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Santos P, Silva AP, Reis PNB. Effect of Carbon Nanofibers on the Strain Rate and Interlaminar Shear Strength of Carbon/Epoxy Composites. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:4332. [PMID: 37374516 DOI: 10.3390/ma16124332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
The static bending properties, different strain rates and interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) of carbon-fiber-reinforced polymers (CFRP) with two epoxy resins nano-enhanced with carbon nanofibers (CNFs) are studied. The effect on ILSS behavior from aggressive environments, such as hydrochloric acid (HCl), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), water and temperature, are also analyzed. The laminates with Sicomin resin and 0.75 wt.% CNFs and with Ebalta resin with 0.5 wt.% CNFs show significant improvements in terms of bending stress and bending stiffness, up to 10%. The values of ILLS increase for higher values of strain rate, and in both resins, the nano-enhanced laminates with CNFs show better results to strain-rate sensitivity. A linear relationship between the logarithm of the strain rate was determined to predict the bending stress, bending stiffness, bending strain and ILSS for all laminates. The aggressive solutions significantly affect the ILSS, and their effects are strongly dependent on the concentration. Nevertheless, the alkaline solution promotes higher decreases in ILSS and the addition of CNFs is not beneficial. Regardless of the immersion in water or exposure to high temperatures a decrease in ILSS is observed, but, in this case, CNF content reduces the degradation of the laminates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Santos
- C-MAST-Centre for Mechanical and Aerospace Science and Technologies, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Abílio P Silva
- C-MAST-Centre for Mechanical and Aerospace Science and Technologies, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Paulo N B Reis
- University of Coimbra, CEMMPRE, ARISE, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 3030-780 Coimbra, Portugal
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2
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Santos P, Silva AP, Reis PNB. Effect of Carbon Nanofibers on the Viscoelastic Response of Epoxy Resins. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:821. [PMID: 36850105 PMCID: PMC9960322 DOI: 10.3390/polym15040821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Two epoxy resins with different viscosities were enhanced up to 1 wt.%, applying a simple method with carbon nanofibers (CNFs). These were characterized in terms of static bending stress, stress relaxation, and creep tests. In bending, the contents of 0.5 wt.% and 0.75 wt.% of CNFs on Ebalta and Sicomin epoxies, respectively, promote higher relative bending stress (above 11.5% for both) and elastic modulus (13.1% for Sicomin and 16.2% for Ebalta). This highest bending stress and modulus occurs for the lower viscosity resin (Ebalta) due to its interfacial strength and dispersibility of the fillers. Creep behaviour and stress relaxation for three stress levels (20, 50, and 80 MPa) show the benefits obtained with the addition of CNFs, which act as a network that contributes to the immobility of the polymer chains. A long-term experiment of up to 100 h was successfully applied to fit the Kohlrausch-Williams-Watts (KWW) and Findley models to stress relaxation and creep behaviour with very good accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Santos
- Centre for Mechanical and Aerospace Science and Technologies (C-MAST), University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Abílio P. Silva
- Centre for Mechanical and Aerospace Science and Technologies (C-MAST), University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Paulo N. B. Reis
- University of Coimbra, CEMMPRE, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal
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3
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Brito D, Quirarte G, Morgan J, Rackoff E, Fernandez M, Ganjam D, Dato A, Monson TC. Determining the dielectric constant of injection-molded polymer-matrix nanocomposites filled with barium titanate. MRS COMMUNICATIONS 2020; 10:587-593. [PMID: 33398238 PMCID: PMC7773014 DOI: 10.1557/mrc.2020.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Barium titanate (BTO) is a ferroelectric perovskite with potential in energy storage applications. Previous research suggests that BTO dielectric constant increases as nanoparticle diameter decreases. This report recounts an investigation of this relationship. Injection-molded nanocomposites of 5 vol% BTO nanoparticles incorporated in a low-density polyethylene matrix were fabricated and measured. Finite-element analysis was used to model nanocomposites of all BTO sizes and the results were compared with experimental data. Both indicated a negligible relationship between BTO diameter and dielectric constant at 5 vol%. However, a path for fabricating and testing composites of 30 vol% and higher is presented here. SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL The supplementary material for this article can be found at 10.1557/mrc.2020.69.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Brito
- Department of Engineering, Harvey Mudd College, 301 Platt Blvd., Claremont, CA 91711 USA
| | - Guadalupe Quirarte
- Department of Engineering, Harvey Mudd College, 301 Platt Blvd., Claremont, CA 91711 USA
| | - Joshua Morgan
- Department of Engineering, Harvey Mudd College, 301 Platt Blvd., Claremont, CA 91711 USA
| | - Eleanor Rackoff
- Department of Engineering, Harvey Mudd College, 301 Platt Blvd., Claremont, CA 91711 USA
| | - Michael Fernandez
- Department of Engineering, Harvey Mudd College, 301 Platt Blvd., Claremont, CA 91711 USA
| | - Dithi Ganjam
- Department of Engineering, Harvey Mudd College, 301 Platt Blvd., Claremont, CA 91711 USA
| | - Albert Dato
- Department of Engineering, Harvey Mudd College, 301 Platt Blvd., Claremont, CA 91711 USA
| | - Todd C. Monson
- Nanoscale Sciences Department, Sandia National Laboratories, 1515 Eubank Blvd., Albuquerque, NM 87123 USA
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4
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A ND, Swain A, Begam N, Bhattacharyya A, Basu JK. Temperature-Driven Grafted Nanoparticle Penetration into Polymer Melt: Role of Enthalpic and Entropic Interactions. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c00483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nimmi Das A
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Aparna Swain
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Nafisa Begam
- Institute of Applied Physics, University of Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Arpan Bhattacharyya
- S.N Bose National Centre For Basic Sciences (SNBNCBS), Kolkata 700106, India
| | - J. K. Basu
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science Bangalore 560012, India
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5
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Bichler KJ, Jakobi B, Huber SO, Gilbert EP, Schneider GJ. Structural Analysis of Ultrasoft PDMS-g-PDMS Shell-Only Particles. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b01598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Elliot P. Gilbert
- Australian Centre for Neutron Scattering, Australia Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Locked Bag 2001, Kirrawee DC, NSW 2232, Australia
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6
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Mehta SB, Kumar A, Radhakrishna M. Role of confinement, molecular connectivity and flexibility in entropic driven surface segregation of polymer-colloid mixtures. SOFT MATTER 2019; 15:6495-6503. [PMID: 31342047 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm00883g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Relative surface affinity between polymers and colloids is leveraged in many applications like filtration, adhesion, bio-sensing, etc. The surface affinity is governed by both enthalpic (relative interactions between the species and surface) and entropic (excluded volume) effects. Neglecting enthalpic effects, i.e. for purely athermal systems, entropy is the only driving force that controls the surface affinity of the species in a binary or multi-component mixture. Many intensive (relative size of colloids, chain length, equilibrium bond angle, chain flexibility) and extensive (confinement, temperature) factors can dramatically change the entropy of the system and thus enhance or decrease the surface affinities of the constituent species. In this article, we use coarse grained metropolis Monte Carlo simulations to delineate the role of these factors in entropic surface segregation in a binary mixture of polymers and colloids. At low number densities, excluded volume effects are negligible and we do not observe any entropic driven surface segregation. Therefore our system of interest is binary polymer-colloid mixtures at moderate to high number densities where excluded volume effects are predominant. Our results indicate that for flexible polymer chains, the surface is always enriched with colloids compared to polymers and this effect is enhanced for longer polymer chains. The configurational entropy of the flexible polymers is significantly reduced near the surface and therefore they prefer to stay in the bulk (away from the surface). However this behavior can be completely reversed by introducing a large degree of confinement and making the chains relatively rigid (less flexible). Our results show that polymer segregation of long stiff chains in slit pore geometry is driven by nematization near the surface while looping of polymers is observed under a large degree of confinement. We observe that for longer polymer chains with an equilibrium bond angle (θ = π), both confinement and chain stiffness enhance the surface segregation of polymers relative to colloids. However, the segregation behavior within a confinement is dependent on the polymer chain length. The surface segregation of polymers is dramatically decreased for chains with equilibrium bond angles independent of chain length and flexibility due to excluded volume effects and inefficient packing near the surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spand Bharat Mehta
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat- 382355, India.
| | - Avishek Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat- 382355, India.
| | - Mithun Radhakrishna
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat- 382355, India.
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7
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Trazkovich AJ, Wendt MF, Hall LM. Effect of Copolymer Sequence on Local Viscoelastic Properties near a Nanoparticle. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b02136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alex J. Trazkovich
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, 140 W 19th Ave., Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
- Cooper Tire & Rubber Company, 701 Lima Ave., Findlay, Ohio 45840, United States
| | - Mitchell F. Wendt
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, 140 W 19th Ave., Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Lisa M. Hall
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, 140 W 19th Ave., Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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8
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Ibrahim M, Begam N, Padmanabhan V, Basu JK. Correlation between grafted nanoparticle-matrix polymer interface wettability and slip in polymer nanocomposites. SOFT MATTER 2018; 14:6076-6082. [PMID: 29989129 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm01072b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Controlling and understanding the flow properties of polymer nanocomposites (PNC) is very important in realising their potential for various applications. In this study we report molecular dynamics simulation studies of slip between a rotating polymer-grafted nanoparticle and the surrounding free linear matrix chains. By varying the interface wettability between the nanoparticle and matrix chains defined by the parameter f, the ratio of the graft to the matrix chain length, or the graft chain density, Σ, we were able to tune the interface slip, δ, significantly. Both f and Σ alter the interface wettability by changing the matrix chain penetration depth, λ, into the graft chain layer. We observed a large value of δ at smaller f or Σ which reduces with an increasing value of the respective parameters. Since interface slip is also likely to affect other properies of PNCs, like viscosity and the glass transition, we suggest that these parameters could become useful tools to control the flow and mechanical properties of PNCs made with grafted nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Ibrahim
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560 012, India.
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9
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Trazkovich AJ, Wendt MF, Hall LM. Effect of copolymer sequence on structure and relaxation times near a nanoparticle surface. SOFT MATTER 2018; 14:5913-5921. [PMID: 29972193 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm00976g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We simulate a simple nanocomposite consisting of a single spherical nanoparticle surrounded by coarse-grained polymer chains. The polymers are composed of two different monomer types that differ only in their interaction strengths with the nanoparticle. We examine the effect of adjusting copolymer sequence on the structure as well as the end-to-end vector autocorrelation, bond vector autocorrelation, and self-intermediate scattering function relaxation times as a function of distance from the nanoparticle surface. We show how the range and magnitude of the interphase of slowed dynamics surrounding the nanoparticle depend strongly on sequence blockiness. We find that, depending on block length, blocky copolymers can have faster or slower dynamics than a random copolymer. Certain blocky copolymer sequences lead to relaxation times near the nanoparticle surface that are slower than those of either homopolymer system. Thus, tuning copolymer sequence could allow for significant control over the nanocomposite behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex J Trazkovich
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, USA.
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10
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Theoretical Interpretation of Conformation Variations of Polydimethylsiloxane Induced by Nanoparticles. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-018-2019-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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11
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Ethier JG, Hall LM. Modeling individual and pairs of adsorbed polymer-grafted nanoparticles: structure and entanglements. SOFT MATTER 2018; 14:643-652. [PMID: 29271451 DOI: 10.1039/c7sm02116j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We analyze the canopy structure and entanglement network of isolated polymer-grafted nanoparticles (PGNs) adsorbed on a surface. As expected, increasing the monomer-surface adsorption strength causes the polymer chains to spread out to increase contact with the surface, leading to a canopy shape that is in qualitative agreement with recent experimental results. We compare height profiles and other structural features of four PGN systems to show the separate and combined effects of increasing chain length and graft density. At moderate graft density and low surface attraction strength, nearby PGN canopies interpenetrate substantially and their combined shape is similar to that of a single PGN canopy. At high graft density or surface interaction, the interparticle spacing increases significantly. We use a geometrical primitive path analysis to calculate average entanglement properties including canopy-canopy entanglements between pairs of PGNs. The longer chain systems are well entangled at both graft densities considered, and we find that as the monomer-surface interaction strength is increased (and the interparticle distance increases), entanglements between the two PGNs are reduced. We find that the number of inter-PGN entanglements per chain is slightly larger at the lower graft density, likely because steric constraints at high graft density tend to reduce interparticle entanglements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey G Ethier
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.
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12
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Ma X, Zare Y, Rhee KY. A Two-Step Methodology to Study the Influence of Aggregation/Agglomeration of Nanoparticles on Young's Modulus of Polymer Nanocomposites. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2017; 12:621. [PMID: 29247323 PMCID: PMC5732127 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-017-2386-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A two-step technique based on micromechanical models is suggested to determine the influence of aggregated/agglomerated nanoparticles on Young's modulus of polymer nanocomposites. The nanocomposite is assumed to include nanoparticle aggregation/agglomeration and effective matrix phases. This method is examined for different samples, and the effects of important parameters on the modulus are investigated. Moreover, the highest and the lowest levels of predicted modulus are calculated based on the current methodology. The suggested technique can correctly predict Young's modulus for the samples assuming the aggregation/agglomeration of nanoparticles. Additionally, the aggregation/agglomeration of nanoparticles decreases Young's modulus of polymer nanocomposites. It is demonstrated that the high modulus of nanoparticles is not sufficient to obtain a high modulus in nanocomposites, and the surface chemistry of components should be adjusted to prevent aggregation/agglomeration and to disperse nano-sized particles in the polymer matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Ma
- Jilin Agricultural Science and Technology University, Jilin, 132101 China
| | - Yasser Zare
- Young Researchers and Elites Club, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kyong Yop Rhee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 446-701 Republic of Korea
- Yongin, Republic of Korea
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13
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Jia XM, Shi R, Jiao GS, Chen T, Qian HJ, Lu ZY. Temperature Effect on Interfacial Structure and Dynamics Properties in Polymer/Single-Chain Nanoparticle Composite. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201700029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Meng Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, and Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry; Institute of Theoretical Chemistry; Jilin University; Changchun 130023 China
| | - Rui Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, and Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry; Institute of Theoretical Chemistry; Jilin University; Changchun 130023 China
| | - Gui-Sheng Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, and Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry; Institute of Theoretical Chemistry; Jilin University; Changchun 130023 China
| | - Tao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, and Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry; Institute of Theoretical Chemistry; Jilin University; Changchun 130023 China
| | - Hu-Jun Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, and Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry; Institute of Theoretical Chemistry; Jilin University; Changchun 130023 China
| | - Zhong-Yuan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, and Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry; Institute of Theoretical Chemistry; Jilin University; Changchun 130023 China
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14
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Zhang X, Sun M, Chen W. Synergistic effects of silica nanoparticles and reactive compatibilizer on the compatibilization of polystyrene/polyamide 6 blends. POLYM ENG SCI 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.24511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xianming Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Textile Fiber Materials and Processing Technology (Zhejiang); Zhejiang Sci-Tech University; Hangzhou 310018 People's Republic of China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Fiber Materials and Manufacturing Technology; Zhejiang Sci-Tech University; Hangzhou 310018 People's Republic of China
| | - Menghan Sun
- National Engineering Laboratory for Textile Fiber Materials and Processing Technology (Zhejiang); Zhejiang Sci-Tech University; Hangzhou 310018 People's Republic of China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Fiber Materials and Manufacturing Technology; Zhejiang Sci-Tech University; Hangzhou 310018 People's Republic of China
| | - Wenxing Chen
- National Engineering Laboratory for Textile Fiber Materials and Processing Technology (Zhejiang); Zhejiang Sci-Tech University; Hangzhou 310018 People's Republic of China
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15
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Xu Q, Chen L. Integral equation prediction of structure of nanocomposites with polymer-grafted nanoparticles near solid surface. POLYMER 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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16
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Garg M, Padmanabhan V. Addition of P3HT-grafted Silica nanoparticles improves bulk-heterojunction morphology in P3HT-PCBM blends. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33219. [PMID: 27628895 PMCID: PMC5024111 DOI: 10.1038/srep33219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
We present molecular dynamics simulations of a ternary blend of P3HT, PCBM and P3HT-grafted silica nanoparticles (SiNP) for applications in polymer-based solar cells. Using coarse-grained models, we study the effect of SiNP on the spatial arrangement of PCBM in P3HT. Our results suggest that addition of SiNP not only alters the morphology of PCBM clusters but also improves the crystallinity of P3HT. We exploit the property of grafted SiNP to self-assemble into a variety of anisotropic structures and the tendency of PCBM to preferentially adhere to SiNP surface, due to favorable interactions, to achieve morphologies with desirable characteristics for the active layer, including domain size, crystallinity of P3HT, and elimination of isolated islands of PCBM. As the concentration of SiNP increases, the number of isolated PCBM molecules decreases, which in turn improves the crystallinity of P3HT domains. We also observe that by tuning the grafting parameters of SiNP, it is possible to achieve structures ranging from cylindrical to sheets to highly interconnected network of strings. The changes brought about by addition of SiNP shows a promising potential to improve the performance of these materials when used as active layers in organic photovoltaics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohit Garg
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Venkat Padmanabhan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India
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17
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Casalegno M, Kotowski D, Bernardi A, Luzzati S, Po R, Raos G. The effect of donor content on the efficiency of P3HT:PCBM bilayers: optical and photocurrent spectral data analyses. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:2447-56. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp03827d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A numerical analysis of optical absorption and photocurrent data reveals extensive interdiffusion in P3HT:PCBM bilayer devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mosé Casalegno
- Dipartimento di Chimica
- Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica “G. Natta”
- Politecnico di Milano
- 20131 Milano
- Italy
| | - Dariusz Kotowski
- Istituto per lo Studio delle Macromolecole
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche
- 20133 Milano
- Italy
| | - Andrea Bernardi
- Research Center for Non-Conventional Energies
- Istituto ENI Donegani
- Eni S.p.A
- 28100 Novara
- Italy
| | - Silvia Luzzati
- Istituto per lo Studio delle Macromolecole
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche
- 20133 Milano
- Italy
| | - Riccardo Po
- Research Center for Non-Conventional Energies
- Istituto ENI Donegani
- Eni S.p.A
- 28100 Novara
- Italy
| | - Guido Raos
- Dipartimento di Chimica
- Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica “G. Natta”
- Politecnico di Milano
- 20131 Milano
- Italy
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18
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Lin B, Martin TB, Jayaraman A. Decreasing Polymer Flexibility Improves Wetting and Dispersion of Polymer-Grafted Particles in a Chemically Identical Polymer Matrix. ACS Macro Lett 2014; 3:628-632. [PMID: 35590758 DOI: 10.1021/mz500274w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
We present a molecular dynamics simulation study of nanocomposites containing homopolymer-grafted particles in a homopolymer matrix, where the graft and matrix chemistries are identical, to elucidate the effect of polymer flexibility on the wetting of the grafted layer by the matrix and the nanocomposite morphology. Decreasing flexibility of the graft and matrix causes increased wetting of the grafted layer by the matrix. This increased wetting of the grafted layer with decreasing flexibility is more significantly driven by decreasing the graft flexibility than by decreasing the matrix flexibility. This is due to a large increase in mixing entropy of the graft and matrix upon wetting rather than the reduction in conformational entropy loss of matrix upon wetting. Due to this improved wetting with decreasing flexibility of the graft and matrix, we observe increased particle dispersion in the polymer matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Lin
- Department of Chemical and
Biological Engineering, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Tyler B. Martin
- Department of Chemical and
Biological Engineering, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Arthi Jayaraman
- Department of Chemical and
Biological Engineering, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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19
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Pryamitsyn V, Ganesan V. Effect of confinement on polymer-induced depletion interactions between nanoparticles. J Chem Phys 2013; 138:234905. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4809990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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20
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Padmanabhan V. Effect of grafting on nanoparticle segregation in polymer/nanoparticle blends near a substrate. J Chem Phys 2012; 137:094907. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4749383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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