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Krüger-Genge A, Tondera C, Hauser S, Braune S, Görs J, Roch T, Klopfleisch R, Neffe AT, Lendlein A, Pietzsch J, Jung F. Immunocompatibility and non-thrombogenicity of gelatin-based hydrogels. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2021; 77:335-350. [PMID: 33337355 DOI: 10.3233/ch-201028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Immunocompatibility and non-thrombogenicity are important requirements for biomedical applications such as vascular grafts. Here, gelatin-based hydrogels formed by reaction of porcine gelatin with increasing amounts of lysine diisocyanate ethyl ester were investigated in vitro in this regard. In addition, potential adverse effects of the hydrogels were determined using the "Hen's egg test on chorioallantoic membrane" (HET-CAM) test and a mouse model.The study revealed that the hydrogels were immunocompatible, since complement activation was absent and a substantial induction of reactive oxygen species generating monocytes and neutrophils could not be observed in whole human blood. The density as well as the activation state of adherent thrombocytes was comparable to medical grade polydimethylsiloxane, which was used as reference material. The HET-CAM test confirmed the compatibility of the hydrogels with vessel functionality since no bleedings, thrombotic events, or vessel destructions were observed. Only for the samples synthesized with the highest LDI amount the number of growing blood vessels in the CAM was comparable to controls and significantly higher than for the softer materials. Implantation into mice showed the absence of adverse or toxic effects in spleen, liver, or kidney, and only a mild lymphocytic activation in the form of a follicular hyperplasia in draining lymph nodes (slightly increased after the implantation of the material prepared with the lowest LDI content). These results imply that candidate materials prepared with mid to high amounts of LDI are suitable for the coating of the blood contacting surface of cardiovascular implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Krüger-Genge
- Institute of Biomaterial Science and Berlin-Brandenburg Centre for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Helmholtz Zentrum Geesthacht, Teltow, Germany
| | - C Tondera
- Department of Radiopharmaceutical and Chemical Biology, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany.,School of Science, Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - S Hauser
- Department of Radiopharmaceutical and Chemical Biology, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany
| | - S Braune
- Institute of Biomaterial Science and Berlin-Brandenburg Centre for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Helmholtz Zentrum Geesthacht, Teltow, Germany
| | - J Görs
- Institute of Biomaterial Science and Berlin-Brandenburg Centre for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Helmholtz Zentrum Geesthacht, Teltow, Germany
| | - T Roch
- Institute of Biomaterial Science and Berlin-Brandenburg Centre for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Helmholtz Zentrum Geesthacht, Teltow, Germany.,Helmholtz Virtual Institute - Multifunctional Biomaterials for Medicine, Teltow and Berlin, Germany
| | - R Klopfleisch
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - A T Neffe
- Institute of Biomaterial Science and Berlin-Brandenburg Centre for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Helmholtz Zentrum Geesthacht, Teltow, Germany.,Helmholtz Virtual Institute - Multifunctional Biomaterials for Medicine, Teltow and Berlin, Germany
| | - A Lendlein
- Institute of Biomaterial Science and Berlin-Brandenburg Centre for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Helmholtz Zentrum Geesthacht, Teltow, Germany.,Helmholtz Virtual Institute - Multifunctional Biomaterials for Medicine, Teltow and Berlin, Germany.,Institute of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - J Pietzsch
- Department of Radiopharmaceutical and Chemical Biology, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany.,School of Science, Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - F Jung
- Institute of Biomaterial Science and Berlin-Brandenburg Centre for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Helmholtz Zentrum Geesthacht, Teltow, Germany.,Helmholtz Virtual Institute - Multifunctional Biomaterials for Medicine, Teltow and Berlin, Germany
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Krüger-Genge A, Hauser S, Neffe AT, Liu Y, Lendlein A, Pietzsch J, Jung F. Response of Endothelial Cells to Gelatin-Based Hydrogels. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2021; 7:527-540. [PMID: 33496571 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c01432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The establishment of confluent endothelial cell (EC) monolayers on implanted materials has been identified as a concept to avoid thrombus formation but is a continuous challenge in cardiovascular device engineering. Here, material properties of gelatin-based hydrogels obtained by reacting gelatin with varying amounts of lysine diisocyanate ethyl ester were correlated with the functional state of hydrogel contacting venous EC (HUVEC) and HUVEC's ability to form a monolayer on these hydrogels. The density of adherent HUVEC on the softest hydrogel at 37 °C (G' = 1.02 kPa, E = 1.1 ± 0.3 kPa) was significantly lower (125 mm-1) than on the stiffer hydrogels (920 mm-1; G' = 2.515 and 5.02 kPa, E = 4.8 ± 0.8 and 10.3 ± 1.2 kPa). This was accompanied by increased matrix metalloprotease activity (9 pmol·min-2 compared to 0.6 pmol·min-2) and stress fiber formation, while cell-to-cell contacts were comparable. Likewise, release of eicosanoids (e.g., prostacyclin release of 1.7 vs 0.2 pg·mL-1·cell-1) and the pro-inflammatory cytokine MCP-1 (8 vs <1.5 pg·mL-1·cell-1) was higher on the softer than on the stiffer hydrogels. The expressions of pro-inflammatory markers COX-2, COX-1, and RAGE were slightly increased on all hydrogels on day 2 (up to 200% of the control), indicating a weak inflammation; however, the levels dropped to below the control from day 6. The study revealed that hydrogels with higher moduli approached the status of a functionally confluent HUVEC monolayer. The results indicate the promising potential especially of the discussed gelatin-based hydrogels with higher G' as biomaterials for implants foreseen for the venous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Krüger-Genge
- Institute of Active Polymers and Berlin-Brandenburg Centre for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Kantstr. 55, 14513 Teltow, Germany
| | - Sandra Hauser
- Department of Radiopharmaceutical and Chemical Biology, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Axel T Neffe
- Institute of Active Polymers and Berlin-Brandenburg Centre for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Kantstr. 55, 14513 Teltow, Germany.,Helmholtz Virtual Institute - Multifunctional Biomaterials for Medicine, Kantstr. 55, 14513 Teltow, Germany
| | - Yue Liu
- Institute of Active Polymers and Berlin-Brandenburg Centre for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Kantstr. 55, 14513 Teltow, Germany
| | - Andreas Lendlein
- Institute of Active Polymers and Berlin-Brandenburg Centre for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Kantstr. 55, 14513 Teltow, Germany.,Helmholtz Virtual Institute - Multifunctional Biomaterials for Medicine, Kantstr. 55, 14513 Teltow, Germany.,Institute of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Jens Pietzsch
- Department of Radiopharmaceutical and Chemical Biology, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany.,School of Science, Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technical University Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Friedrich Jung
- Institute of Active Polymers and Berlin-Brandenburg Centre for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Kantstr. 55, 14513 Teltow, Germany.,Helmholtz Virtual Institute - Multifunctional Biomaterials for Medicine, Kantstr. 55, 14513 Teltow, Germany
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