Optimized bacterial DNA isolation method for microbiome analysis of human tissues

Methods for identification of the opportunistic gut mycobiome from colorectal adenocarcinoma biopsy tissues

Colorectal cancer poses a significant threat to global health, necessitating the development of effective early detection techniques. However, the potential of the fungal microbiome as a putative biomarker for the detection of colorectal adenocarcinoma has not been extensively explored. We analyzed the viability of implementing the fungal mycobiome for this purpose. Biopsies were collected from cancer and polyp patients. The total genomic DNA was extracted from the biopsy samples by utilizing a comprehensive kit to ensure optimal microbial DNA recovery. To characterize the composition and diversity of the fungal mycobiome, high-throughput amplicon sequencing targeting the internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) region was proposed. A comparative analysis revealed discrete fungal profiles among the diseased groups. Here, we also proposed pipelines based on a predictive model using statistical and machine learning algorithms to accurately differentiate colorectal adenocarcinoma and polyp patients from normal individuals. These findings suggest the utility of gut mycobiome as biomarkers for the detection of colorectal adenocarcinoma. Expanding our understanding of the role of the gut mycobiome in disease detection creates novel opportunities for early intervention and personalized therapeutic strategies for colorectal cancer.•Detailed method to identify the gut mycobiome in colorectal cancer patients using ITS-specific amplicon sequencing.•Application of machine learning algorithms to the identification of potential mycobiome biomarkers for non-invasive colorectal cancer screening.•Contribution to the advancement of innovative colorectal cancer diagnostic methods and targeted therapies by applying gut mycobiome knowledge.

Improved sampling and DNA extraction procedures for microbiome analysis in food-processing environments

Deep investigation of the microbiome of food-production and food-processing environments through whole-metagenome sequencing (WMS) can provide detailed information on the taxonomic composition and functional potential of the microbial communities that inhabit them, with huge potential benefits for environmental monitoring programs. However, certain technical challenges jeopardize the application of WMS technologies with this aim, with the most relevant one being the recovery of a sufficient amount of DNA from the frequently low-biomass samples collected from the equipment, tools and surfaces of food-processing plants. Here, we present the first complete workflow, with optimized DNA-purification methodology, to obtain high-quality WMS sequencing results from samples taken from food-production and food-processing environments and reconstruct metagenome assembled genomes (MAGs). The protocol can yield DNA loads >10 ng in >98% of samples and >500 ng in 57.1% of samples and allows the collection of, on average, 12.2 MAGs per sample (with up to 62 MAGs in a single sample) in ~1 week, including both laboratory and computational work. This markedly improves on results previously obtained in studies performing WMS of processing environments and using other protocols not specifically developed to sequence these types of sample, in which <2 MAGs per sample were obtained. The full protocol has been developed and applied in the framework of the European Union project MASTER (Microbiome applications for sustainable food systems through technologies and enterprise) in 114 food-processing facilities from different production sectors.

The 28S rRNA RT-qPCR assay for host depletion evaluation to enhance avian virus detection in Illumina and Nanopore sequencing

Abundant host and bacterial sequences can obscure the detection of less prevalent viruses in untargeted next-generation sequencing (NGS). Efficient removal of these non-targeted sequences is vital for accurate viral detection. This study presents a novel 28S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) RT-qPCR assay designed to assess the efficiency of avian rRNA depletion before conducting costly NGS for the detection of avian RNA viruses. The comprehensive evaluation of this 28S-test focuses on substituting DNase I with alternative DNases in our established depletion protocols and finetuning essential parameters for reliable host rRNA depletion. To validate the effectiveness of the 28S-test, we compared its performance with NGS results obtained from both Illumina and Nanopore sequencing platforms. This evaluation utilized swab samples from chickens infected with highly pathogenic avian influenza virus, subjected to established and modified depletion protocols. Both methods significantly reduced host rRNA levels, but using the alternative DNase had superior performance. Additionally, utilizing the 28S-test, we explored cost- and time-effective strategies, such as reduced probe concentrations and other alternative DNase usage, assessed the impact of filtration pre-treatment, and evaluated various experimental parameters to further optimize the depletion protocol. Our findings underscore the value of the 28S-test in optimizing depletion methods for advancing improvements in avian disease research through NGS.

Bacterial Oncotraits Rather than Spatial Organization Are Associated with Dysplasia in Ulcerative Colitis

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

Colonic bacterial biofilms are frequently present in ulcerative colitis [UC] and may increase dysplasia risk through pathogens expressing oncotraits. This prospective cohort study aimed to determine [1] the association of oncotraits and longitudinal biofilm presence with dysplasia risk in UC, and [2] the relation of bacterial composition with biofilms and dysplasia risk.

METHODS

Faeces and left- and right-sided colonic biopsies were collected from 80 UC patients and 35 controls. Oncotraits [FadA of Fusobacterium, BFT of Bacteroides fragilis, colibactin [ClbB] and Intimin [Eae] of Escherichia coli] were assessed in faecal DNA with multiplex quantitative polymerase chain reaction [qPCR]. Biopsies were screened for biofilms [n = 873] with 16S rRNA fluorescent in situ hybridiation. Shotgun metagenomic sequencing [n = 265], and ki67-immunohistochemistry were performed. Associations were determined with a mixed-effects regression model.

RESULTS

Biofilms were highly prevalent in UC patients [90.8%] with a median persistence of 3 years (interquartile range [IQR] 2-5 years). Biofilm-positive biopsies showed increased epithelial hypertrophy [p = 0.025] and a reduced Shannon diversity independent of disease status [p = 0.015], but were not significantly associated with dysplasia in UC: adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.45, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.63-3.40. In contrast, ClbB independently associated with dysplasia [aOR 7.16, 95% CI 1.75-29.28], and FadA and Fusobacteriales were associated with a decreased dysplasia risk in UC [aOR 0.23, 95% CI 0.06-0.83, p <0.01].

CONCLUSIONS

Biofilms are a hallmark of UC; however, because of their high prevalence are a poor biomarker for dysplasia. In contrast, colibactin presence and FadA absence independently associate with dysplasia in UC and might therefore be valuable biomarkers for future risk stratification and intervention strategies.

Saponin treatment for eukaryotic DNA depletion alters the microbial DNA profiles by reducing the abundance of Gram-negative bacteria in metagenomics analyses

Background: Recent advances in microbiome sequencing techniques have provided new insights into the role of the microbiome on human health with potential diagnostic implications. However, these developments are often hampered by the presence of a large amount of human DNA interfering with the analysis of the bacterial content. Nowadays, extensive scientific literature focuses on eukaryotic DNA depletion methods, which successfully remove host DNA in microbiome studies, even if a precise assessment of the impact on bacterial DNA is often missing. Methods: Here, we have investigated a saponin-based DNA isolation protocol commonly applied to different biological matrices to deplete the released host DNA. Results: The bacterial DNA obtained was used to assess the relative abundance of bacterial and human DNA, revealing that the inclusion of 2.5% wt/vol saponin allowed the depletion of most of the host's DNA in favor of bacterial DNA enrichment. However, shotgun metagenomic sequencing showed inaccurate microbial profiles of the DNA samples, highlighting an erroneous increase in Gram-positive DNA. Even the application of 0.0125% wt/vol saponin altered the bacterial profile by depleting Gram-negative bacteria, resulting in an overall increase of Gram-positive bacterial DNA. Conclusion: The application of the saponin-based protocol drastically changes the detection of the microbial composition of human-related biological specimens. In this context, we revealed that saponin targets not only host cells but also specific bacterial cells, thus inducing a drastic reduction in the profiling of Gram-negative bacterial DNA.

Microbial-enrichment method enables high-throughput metagenomic characterization from host-rich samples

Host-microbe interactions have been linked to health and disease states through the use of microbial taxonomic profiling, mostly via 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing. However, many mechanistic insights remain elusive, in part because studying the genomes of microbes associated with mammalian tissue is difficult due to the high ratio of host to microbial DNA in such samples. Here we describe a microbial-enrichment method (MEM), which we demonstrate on a wide range of sample types, including saliva, stool, intestinal scrapings, and intestinal mucosal biopsies. MEM enabled high-throughput characterization of microbial metagenomes from human intestinal biopsies by reducing host DNA more than 1,000-fold with minimal microbial community changes (roughly 90% of taxa had no significant differences between MEM-treated and untreated control groups). Shotgun sequencing of MEM-treated human intestinal biopsies enabled characterization of both high- and low-abundance microbial taxa, pathways and genes longitudinally along the gastrointestinal tract. We report the construction of metagenome-assembled genomes directly from human intestinal biopsies for bacteria and archaea at relative abundances as low as 1%. Analysis of metagenome-assembled genomes reveals distinct subpopulation structures between the small and large intestine for some taxa. MEM opens a path for the microbiome field to acquire deeper insights into host-microbe interactions by enabling in-depth characterization of host-tissue-associated microbial communities.

Comparison of the gill and gut microbiomes of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and zebrafish (Danio rerio) and their RAS environment

Recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) are increasingly being used to grow fish, as intensive water reuse reduces water consumption and environmental impact. RAS use biofilters containing nitrogen-cycling microorganisms that remove ammonia from the aquaculture water. Knowledge of how RAS microbial communities relate to the fish-associated microbiome is limited, as is knowledge of fish-associated microbiota in general. Recently, nitrogen-cycling bacteria have been discovered in zebrafish and carp gills and shown to detoxify ammonia in a manner similar to the RAS biofilter. Here, we compared RAS water and biofilter microbiomes with fish-associated gut and gill microbial communities in laboratory RAS housing either zebrafish (Danio rerio) or common carp (Cyprinus carpio) using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. The phylogeny of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria in the gills and the RAS environment was investigated in more detail by phylogenetic analysis of the ammonia monooxygenase subunit A (amoA). The location from which the microbiome was sampled (RAS compartments and gills or gut) had a stronger effect on community composition than the fish species, but species-specific differences were also observed. We found that carp- and zebrafish-associated microbiomes were highly distinct from their respective RAS microbiomes, characterized by lower overall diversity and a small core microbiome consisting of taxa specifically adapted to the respective organ. The gill microbiome was also defined by a high proportion of unique taxa. Finally, we found that amoA sequences from the gills were distinct from those from the RAS biofilter and water. Our results showed that the gut and gill microbiomes of carp and zebrafish share a common and species-specific core microbiome that is distinct from the microbially-rich RAS environment.

Benchmarking microbial DNA enrichment protocols from human intestinal biopsies

Shotgun metagenomic sequencing is a powerful tool for studying bacterial communities in their natural habitats or sites of infection, without the need for cultivation. However, low microbial signals in metagenomic sequencing can be overwhelmed by host DNA contamination, resulting in decreased sensitivity for microbial read detection. Several commercial kits and other methods have been developed to enrich bacterial sequences; however, these assays have not been tested extensively for human intestinal tissues yet. Therefore, the objective of this study was to assess the effectiveness of various wet-lab and software-based approaches for depleting host DNA from microbiome samples. Four different microbiome DNA enrichment methods, namely the NEBNext Microbiome DNA Enrichment kit, Molzym Ultra-Deep Microbiome Prep, QIAamp DNA Microbiome kit, and Zymo HostZERO microbial DNA kit, were evaluated, along with a software-controlled adaptive sampling (AS) approach by Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT) providing microbial signal enrichment by aborting unwanted host DNA sequencing. The NEBNext and QIAamp kits proved to be effective in shotgun metagenomic sequencing studies, as they efficiently reduced host DNA contamination, resulting in 24% and 28% bacterial DNA sequences, respectively, compared to <1% in the AllPrep controls. Additional optimization steps using further detergents and bead-beating steps improved the efficacy of less efficient protocols but not of the QIAamp kit. In contrast, ONT AS increased the overall number of bacterial reads resulting in a better bacterial metagenomic assembly with more bacterial contigs with greater completeness compared to non-AS approaches. Additionally, AS also allowed for the recovery of antimicrobial resistance markers and the identification of plasmids, demonstrating the potential utility of AS for targeted sequencing of microbial signals in complex samples with high amounts of host DNA. However, ONT AS resulted in relevant shifts in the observed bacterial abundance, including 2 to 5 times more Escherichia coli reads. Furthermore, a modest enrichment of Bacteroides fragilis and Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron was also observed with AS. Overall, this study provides insight into the efficacy and limitations of various methods for reducing host DNA contamination in human intestinal samples to improve the utility of metagenomic sequencing.

A culture-, amplification-independent, and rapid method for identification of pathogens and antibiotic resistance profile in bovine mastitis milk

Introduction

Rapid and accurate diagnosis of causative pathogens in mastitis would minimize the imprudent use of antibiotics and, therefore, reduce the spread of antimicrobial resistance. Whole genome sequencing offers a unique opportunity to study the microbial community and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in mastitis. However, the complexity of milk samples and the presence of a high amount of host DNA in milk from infected udders often make this very challenging.

Methods

Here, we tested 24 bovine milk samples (18 mastitis and six non-mastitis) using four different commercial kits (Qiagens' DNeasy^® PowerFood^® Microbial, Norgens' Milk Bacterial DNA Isolation, and Molzyms' MolYsis™ Plus and Complete5) in combination with filtration, low-speed centrifugation, nuclease, and 10% bile extract of male bovine (Ox bile). Isolated DNA was quantified, checked for the presence/absence of host and pathogen using PCR and sequenced using MinION nanopore sequencing. Bioinformatics analysis was performed for taxonomic classification and antimicrobial resistance gene detection.

Results

The results showed that kits designed explicitly for bacterial DNA isolation from food and dairy matrices could not deplete/minimize host DNA. Following using MolYsis™ Complete 5 + 10% Ox bile + micrococcal nuclease combination, on average, 17% and 66.5% of reads were classified as bovine and Staphylococcus aureus reads, respectively. This combination also effectively enriched other mastitis pathogens, including Escherichia coli and Streptococcus dysgalactiae. Furthermore, using this approach, we identified important AMR genes such as Tet (A), Tet (38), fosB-Saur, and blaZ. We showed that even 40 min of the MinION run was enough for bacterial identification and detecting the first AMR gene.

Conclusion

We implemented an effective method (sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 92.3%) for host DNA removal and bacterial DNA enrichment (both gram-negative and positive) directly from bovine mastitis milk. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first culture- and amplification-independent study using nanopore-based metagenomic sequencing for real-time detection of the pathogen (within 5 hours) and the AMR profile (within 5-9 hours), in mastitis milk samples. These results provide a promising and potential future on-farm adaptable approach for better clinical management of mastitis.

Shotgun Metagenomics of Gastric Biopsies Reveals Compositional and Functional Microbiome Shifts in High- and Low-Gastric-Cancer-Risk Populations from Colombia, South America

Along with Helicobacter pylori infection, the gastric microbiota is hypothesized to modulate stomach cancer risk in susceptible individuals. Whole metagenomic shotgun sequencing (WMS) is a sequencing approach to characterize the microbiome with advantages over traditional culture and 16S rRNA sequencing including identification of bacterial and non-bacterial taxa, species/strain resolution, and functional characterization of the microbiota. In this study, we used WMS to survey the microbiome in extracted DNA from antral gastric biopsy samples from Colombian patients residing in the high-risk gastric cancer town Túquerres (n = 10, H. pylori-positive = 7) and low-risk town of Tumaco (n = 10, H. pylori-positive = 6). Kraken2/Bracken was used for taxonomic classification and abundance. Functional gene profiles were inferred by InterProScan and KEGG analysis of assembled contigs and gene annotation. The most abundant taxa represented bacteria, non-human eukaryota, and viral genera found in skin, oral, food, and plant/soil environments including Staphylococus, Streptococcus, Bacillus, Aspergillus, and Siphoviridae. H. pylori was the predominant taxa present in H. pylori-positive samples. Beta diversity was significantly different based on H. pylori-status, risk group, and sex. WMS detected more bacterial taxa than 16S rRNA sequencing and aerobic, anaerobic, and microaerobic culture performed on the same gastric biopsy samples. WMS identified significant differences in functional profiles found between H. pylori-status, but not risk or sex groups. H. pylori-positive samples were significantly enriched for H. pylori-specific genes including virulence factors such as vacA, cagA, and urease, while carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism genes were enriched in H. pylori-negative samples. This study shows WMS has the potential to characterize the taxonomy and function of the gastric microbiome as risk factors for H. pylori-associated gastric disease. Future studies will be needed to compare and validate WMS versus traditional culture and 16S rRNA sequencing approaches for characterization of the gastric microbiome.

Effect of bacterial DNA enrichment on detection and quantification of bacteria in an infected tissue model by metagenomic next-generation sequencing

Before implementing metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) in the routine diagnostic laboratory, several challenges need to be resolved. To address strengths and limitations of mNGS in bacterial detection and quantification in samples with overwhelming host DNA abundance, we used the pig muscle tissue spiked with a home-made bacterial mock community, consisting of four species from different phyla. From the spiked tissue, we extracted DNA using: (i) a procedure based on mechanical/chemical lysis (no bacterial DNA enrichment); (ii) the Ultra-Deep Microbiome Prep (Molzym) kit for bacterial DNA enrichment; and (iii) the same enrichment kit but replacing the original proteinase K treatment for tissue solubilization by a collagenases/thermolysin digestion and cell filtration. Following mNGS, we determined bacterial: 'host' read ratios and taxonomic abundance profiles. We calculated the load of each mock-community member by combining its read counts with read counts and microscopically-determined cell counts of other co-spiked bacteria. In unenriched samples, bacterial quantification and taxonomic profiling were fairly accurate but at the expense of the sensitivity of detection. The removal of 'host' DNA by the modified enrichment protocol substantially improved bacterial detection in comparison to the other two extraction procedures and generated less distorted taxonomic profiles as compared to the original enrichment protocol.

Cholesteatoma has an altered microbiota with a higher abundance of Staphylococcus species

Objective

To compare the microbiota between cholesteatoma and chronic suppurative otitis media (COM) and to identify potential pathogens that explain the relevant phenotypes of cholesteatoma.

Study Design

Prospective cohort study.

Methods

Surgical specimens collected from 20 cholesteatomas and nine COMs were treated to dissolve biofilms and subjected to 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene sequencing and amplicon sequence variant-level analysis for microbiota profiling and quantitative comparison. Correlations between the relative abundance of potential pathogens and the volume of the primary resected cholesteatomas were examined.

Results

Differences in bacterial composition (beta diversity) were observed between cholesteatomas and COM (p = .002), with a higher abundance of Staphylococcus in cholesteatomas than in COM (p = .005). Common genera in the external auditory canal (EAC) flora, such as Staphylococcus, Corynebacterium, and Cutibacterium, were predominant in both cholesteatoma and COM; Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were increased in both diseases compared with the EAC flora. Furthermore, coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) were more abundant in cholesteatomas than in COM (p = 0.002). Linear discriminant analysis coupled with effect size measurements (LEfSe) identified four CoNS as potential biomarkers for cholesteatoma. The relative abundance of S. aureus, a potential pathogen, was positively correlated with cholesteatoma volume (r = .60, p = .02).

Conclusion

The microbiota of cholesteatoma and COM originated from EAC flora, but the bacterial composition was largely altered. Our results suggested that S. aureus infection is involved in cholesteatoma progression.

Level of Evidence

3b.

No Effect of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG on Eradication of Colonization by Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus faecium or Microbiome Diversity in Hospitalized Adult Patients

The purpose of this trial was to evaluate the efficacy of a 4-week supplementation of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) in eliminating the gastrointestinal carrier state of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VREfm) in hospitalized adults. The primary outcome of the study was the number of patients with cleared VREfm colonization after the 4-week intervention. Secondary outcomes were clearance of VREfm colonization at weeks 8, 16, and 24, number of VREfm infections (isolated from nonintestinal foci), and changes in fecal microbiome diversity after the intervention. The trial was a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in hospitalized adult VREfm carriers. Patients were enrolled and randomized to receive 60 billion CFU of LGG daily or placebo for 4 weeks. For a subgroup of patients, rectal swabs for VREfm were collected also at 8, 16, and 24 weeks and analyzed using shotgun metagenomics. Patients ingesting a minimum of 50% of the probiotic during the 4-week intervention were included in subsequent outcome analyses (48 of 81 patients). Twelve of 21 patients in the LGG group (57%) compared to 15 of 27 patients in the placebo group (56%) cleared their VREfm carriage. Eighteen patients completed the entire 24-week intervention with the same minimum compliancy. Of these, almost 90% in both groups cleared their VREfm carriage. We found a statistically significant difference between VREfm clearers and nonclearers regarding metronidazole and vancomycin usage as well as length of hospitalization after inclusion. The microbiome analyses revealed no significant difference in alpha diversity between the LGG and the placebo group. Beta diversity differed between the groups and the different time points. This study did not show an effect of LGG in eradication of VREfm after a 4-week intervention.

IMPORTANCE Whereas other studies exploring the effect of L. rhamnosus in clearing VREfm from the intestine included children and adults, with a wider age range, our study consisted of a geriatric patient cohort. The natural clearance of VREfm in this study was almost 60% after 4 weeks, thus much higher than described previously. Also, this study characterizes the microbiome of VREfm patients in detail. This article showed no effect of the probiotic L. rhamnosus in clearing VREfm from the intestine of patients.

Comparative evaluation of fish larval preservation methods on microbiome profiles to aid in metagenomics research

Applications of microbiome research through metagenomics promise to generate microbiome manipulation strategies for improved larval survival in aquaculture. However, existing lacunae on the effects of sample preservation methods in metagenome profiles hinder the successful application of this technique. In this context, four preservation methods were scrutinized to identify reliable methods for fish larval microbiome research. The results showed that a total of ten metagenomics metrics, including DNA yield, taxonomic and functional microbiome profiles, and diversity measures, were significantly (P < 0.05) influenced by the preservation method. Activity ranking based on the performance and reproducibility showed that three methods, namely immediate direct freezing, room temperature preservation in absolute ethanol, and preservation at - 20 °C in lysis, storage, and transportation buffer, could be recommended for larval microbiome research. Furthermore, as there was an apparent deviation of the microbiome profiles of ethanol preserved samples at room temperature, the other methods are preferred. Detailed analysis showed that this deviation was due to the bias towards Vibrionales and Rhodobacterales. The microbial taxa responsible for the dissimilarity across different methods were identified. Altogether, the paper sheds light on the preservation protocols of fish larval microbiome research for the first time. The results can help in cross-comparison of future and past larval microbiome studies. Furthermore, this is the first report on the activity ranking of preservation methods based on metagenomics metrics. Apart from methodological perspectives, the paper provides for the first time certain insights into larval microbial profiles of Rachycentron canadum, a potential marine aquaculture species. KEY POINTS: • First report on effects of preservation methods on fish larval microbiome profiles. • First report on activity ranking of preservation methods based on metagenomics metrics. • Storage methods influenced DNA yield, taxonomic and functional microbiome profiles.

Dysbiosis and Restoration Dynamics of the Gut Microbiome Following Therapeutic Exposure to Florfenicol in Snubnose Pompano (Trachinotus blochii) to Aid in Sustainable Aquaculture Production Strategies

Information on unintended effects of therapeutic exposure of antibiotics on the fish gut microbiome is a vital prerequisite for ensuring fish and environmental health during sustainable aquaculture production strategies. The present study forms the first report on the impact of florfenicol (FFC), a recommended antibiotic for aquaculture, on the gut microbiome of snubnose pompano (Trachinotus blochii), a high-value marine aquaculture candidate. Both culture-dependent and independent techniques were applied to identify the possible dysbiosis and restoration dynamics, pointing out the probable risks to the host and environment health. The results revealed the critical transient dysbiotic events in the taxonomic and functional metagenomic profiles and significant reductions in the bacterial load and diversity measures. More importantly, there was a complete restoration of gut microbiome density, diversity, functional metagenomic profiles, and taxonomic composition (up to class level) within 10–15 days of antibiotic withdrawal, establishing the required period for applying proper management measures to ensure animal and environment health, following FFC treatment. The observed transient increase in the relative abundance of opportunistic pathogens suggested the need to apply proper stress management measures and probiotics during the period. Simultaneously, the results demonstrated the inhibitory potential of FFC against marine pathogens (vibrios) and ampicillin-resistant microbes. The study pointed out the possible microbial signatures of stress in fish and possible probiotic microbes (Serratia sp., Methanobrevibacter sp., Acinetobacter sp., and Bacillus sp.) that can be explored to design fish health improvisation strategies. Strikingly, the therapeutic exposure of FFC neither caused any irreversible increase in antibiotic resistance nor promoted the FFC resistant microbes in the gut. The significant transient increase in the numbers of kanamycin-resistant bacteria and abundance of two multidrug resistance encoding genes (K03327 and K03585) in the treated fish gut during the initial 10 days post-withdrawal suggested the need for implementing proper aquaculture effluent processing measures during the period, thus, helps to reduce the spillover of antibiotic-resistant microbes from the gut of the treated fish to the environment. In brief, the paper generates interesting and first-hand insights on the implications of FFC treatment in the gut microbiome of a marine aquaculture candidate targeting its safe and efficient application in unavoidable circumstances. Implementation of mitigation strategies against the identified risks during the initial 15 days of withdrawal period is warranted to ensure cleaner and sustainable aquaculture production from aquatic animal and ecosystem health perspectives.

Metagenomic Sequencing for Microbial DNA in Human Samples: Emerging Technological Advances

Whole genome metagenomic sequencing is a powerful platform enabling the simultaneous identification of all genes from entirely different kingdoms of organisms in a complex sample. This technology has revolutionised multiple areas from microbiome research to clinical diagnoses. However, one of the major challenges of a metagenomic study is the overwhelming non-microbial DNA present in most of the host-derived specimens, which can inundate the microbial signals and reduce the sensitivity of microorganism detection. Various host DNA depletion methods to facilitate metagenomic sequencing have been developed and have received considerable attention in this context. In this review, we present an overview of current host DNA depletion approaches along with explanations of their underlying principles, advantages and disadvantages. We also discuss their applications in laboratory microbiome research and clinical diagnoses and, finally, we envisage the direction of the further perfection of metagenomic sequencing in samples with overabundant host DNA.

Targeting RNA with Next- and Third-Generation Sequencing Improves Pathogen Identification in Clinical Samples

Fast and accurate identification of microbial pathogens is critical for the proper treatment of infections. Traditional culture-based diagnosis in clinics is increasingly supplemented by metagenomic next-generation-sequencing (mNGS). Here, RNA/cDNA-targeted sequencing (meta-transcriptomics using NGS (mtNGS)) is established to reduce the host nucleotide percentage in clinic samples and by combining with Oxford Nanopore Technology (ONT) platforms (meta-transcriptomics using third-generation sequencing, mtTGS) to improve the sequencing time. It shows that mtNGS improves the ratio of microbial reads, facilitates bacterial identification using multiple-strategies, and discovers fungi, viruses, and antibiotic resistance genes, and displaying agreement with clinical findings. Furthermore, longer reads in mtTGS lead to additional improvement in pathogen identification and also accelerate the clinical diagnosis. Additionally, primary tests utilizing direct-RNA sequencing and targeted sequencing of ONT show that ONT displays important potential but must be further developed. This study presents the potential of RNA-targeted pathogen identification in clinical samples, especially when combined with the newest developments in ONT.