an interference pattern and the subsequent grating formation as chemical response. Using the example of the newly developed Bayfol® HX film we discuss the reaction-diffusion driven photo-polymerization process for an index modulation formation to create volume phase gratings. Further we elucidate the selection of monomer chemistry and discuss details of the recording conditions based on the concept of exposure dosage and exposure time. Influences ranging from high dosage recording to low power recording are explained and how to affect the desired diffraction efficiency. Finally, we outline and demonstrate the process to mass manufacturing of volume phase gratings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas Fäcke
- Covestro Deutschland AG, Building D201, D-51365 Leverkusen, Germany.
| | - Thomas Rölle
- Covestro Deutschland AG, Building D201, D-51365 Leverkusen, Germany.
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Tarjányi N, Káčik D. Holographic lens formed in a self-developing photopolymer film. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1117/12.2263188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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Fernández R, Gallego S, Márquez A, Navarro-Fuster V, Beléndez A. Blazed Gratings Recorded in Absorbent Photopolymers. MATERIALS 2016; 9:ma9030195. [PMID: 28773324 PMCID: PMC5456721 DOI: 10.3390/ma9030195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Phase diffractive optical elements, which have many interesting applications, are usually fabricated using a photoresist. In this paper, they were made using a hybrid optic-digital system and a photopolymer as recording medium. We analyzed the characteristics of the input and recording light and then simulated the generation of blazed gratings with different spatial periods in different types of photopolymers using a diffusion model. Finally, we analyzed the output and diffraction efficiencies of the 0 and 1st order so as to compare the simulated values with those measured experimentally. We evaluated the effects of index matching in a standard PVA/AA photopolymer, and in a variation of Biophotopol, a more biocompatible photopolymer. Diffraction efficiencies near 70%, for a wavelength of 633 nm, were achieved for periods longer than 300 µm in this kind of materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Fernández
- Instituto Universitario de Física Aplicada a las Ciencias y las Tecnologías, Universidad de Alicante, Apartado 99, E03080 Alicante, Spain.
| | - Sergi Gallego
- Instituto Universitario de Física Aplicada a las Ciencias y las Tecnologías, Universidad de Alicante, Apartado 99, E03080 Alicante, Spain.
- Departamento de Física, Ingeniería de Sistemas y Teoría de la Señal. Universidad de Alicante, Apartado 99, E03080 Alicante, Spain.
| | - Andrés Márquez
- Instituto Universitario de Física Aplicada a las Ciencias y las Tecnologías, Universidad de Alicante, Apartado 99, E03080 Alicante, Spain.
- Departamento de Física, Ingeniería de Sistemas y Teoría de la Señal. Universidad de Alicante, Apartado 99, E03080 Alicante, Spain.
| | - Víctor Navarro-Fuster
- Instituto Universitario de Física Aplicada a las Ciencias y las Tecnologías, Universidad de Alicante, Apartado 99, E03080 Alicante, Spain.
- Departamento de Óptica, Farmacología y Anatomía. Universidad de Alicante. Apartado 99, E03080 Alicante, Spain.
| | - Augusto Beléndez
- Instituto Universitario de Física Aplicada a las Ciencias y las Tecnologías, Universidad de Alicante, Apartado 99, E03080 Alicante, Spain.
- Departamento de Física, Ingeniería de Sistemas y Teoría de la Señal. Universidad de Alicante, Apartado 99, E03080 Alicante, Spain.
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Yamaguchi M, Higashida R. 3D touchable holographic light-field display. APPLIED OPTICS 2016; 55:A178-A183. [PMID: 26835952 DOI: 10.1364/ao.55.00a178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We propose a new type of 3D user interface: interaction with a light field reproduced by a 3D display. The 3D display used in this work reproduces a 3D light field, and a real image can be reproduced in midair between the display and the user. When using a finger to touch the real image, the light field from the display will scatter. Then, the 3D touch sensing is realized by detecting the scattered light by a color camera. In the experiment, the light-field display is constructed with a holographic screen and a projector; thus, a preliminary implementation of a 3D touch is demonstrated.
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Gallego S, Fernández R, Márquez A, Ortuño M, Neipp C, Gleeson MR, Sheridan JT, Beléndez A. Two diffusion photopolymer for sharp diffractive optical elements recording. OPTICS LETTERS 2015; 40:3221-3224. [PMID: 26176434 DOI: 10.1364/ol.40.003221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Photopolymers as recording media are widely used in optical applications. In such materials, changes in the phase of the transmittance function are generated during exposure due to refractive index and thickness modulations. These changes arise primarily as a consequence of photopolymerization and mass transport processes. Characterizing polymers' performance, for example, quantifying the value of monomer diffusion, is therefore very important. Applying index matching, the volume and surface optical effect are separated in an acrylamide/polyvinylalcohol (AA/PVA) material. Using a simplified model that includes the effects of the holes produced during polymerization, both hole and monomer diffusion are analyzed. The analysis presented indicates higher material sensitivity than previously estimated. The results also indicate the possibility of recording sharper diffractive optical elements profiles, like blazed gratings, having diffraction efficiencies higher than 80%.
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Fernández E, Fuentes R, Ortuño M, Beléndez A, Pascual I. Holographic grating stability: influence of 4,4'-azobis (4-cyanopentanoic acid) on various spatial frequencies. APPLIED OPTICS 2013; 52:6322-6331. [PMID: 24085094 DOI: 10.1364/ao.52.006322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/03/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents the results obtained when holographic gratings were stored with a spatial frequency of 954 and 2663 lines/mm in transmission geometry and 4600 lines/mm in reflection geometry in a polyvinyl alcohol/acrylamide-based material. Photopolymers are materials that give good results at low frequencies, but their diffraction efficiency (DE) decreases at high frequencies. A chain transfer agent, 4,4'-azobis (4-cyanopentanoic acid) (ACPA) was incorporated in the material composition to improve spatial resolution. Furthermore, a curing process was applied to the stored gratings in order to maintain the DE stable over time. The DE and shrinkage for symmetric holographic transmission and reflection gratings were measured to evaluate their quality and quantify the improvement produced by ACPA.
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Ibrahim A, Stefano LD, Tarzi O, Tar H, Ley C, Allonas X. High-Performance Photoinitiating Systems for Free Radical Photopolymerization. Application to Holographic Recording. Photochem Photobiol 2013; 89:1283-90. [DOI: 10.1111/php.12132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Ibrahim
- Laboratory of Macromolecular Photochemistry and Engineering; University of Haute Alsace, ENSCMu; Mulhouse France
| | - Luciano Di Stefano
- Laboratory of Macromolecular Photochemistry and Engineering; University of Haute Alsace, ENSCMu; Mulhouse France
| | - Olga Tarzi
- CIHIDECAR-CONICET; Department of Organic Chemistry; FCEyN-University of Buenos Aires; Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Haja Tar
- Laboratory of Macromolecular Photochemistry and Engineering; University of Haute Alsace, ENSCMu; Mulhouse France
| | - Christian Ley
- Laboratory of Macromolecular Photochemistry and Engineering; University of Haute Alsace, ENSCMu; Mulhouse France
| | - Xavier Allonas
- Laboratory of Macromolecular Photochemistry and Engineering; University of Haute Alsace, ENSCMu; Mulhouse France
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Gallego S, Marquez A, Guardiola FJ, Riquelme M, Fernández R, Pascual I, Beléndez A. Linearity in the response of photopolymers as optical recording media. OPTICS EXPRESS 2013; 21:10995-11008. [PMID: 23669956 DOI: 10.1364/oe.21.010995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Photopolymer are appealing materials for diffractive elements recording. Two of their properties when they are illuminated are useful for this goal: the relief surface changes and the refractive index modifications. To this goal the linearity in the material response is crucial to design the optimum irradiance for each element. In this paper we measured directly some parameters to know how linear is the material response, in terms of the refractive index modulation versus exposure, then we can predict the refractive index distributions during recording. We have analyzed at different recording intensities the evolution of monomer diffusion during recording for photopolymers based on PVA/Acrylamide. This model has been successfully applied to PVA/Acrylamide photopolymers to predict the transmitted diffracted orders and the agreement with experimental values has been increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergi Gallego
- Departamento de Física, Ingeniería de Sistemas y Teoría de la Señal, Universidad de Alicante, Apartado 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain.
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Fernandez E, Perez-Molina M, Fuentes R, Ortuño M, Neipp C, Belendez A, Pascual I. Analysis of holographic reflection gratings recorded in polyvinyl alcohol/acrylamide photopolymer. APPLIED OPTICS 2013; 52:1581-1590. [PMID: 23478760 DOI: 10.1364/ao.52.001581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Holographic reflection gratings in a polyvinyl alcohol/acrylamide based photopolymer were stored using symmetrical geometry in three different thicknesses of the material. The advantage of symmetrical geometry is that exact expressions for transmittance, reflectance, and electric fields can be obtained analytically. Using these expressions, experimental data were fitted to obtain parameters such as refractive index modulation, spatial period of the grating, optical thickness or shrinkage of the material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Fernandez
- Departamento de Óptica, Farmacología y Anatomía, Universidad de Alicante, Alicante, Spain.
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Gallego S, Márquez A, Ortuño M, Francés J, Pascual I, Beléndez A. Relief diffracted elements recorded on absorbent photopolymers. OPTICS EXPRESS 2012; 20:11218-11231. [PMID: 22565744 DOI: 10.1364/oe.20.011218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Relief surface changes provide interesting possibilities for storing diffractive optical elements on photopolymers and are an important source of information for characterizing and understanding the material behavior. In this paper we use a 3-dimensional model, based on direct parameter measurements, for predicting the relief structures generated on without-coverplate photopolymers. We have analyzed different spatial frequency and recording intensity distributions such as binary and blazed periodic patterns. This model was successfully applied to different photopolymers with different values of monomer diffusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gallego
- Departamento de Física, Ingeniería de Sistemas y Teoría de la Señal, Universidad de Alicante, Alicante, Spain.
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Gallego S, Márquez A, Ortuño M, Francés J, Marini S, Beléndez A, Pascual I. Surface relief model for photopolymers without cover plating. OPTICS EXPRESS 2011; 19:10896-10906. [PMID: 21643349 DOI: 10.1364/oe.19.010896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Relief surface changes provide interesting possibilities for storing diffractive optical elements on photopolymers and are an important source of information to characterize and understand the material behaviour. In this paper we present a 3-dimensional model based on direct measurements of parameters to predict the relief structures generated on the material. This model is successfully applied to different photopolymers with different values of monomer diffusion. The importance of monomer diffusion in depth is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gallego
- Departamento de Física, Ingeniería de Sistemas y Teoría de la Señal, Universidad de Alicante, Apartado 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain.
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