1
|
Wei T, Mueed A, Luo T, Sun Y, Zhang B, Zheng L, Deng Z, Li J. 1,3-Dioleoyl-2-palmitoyl-glycerol and 1-oleoyl-2-palmitoyl-3-linoleoyl-glycerol: Structure-function relationship, triacylglycerols preparation, nutrition value. Food Chem 2024; 443:138560. [PMID: 38295563 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.138560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Based on multivariate statistics, this review compared major triacylglycerols (TAGs) in animal milk and human milk fat from China and other countries. Human milk fat differs from animal milk fat in that it has longer acyl chains and higher concentrations of 1,3-dioleoyl-2-palmitoyl-glycerol (O-P-O) and 1-oleoyl-2-palmitoyl-3-linoleoylglycerol (O-P-L). O-P-L is a significant and distinct TAG in human milk fat, particularly in China. 1-oleoyl-2-palmitoyl-3-linoleoylglycerol (OPL) is human milk's major triglyceride molecule of O-P-L, accounting for more than 70%. As a result, OPL has piqued the interest of Chinese academics. The synthesis process and nutritional outcomes of OPL have been studied, including changes in gut microbiota, serum lipid composition, improved fatty acid and calcium absorption, and increased total bile acid levels. However, current OPL research is limited. Therefore, this review discussed enzymatic preparation of 1,3-dioleoyl-2-palmitoyl-glycerol (OPO) and OPL and their nutritional and physiological activity to direct future research direction for sn-2 palmitate and OPL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teng Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China.
| | - Abdul Mueed
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
| | - Ting Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China; International Institute of Food Innovation, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China.
| | - Yong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China; International Institute of Food Innovation, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China.
| | - Bing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China; International Institute of Food Innovation, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China.
| | - Liufeng Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China; International Institute of Food Innovation, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China.
| | - Zeyuan Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China; International Institute of Food Innovation, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China; National Center of Technology Innovation for Dairy, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010110, China.
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China; International Institute of Food Innovation, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China; National Center of Technology Innovation for Dairy, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010110, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Shoji H, Arai H, Kakiuchi S, Ito A, Sato K, Jinno S, Takahashi N, Masumoto K, Yoda H, Shimizu T. Infant Formula with 50% or More of Palmitic Acid Bound to the sn-2 Position of Triacylglycerols Eliminate the Association between Formula-Feeding and the Increase of Fecal Palmitic Acid Levels in Newborns: An Exploratory Study. Nutrients 2024; 16:1558. [PMID: 38892492 PMCID: PMC11173637 DOI: 10.3390/nu16111558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The binding ratio of palmitic acid (PA) at the sn-2 position of triacylglycerols in infant formulas is lower than that in breast milk, resulting in higher levels of fecal PA. Even if the ratio is increased to 40-50%, fecal PA levels in formula-fed infants remain higher than those in breast-fed infants. In Japan, infant formulas with 50% or more of PA bound to sn-2 (high sn-2 PA milk) are commercially available; however, their effects on PA excretion have not been investigated. Therefore, this observational study aimed to preliminarily evaluate whether the feeding volume of high sn-2 PA milk is significantly associated with fecal total/soaped PA levels in newborns. Infant formulas were classified as high (≥50% of PA bound to sn-2) or low sn-2 (<50%) PA milk. Associations between feeding volume of high or low sn-2 PA milk and fecal PA levels were evaluated using multiple regression analysis models. The results showed that the feeding volume of low sn-2 PA milk was positively associated with fecal total/soaped PA levels, while there was no significant association between those of high sn-2 PA milk and fecal total/soaped PA levels. Our preliminary study suggests that high sn-2 PA milk may reduce increased fecal PA levels in formula-fed newborns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiromichi Shoji
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Juntendo University, 3-1-3, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8431, Japan
| | - Hiroko Arai
- Department of Neonatology, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, 6-11-1, Omorinishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo 143-8541, Japan; (K.M.); (H.Y.)
| | - Satsuki Kakiuchi
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan; (S.K.); (A.I.); (N.T.)
| | - Atsushi Ito
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan; (S.K.); (A.I.); (N.T.)
| | - Keigo Sato
- Food Microbiology and Function Research Laboratory, Meiji Co., Ltd., 1-29-1, Nanakuni, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0919, Japan; (K.S.); (S.J.)
- Wellness Science Labs, Meiji Holdings Co., Ltd., 1-29-1, Nanakuni, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0919, Japan
| | - Shinji Jinno
- Food Microbiology and Function Research Laboratory, Meiji Co., Ltd., 1-29-1, Nanakuni, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0919, Japan; (K.S.); (S.J.)
- Wellness Science Labs, Meiji Holdings Co., Ltd., 1-29-1, Nanakuni, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0919, Japan
| | - Naoto Takahashi
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan; (S.K.); (A.I.); (N.T.)
| | - Kenichi Masumoto
- Department of Neonatology, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, 6-11-1, Omorinishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo 143-8541, Japan; (K.M.); (H.Y.)
| | - Hitoshi Yoda
- Department of Neonatology, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, 6-11-1, Omorinishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo 143-8541, Japan; (K.M.); (H.Y.)
| | - Toshiaki Shimizu
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, 3-1-3, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8431, Japan;
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhou X, Zhao X, Parker L, Derkach P, Correa M, Benites V, Miller R, Athanasiadis D, Doherty B, Alnozaili G, Wittenberg J, Gates D, Destaillats F, Rakitsky W, Franklin S. Development and large-scale production of human milk fat analog by fermentation of microalgae. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1341527. [PMID: 38352706 PMCID: PMC10861784 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1341527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Human milk contains a complex mixture of triacylglycerols (TAG), making it challenging to recreate using common ingredients. Objective The study aimed to develop an innovative fermentation technique to produce essential human milk TAG, effectively tackling a significant hurdle in infant nutrition. Method An in-depth analysis of the literature has been conducted to identify the specific TAG to be targeted. We used a microalgal oil production platform and a two-step procedure to modify its fatty acid and TAG composition. The palmitic acid (16:0) content has been increased by classical strain improvement techniques, followed by a step involving the expression of a lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase (LPAAT) sequence capable of esterifying 16:0 specifically at the internal position (sn-2 palmitate) of TAG. Once the strain was stabilized, the fermentation was scaled up in a 50-L reactor to yield several kilograms of biomass. Subsequently, the oil was extracted and refined using standard oil processing conditions. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry was employed to monitor the TAG profile and the region specificity of 16:0 at the internal position (sn-2 palmitate) of TAG. Results The initial strain had a 16:0 level of 25% of total fatty acids, which was increased to 30% by classical strain improvement. Simultaneously, the oleic acid level decreased from 61% to 57% of total fatty acids. Upon expression of an exogenous LPAAT gene, the level of the 16:0 esterified in the internal position of the TAG (sn-2 palmitate) increased by a factor of 10, to reach 73% of total palmitic acid. Consequently, the concentration of oleic acid in the internal position decreased from 81% to 22% of total fatty acids, with TAG analysis confirming that the primary TAG species in the oil was 1,3-dioleoyl-2-palmitoyl-glycerol (OPO). The 50-L-scale fermentation trial confirmed the strain's ability to produce oil with a yield of >150 g of oil per liter of fermentation broth in a timeframe of 5 days, rendering the process scalable for larger-scale industrialization. Conclusion We have demonstrated the feasibility of producing a suitable TAG composition that can be effectively integrated into the formulations of infant nutrition in combination with other fats and oils to meet the infant feeding requirements.
Collapse
|
4
|
Effect of bovine milk fat-based infant formulae on microbiota, metabolites and stool parameters in healthy term infants in a randomized, crossover, placebo-controlled trial. BMC Nutr 2022; 8:93. [PMID: 36038938 PMCID: PMC9426040 DOI: 10.1186/s40795-022-00575-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Natural enrichment of sn-2 palmitate content of infant formulae by using bovine milk fat is known to reduce formation of faecal fatty acid soaps and to improve stool consistency, but effects on gut microbiota composition are unknown. The purpose of this study was to test the influence of milk fat-based formula high in sn-2 palmitate on the infants’ gut microbiota composition and to confirm the beneficial effects of the formula on formation of faecal fatty acid soaps and stool consistency. Methods Twenty-two healthy term, formula-fed infants were enrolled in a single-blinded randomized, crossover, placebo-controlled trial. After a 2-week run-in period, infants received either a 50% milk fat-based formula containing 39% sn-2 palmitate (MF) or a vegetable fat-based formula (VF) containing 10% sn-2 palmitate in a 2 × 2-week crossover design. Faecal microbiota composition was the primary outcome of the study. Other outcomes included faecal fatty acid soap excretion, calcium excretion, gut comfort parameters and faecal metabolites. Results Microbiota analysis showed that bifidobacteria dominated the gut microbiota of most infants. Neither alpha- nor beta-diversity was significantly influenced by the intervention. Also, abundance of metabolic pathways was independent of the intervention. The MF formula resulted in significantly lower faecal levels of palmitic acid soap (p = 0.0002) and total fatty acid soaps (p = 0.0001) than the VF formula. Additionally, calcium excretion and palmitic acid concentration were significantly (p = 0.0335) lower in stool samples after MF intervention. Furthermore, a significant physiological effect on softer stools was observed in the MF intervention compared to the VF intervention (p = 0.02). Of the 870 measured faecal metabolites, 190 were significantly different after MF and VF intervention (FDR corrected p < 0.05). Most of these were found at higher levels after MF intervention, potentially indicative of the complex structure of milk fat. Metabolites with more than twofold change between interventions were mostly lipid-derived and included several milk fat-specific fatty acids. Conclusions Replacing part of the vegetable fat in infant formula with bovine milk fat with high sn-2 palmitate levels did not change the microbiota composition, although a reduction in faecal palmitate soaps, total fatty acid soaps and calcium excretion while improving stool consistency in the MF intervention was confirmed. In addition, 190 faecal metabolites were significantly different, many related to the fat source. Trial registration Netherlands Trial Registry Identifier: NL7815 19/06/2019. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40795-022-00575-y.
Collapse
|
5
|
Bahbah WA, ElHodhod M, Salah M, AlRefaee F, AlTuraiki M, Mousa S, Al Mehaidib A, Ayesh WH, El-Bazzar AN, El Haddad J, El Khashab HY, El Zawahry A, Hasosah M, Shaaban SY, Vandenplas Y. A Survey to Identify the Current Management of Cow’s Milk Disorders and the Role of Goat Milk-Based Formulas in the Middle East and North Africa Region. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14051067. [PMID: 35268042 PMCID: PMC8912394 DOI: 10.3390/nu14051067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Cow’s milk allergy (CMA) and cow’s milk intolerance (CMI) are the major cow’s milk disorders observed in infants and young children. This study investigates, for the first time, physician knowledge regarding CMA and CMI prevalence, diagnosis, and management in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. In addition, we explore the role of goat milk-based formula as an alternative in infants suffering from CMI. Method: This cross-sectional survey was conducted from December 2020 to February 2021. A convenience sample of 2500 MENA-based physicians received the questionnaire, developed by a working group of pediatric experts. Results: 1868 physicians completed the questionnaire, including pediatric specialists (80.8%), training physicians (0.2%), dermatologists (0.1%), family/general physicians (12.9%), neonatologists (3.6%), neurosurgeons (0.2%), allergy nurse specialists (0.3%), pharmacists (2.1%), and public health workers (0.1%). Differentiation between CMA and CMI was recognized by the majority of respondents (80.7%), for which the majority of respondents (35.4%) identified that the elimination and challenge test was the best test to differentiate CMA from CMI, whereas 30.7% and 5.4% preferred the immunoglobulin E (IgE) test and skin prick test, respectively. In addition, 28.5% of respondents reported that there is no confirmatory test to differentiate CMA from CMI. The majority of respondents (47.3%) reported that amino acid-based formula (AAF)/ extensively hydrolyzed formula (EHF) is the cornerstone for the management of CMA. However, most respondents (33.7%) reported that lactose avoidance was best for the management of CMI. Overall, 65% of the respondents were aware of nutritionally adapted goat’s milk formula as an alternative to cow’s milk products and 37% would recommend its routine use in infants (≤2 years of age). Conclusion: The results of this survey demonstrate that the majority of physicians are aware of the underlying pathophysiology and management of CMA and CMI. However, a significant proportion of physicians do not follow the clinical guidelines concerning CMA/CMI diagnosis and management. Notably, this survey identified that goat’s milk formulas may offer a suitable alternative to AAF/EHF in infants with CMI as they contain β-casein protein which is easily digestible. In addition, goat’s milk formulas contain higher levels of oligosaccharides and medium-chained fatty acids compared with standard cow’s milk formulas, yet further clinical trials are warranted to support the inclusion of goat’s milk formulas in clinical guidelines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wael A. Bahbah
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom 32511, Egypt;
| | - Mostafa ElHodhod
- Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt;
- Faculty of Medicine, October 6 University, Giza 12511, Egypt
| | | | - Fawaz AlRefaee
- Department of Pediatrics, Al Adan Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City P.O. Box 46969, Kuwait;
| | - Muath AlTuraiki
- Department of Pediatrics, King Salman Hospital, Riyadh 12769, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Samira Mousa
- Medical Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Benha 13518, Egypt;
| | - Ali Al Mehaidib
- Department of Pediatrics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Wafaa Helmi Ayesh
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Dubai Health Authority, Dubai P.O. Box 4545, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Ahmed N. El-Bazzar
- Department of Pediatrics, Ministry of Health Hospitals, Cairo 12613, Egypt;
| | - Joseph El Haddad
- Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Saint George University Hospital, Beirut 1100, Lebanon;
| | - Heba Y. El Khashab
- Department of Pediatrics, Sulaiman Al Habib Medical Group, Riyadh 12214, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Pediatrics, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt
| | - Amr El Zawahry
- Pediatrics Department, King’s College Hospital London, Dubai P.O. Box 340901, United Arab Emirates;
- Department of Pediatrics, Sharjah University, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohammed Hasosah
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Pediatric Gastroenterology Department, National Guard Hospital, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah 21482, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Sanaa Youssef Shaaban
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt;
| | - Yvan Vandenplas
- KidZ Health Castle, UZ Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|