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Torres I, González-Tobío B, Ares P, Gómez-Herrero J, Zamora F. Evaluation of the degradation of the graphene-polypropylene composites of masks in harsh working conditions. MATERIALS TODAY. CHEMISTRY 2022; 26:101146. [PMID: 36159446 PMCID: PMC9481924 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtchem.2022.101146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The recent COVID-19 outbreak has led health authorities to recommend at least the use of surgical masks, most preferably respirators (FFP2 or KN95), to prevent the spread of the virus. Non-woven fabrics have been chosen as the best option to manufacture the face masks, due to their filtration efficiency, low cost, and versatility. Modifying the mask filters with graphene has been of great interest due to its potential use as antibacterial and virucidal properties. Indeed, some companies have commercialized face masks in which graphene is coated and/or embedded. However, the Canadian sanitary authorities advised against using the Shandong Shengquan New Materials Co. graphene masks because of the possibility of pulmonary damage produced by graphene inhalation. Thus, we have analyzed the stability of the graphene filter of these masks and compared it with two other commercially available graphene mask filters, evaluating the morphological and spectroscopical change of the fibers, as well as the particles released during the endurance tests. Our work introduces the necessary tools and methodology to evaluate the potential degradation of face masks under extreme working conditions. These methods complement the present standard tests ensuring the security of the new filters based on composites or nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Torres
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem) and Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - B González-Tobío
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem) and Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - P Ares
- Departamento de Física de La Materia Condensada and Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - J Gómez-Herrero
- Departamento de Física de La Materia Condensada and Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - F Zamora
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem) and Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
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Trhlíková O, Walterová Z, Janata M, Kanizsová L, Horský J. Compositional Distribution of Binary Living Copolymers and Their End Sequences. MACROMOL THEOR SIMUL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/mats.202100002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Olga Trhlíková
- Department of Analytical Chemistry Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences Heyrovského nám. 2 Prague 6 162 06 Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Walterová
- Department of Analytical Chemistry Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences Heyrovského nám. 2 Prague 6 162 06 Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Janata
- Department of Controlled Polymer Synthesis Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences Heyrovského nám. 2 Prague 6 162 06 Czech Republic
| | - Lívia Kanizsová
- Department of Analytical Chemistry Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences Heyrovského nám. 2 Prague 6 162 06 Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Horský
- Department of Analytical Chemistry Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences Heyrovského nám. 2 Prague 6 162 06 Czech Republic
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Nagy L, Kuki Á, Nagy T, Vadkerti B, Erdélyi Z, Kárpáti L, Zsuga M, Kéki S. Encoding Information into Polyethylene Glycol Using an Alcohol-Isocyanate "Click" Reaction. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21041318. [PMID: 32075293 PMCID: PMC7072859 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In this article, the capability of encoding information using a homologous series of monodisperse monomethoxypolyethylene glycols (mPEG), with a number of ethylene oxide units ranging from nEO = 5 to 8, and monodisperse linear aliphatic isocyanates containing a number of CH2 units from 3 to 7, is demonstrated. The “click” reaction of the two corresponding homologous series yielded 20 different isocyanate end-capped polyethylene glycol derivatives (mPEG-OCONHR) whose sodiated adduct ion’s nominal m/z values spanned from 360 to 548, providing an average ca. 8 m/z unit for the storage of one-bit information. These mPEG-OCONHR oligomers were then used to encode information in binary sequences using a 384-well MALDI sample plate and employing the common dried-droplet sample preparation method capable of encoding 20 bit, i.e., 2.5 byte information in one spot, was employed. The information stored in the spots was read by MALDI-TOF MS using the m/z value of the corresponding mPEG-OCONHR oligomers. The capability of the method to store data was demonstrated by writing and reading a text file, visualizing a small picture and capturing a short audio file written in Musical Instrument Digital Interface (MIDI) sequence. Due to the very large similarities in the chemical structures of the encoding oligomers and their “easy to be ionized” property, as well as their very similar ionization efficiencies, the MALDI-TOF MS signal intensities from each compound was so strong and unambiguous that complete decoding could be performed in each case. In addition, the set of the proposed encoding oligomers can be further extended to attain higher bit “densities”.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lajos Nagy
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (L.N.); (Á.K.); (T.N.); (B.V.); (M.Z.)
| | - Ákos Kuki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (L.N.); (Á.K.); (T.N.); (B.V.); (M.Z.)
| | - Tibor Nagy
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (L.N.); (Á.K.); (T.N.); (B.V.); (M.Z.)
| | - Bence Vadkerti
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (L.N.); (Á.K.); (T.N.); (B.V.); (M.Z.)
- Doctoral School of Chemistry, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Erdélyi
- Department of Solid State Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, H-4002 Debrecen, Hungary;
| | - Levente Kárpáti
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Semmelweis University, H-1092 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Miklós Zsuga
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (L.N.); (Á.K.); (T.N.); (B.V.); (M.Z.)
| | - Sándor Kéki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (L.N.); (Á.K.); (T.N.); (B.V.); (M.Z.)
- Correspondence:
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Trhlíková O, Janata M, Walterová Z, Kanizsová L, Čadová E, Horský J. MALDI-ToF mass spectrometry detection of intramolecular composition gradient in copolymers. Talanta 2019; 195:215-220. [PMID: 30625534 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.11.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Since their addition to the polymer-architecture portfolio, gradient copolymers have attracted significant attention. Up to now, however, the existence of the intramolecular composition gradient must have been ascertained by sampling during living copolymerization because a reliable method for the detection of the composition gradient in the finalized copolymer had not been established yet. Here we show that MALDI-ToF mass spectrometry not only identifies imperfect, i.e. prematurely terminated copolymers but these copolymers can be used as "time capsules" which provide information on composition evolution and the intramolecular composition gradient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Trhlíková
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského nám. 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Miroslav Janata
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského nám. 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Walterová
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského nám. 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Lívia Kanizsová
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského nám. 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Čadová
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského nám. 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Horský
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského nám. 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
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Ranganathan K, Parthiban A. Soluble, porous semifluorinated poly(arylene ether) ladder polymers from 2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorobenzonitrile. POLYMER 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2017.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Engler MS, Scheubert K, Schubert US, Böcker S. Exploring the Limits of the Geometric Copolymerization Model. Polymers (Basel) 2017; 9:E101. [PMID: 30970781 PMCID: PMC6431939 DOI: 10.3390/polym9030101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The geometric copolymerization model is a recently introduced statistical Markov chain model. Here, we investigate its practicality. First, several approaches to identify the optimal model parameters from observed copolymer fingerprints are evaluated using Monte Carlo simulated data. Directly optimizing the parameters is robust against noise but has impractically long running times. A compromise between robustness and running time is found by exploiting the relationship between monomer concentrations calculated by ordinary differential equations and the geometric model. Second, we investigate the applicability of the model to copolymerizations beyond living polymerization and show that the model is useful for copolymerizations involving termination and depropagation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin S Engler
- Life Sciences Group, Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica, Science Park 123, 1089XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Kerstin Scheubert
- Chair of Bioinformatics, Friedrich Schiller University, Ernst-Abbe-Platz 2, 07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Ulrich S Schubert
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany.
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Sebastian Böcker
- Chair of Bioinformatics, Friedrich Schiller University, Ernst-Abbe-Platz 2, 07743 Jena, Germany.
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany.
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Engler MS, Scheubert K, Schubert US, Böcker S. New Statistical Models for Copolymerization. Polymers (Basel) 2016; 8:E240. [PMID: 30979335 PMCID: PMC6432000 DOI: 10.3390/polym8060240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
For many years, copolymerization has been studied using mathematical and statistical models. Here, we present new Markov chain models for copolymerization kinetics: the Bernoulli and Geometric models. They model copolymer synthesis as a random process and are based on a basic reaction scheme. In contrast to previous Markov chain approaches to copolymerization, both models take variable chain lengths and time-dependent monomer probabilities into account and allow for computing sequence likelihoods and copolymer fingerprints. Fingerprints can be computed from copolymer mass spectra, potentially allowing us to estimate the model parameters from measured fingerprints. We compare both models against Monte Carlo simulations. We find that computing the models is fast and memory efficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin S Engler
- Chair of Bioinformatics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Ernst-Abbe-Platz 2, 07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Kerstin Scheubert
- Chair of Bioinformatics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Ernst-Abbe-Platz 2, 07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Ulrich S Schubert
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany.
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCMS), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Sebastian Böcker
- Chair of Bioinformatics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Ernst-Abbe-Platz 2, 07743 Jena, Germany.
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCMS), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany.
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Engler MS, Crotty S, Barthel MJ, Pietsch C, Schubert US, Böcker S. Abundance correction for mass discrimination effects in polymer mass spectra. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2016; 30:1233-1241. [PMID: 28328018 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 02/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOFMS) is frequently used to analyze homo- and copolymers, i.e. for computing copolymer fingerprints. However, the oligomer abundances are influenced by mass discrimination, i.e. mass- and composition-dependent ionization. We have developed a computational method to correct the abundance bias caused by the mass discrimination. METHODS MALDI-TOFMS in combination with computational methods was used to investigate three random copolymers with different ratios of styrene and isoprene. Furthermore, equimolar high- and low-mass styrene and isoprene homopolymers (2500 and 4200 Da) were mixed and also analyzed by MALDI-TOFMS. The abundances of both copolymers and homopolymers were corrected for mass discrimination effects with our new method. RESULTS The novel computational method was integrated into the existing COCONUT software. The method was demonstrated using the measured styrene and isoprene co- and homopolymers. First, the method was applied to homopolymer spectra. Subsequently, the copolymer fingerprint was computed from the copolymer MALDI mass spectra and the correcting function applied. The changes in the composition are plausible, indicating that correction of copolymer abundances was reasonable. CONCLUSIONS Our computational method may help to avoid erroneous conclusions when analyzing copolymer MS spectra. The software is freely available and represents a step towards comprehensive computational support in polymer science. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin S Engler
- Chair of Bioinformatics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Ernst-Abbe-Platz 2, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Sarah Crotty
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldstr. 10, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldstr. 10, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Markus J Barthel
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldstr. 10, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldstr. 10, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Pietsch
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldstr. 10, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldstr. 10, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Ulrich S Schubert
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldstr. 10, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldstr. 10, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Sebastian Böcker
- Chair of Bioinformatics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Ernst-Abbe-Platz 2, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldstr. 10, 07743, Jena, Germany
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Horský J, Walterová Z. Polypseudorotaxanes between α-cyclodextrin and poly(propylene glycol)-b-poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(propylene glycol) copolymers studied by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Eur Polym J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2015.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Vlček P, Čadová E, Horský J, Janata M. MALDI-TOF MS analysis of the self-termination products in the anionic methyl methacrylate/tert-butyl acrylate block copolymerization. Polym Bull (Berl) 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-015-1400-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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