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Agustin MB, de Carvalho DM, Lahtinen MH, Hilden K, Lundell T, Mikkonen KS. Laccase as a Tool in Building Advanced Lignin-Based Materials. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:4615-4635. [PMID: 34399033 PMCID: PMC8597079 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202101169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Lignin is an abundant natural feedstock that offers great potential as a renewable substitute for fossil-based resources. Its polyaromatic structure and unique properties have attracted significant research efforts. The advantages of an enzymatic over chemical or thermal approach to construct or deconstruct lignins are that it operates in mild conditions, requires less energy, and usually uses non-toxic chemicals. Laccase is a widely investigated oxidative enzyme that can catalyze the polymerization and depolymerization of lignin. Its dual nature causes a challenge in controlling the overall direction of lignin-laccase catalysis. In this Review, the factors that affect laccase-catalyzed lignin polymerization were summarized, evaluated, and compared to identify key features that favor lignin polymerization. In addition, a critical assessment of the conditions that enable production of novel lignin hybrids via laccase-catalyzed grafting was presented. To assess the industrial relevance of laccase-assisted lignin valorization, patented applications were surveyed and industrial challenges and opportunities were analyzed. Finally, our perspective in realizing the full potential of laccase in building lignin-based materials for advanced applications was deduced from analysis of the limitations governing laccase-assisted lignin polymerization and grafting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa B. Agustin
- Department of Food and NutritionFaculty of Agriculture and ForestryUniversity of Helsinki00014HelsinkiFinland
| | - Danila Morais de Carvalho
- Department of Food and NutritionFaculty of Agriculture and ForestryUniversity of Helsinki00014HelsinkiFinland
| | - Maarit H. Lahtinen
- Department of Food and NutritionFaculty of Agriculture and ForestryUniversity of Helsinki00014HelsinkiFinland
| | - Kristiina Hilden
- Department of MicrobiologyFaculty of Agriculture and ForestryUniversity of Helsinki00014HelsinkiFinland
- Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science (HELSUS)University of HelsinkiP.O. Box 6500014HelsinkiFinland
| | - Taina Lundell
- Department of MicrobiologyFaculty of Agriculture and ForestryUniversity of Helsinki00014HelsinkiFinland
- Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science (HELSUS)University of HelsinkiP.O. Box 6500014HelsinkiFinland
| | - Kirsi S. Mikkonen
- Department of Food and NutritionFaculty of Agriculture and ForestryUniversity of Helsinki00014HelsinkiFinland
- Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science (HELSUS)University of HelsinkiP.O. Box 6500014HelsinkiFinland
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Lite C, Ion S, Tudorache M, Zgura I, Galca AC, Enache M, Maria GM, Parvulescu VI. Alternative lignopolymer-based composites useful as enhanced functionalized support for enzymes immobilization. Catal Today 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2020.05.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Mayr SA, Schwaiger N, Weber HK, Kovač J, Guebitz GM, Nyanhongo GS. Enzyme Catalyzed Copolymerization of Lignosulfonates for Hydrophobic Coatings. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:697310. [PMID: 34336809 PMCID: PMC8317694 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.697310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzymatic polymerization of lignin can generate a variety of value-added products concomitantly replacing fossil-based resources. In line with this approach, a laccase from the thermophilic fungus Myceliophthora thermophila (MtL) was used to couple a hydrophobicity enhancing fluorophenol (FP) molecule, namely 4-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]phenol (4,4-F3MPP), as a model substrate onto lignosulfonate (LS). During the coupling reaction changes in fluorescence, phenol content, viscosity and molecular weight (size exclusion chromatography; SEC) were monitored. The effects of enzymatic coupling of FP onto LS on hydrophobicity were investigated by the means of water contact angle (WCA) measurement and determination of swelling capacity. Full polymerization of LS resulting in the production of water-insoluble polymers was achieved at a pH of 7 and 33°C. Incorporation of 2% (w/v) of FP led to an increase in WCA by 59.2% while the swelling capacity showed a decrease by 216.8%. Further, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis indicated successful covalent coupling of the FP molecule onto LS by an emerging peak at 1,320 cm–1 in the FTIR spectrum and the evidence of Fluor in the XPS spectrum. This study shows the ability of laccase to mediate the tailoring of LS properties to produce functional polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian A Mayr
- Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Tulln, Austria
| | | | | | - Janez Kovač
- Department of Surface Engineering, Jozef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Georg M Guebitz
- Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Tulln, Austria.,Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Tulln, Austria
| | - Gibson S Nyanhongo
- Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Tulln, Austria.,Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Tulln, Austria
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Marjamaa K, Kruus K. Enzyme biotechnology in degradation and modification of plant cell wall polymers. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2018; 164:106-118. [PMID: 29987848 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Lignocelluloses are abundant raw materials for production of fuels, chemicals and materials. The purpose of this paper is to review the enzyme-types and enzyme-technologies studied and applied in the processing of the lignocelluloses into different products. The enzymes here are mostly glycoside hydrolases, esterases and different redox enzymes. Enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic polysaccharides to platform sugars has been widely studied leading to development of advanced commercial products for this purpose. Restricted hydrolysis or oxidation of cellulosic fibers have been applied in processing of pulps to paper products, nanocelluloses and textile fibers. Oxidation, transglycosylation and derivatization have been utilized in functionalization of fibers, cellulosic surfaces and polysaccharides. Enzymatic polymerization, depolymerization and grafting methods are being developed for lignin valorization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaisa Marjamaa
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, PO Box 1000, Espoo, 02044, Finland
| | - Kristiina Kruus
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, PO Box 1000, Espoo, 02044, Finland
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Jankowska D, Heck T, Schubert M, Yerlikaya A, Weymuth C, Rentsch D, Schober I, Richter M. Enzymatic Synthesis of Lignin-Based Concrete Dispersing Agents. Chembiochem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201800064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dagmara Jankowska
- Laboratory for Biointerfaces; Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology; Lerchenfeldstrasse 5 9014 St. Gallen Switzerland
| | - Tobias Heck
- Laboratory for Biointerfaces; Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology; Lerchenfeldstrasse 5 9014 St. Gallen Switzerland
| | - Mark Schubert
- Laboratory for Applied Wood Materials; Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology; Überlandstrasse 129 8600 Dübendorf Switzerland
| | - Alpaslan Yerlikaya
- Laboratory for Biointerfaces; Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology; Lerchenfeldstrasse 5 9014 St. Gallen Switzerland
| | | | - Daniel Rentsch
- Laboratory for Functional Polymers; Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology; Überlandstrasse 129 8600 Dübendorf Switzerland
| | - Irene Schober
- Sika Technology AG; Tüffenwies 16 8048 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Michael Richter
- Laboratory for Biointerfaces; Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology; Lerchenfeldstrasse 5 9014 St. Gallen Switzerland
- Present address: Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB; Bio-, Electro- and Chemocatalysis BioCat, Straubing Branch; Schulgasse 11a 94351 Straubing Germany
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Ion S, Opris C, Cojocaru B, Tudorache M, Zgura I, Galca AC, Bodescu AM, Enache M, Maria GM, Parvulescu VI. One-Pot Enzymatic Production of Lignin-Composites. Front Chem 2018; 6:124. [PMID: 29732368 PMCID: PMC5920407 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2018.00124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel and efficient one-pot system for green production of artificial lignin bio-composites has been developed. Monolignols such as sinapyl (SA) and coniferyl (CA) alcohols were linked together with caffeic acid (CafAc) affording a polymeric network similar with natural lignin. The interaction of the dissolved SA/CA with CafAc already bound on a solid support (SC2/SC6-CafAc) allowed the attachment of the polymeric product direct on the support surface (SC2/SC6-CafAc-L1 and SC2/SC6-CafAc-L2, from CA and SA, respectively). Accordingly, this procedure offers the advantage of a simultaneous polymer production and deposition. Chemically, oxi-copolymerization of phenolic derivatives (SA/CA and CAfAc) was performed with H2O2 as oxidation reagent using peroxidase enzyme (2-1B mutant of versatile peroxidase from Pleurotus eryngii) as catalyst. The system performance reached a maximum of conversion for SA and CA of 71.1 and 49.8%, respectively. The conversion is affected by the system polarity as resulted from the addition of a co-solvent (e.g., MeOH, EtOH, or THF). The chemical structure, morphology, and properties of the bio-composites surface were investigated using different techniques, e.g., FTIR, TPD-NH3, TGA, contact angle, and SEM. Thus, it was demonstrated that the SA monolignol favored bio-composites with a dense polymeric surface, high acidity, and low hydrophobicity, while CA allowed the production of thinner polymeric layers with high hydrophobicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Ion
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Biochemistry and Catalysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Cristina Opris
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Biochemistry and Catalysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Bogdan Cojocaru
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Biochemistry and Catalysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Madalina Tudorache
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Biochemistry and Catalysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Irina Zgura
- Laboratory of Optical Processes in Nanostructured Materials, National Institute of Materials Physics, Magurele, Romania
| | - Aurelian C Galca
- Laboratory of Multifunctional Materials and Structures, National Institute of Materials Physics, Magurele, Romania
| | - Adina M Bodescu
- Faculty of Food Engineering, Tourism and Environmental Protection, Research Center in Technical and Natural Sciences, "Aurel Vlaicu" University, Arad, Romania
| | - Madalin Enache
- Institute of Biology Bucharest of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
| | | | - Vasile I Parvulescu
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Biochemistry and Catalysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
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Albarrán-Velo J, López-Iglesias M, Gotor V, Gotor-Fernández V, Lavandera I. Synthesis of nitrogenated lignin-derived compounds and reactivity with laccases. Study of their application in mild chemoenzymatic oxidative processes. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra10497a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemical synthesis of a series of nitrogenated lignin-derived compounds, their reactivity with laccases and further application in mild oxidative processes are here disclosed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Albarrán-Velo
- Organic and Inorganic Chemistry Department
- Biotechnology Institute of Asturias (IUBA)
- University of Oviedo
- 33006 Oviedo
- Spain
| | - María López-Iglesias
- Organic and Inorganic Chemistry Department
- Biotechnology Institute of Asturias (IUBA)
- University of Oviedo
- 33006 Oviedo
- Spain
| | - Vicente Gotor
- Organic and Inorganic Chemistry Department
- Biotechnology Institute of Asturias (IUBA)
- University of Oviedo
- 33006 Oviedo
- Spain
| | - Vicente Gotor-Fernández
- Organic and Inorganic Chemistry Department
- Biotechnology Institute of Asturias (IUBA)
- University of Oviedo
- 33006 Oviedo
- Spain
| | - Iván Lavandera
- Organic and Inorganic Chemistry Department
- Biotechnology Institute of Asturias (IUBA)
- University of Oviedo
- 33006 Oviedo
- Spain
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Cannatelli MD, Ragauskas AJ. Conversion of lignin into value-added materials and chemicals via laccase-assisted copolymerization. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:8685-91. [PMID: 27645296 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7820-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 08/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
With today's environmental concerns and the diminishing supply of the world's petroleum-based chemicals and materials, much focus has been directed toward alternative sources. Woody biomass presents a promising option due to its sheer abundance, renewability, and biodegradability. Lignin, a highly irregular polyphenolic compound, is one of the major chemical constituents of woody biomass and is the second most abundant biopolymer on Earth, surpassed only by cellulose. The pulp and paper and cellulosic ethanol industries produce lignin on the scale of millions of tons each year as a by-product. Traditionally, lignin has been viewed as a waste material and burned as an inefficient fuel. However, in recent decades, research has focused on more economical ways to convert lignin into value-added commodities, such as biofuels, biomaterials, and biochemicals, thus developing and strengthening the concept of fully integrated biorefineries. Owing to the phenolic structure of lignin, it is possible to enzymatically graft molecules onto its surface using laccases (benzenediol:oxygen oxidoreductases, EC 1.10.3.2) to create exciting novel biomaterials. These environmentally friendly enzymes use oxygen as their only co-substrate and produce water as their sole by-product, and have thus found great industrial application. This mini-review highlights recent advances in the field of laccase-facilitated functionalization of lignin as well as promising future directions for lignin-based polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Cannatelli
- Renewable Bioproducts Institute, School of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
- Joint Institute for Biological Sciences, Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Arthur J Ragauskas
- Renewable Bioproducts Institute, School of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
- Joint Institute for Biological Sciences, Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA.
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA.
- Center for Renewable Carbon, Department of Forestry, Wildlife, and Fisheries, University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA.
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