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Li S, Jiang Y, Cao Z, Tuo Y, Mu G, Jiang S. Novel casein-derived immunomodulatory peptide PFPEVFG: Activity assessment, molecular docking, activity site and mechanism of action. J Dairy Sci 2024:S0022-0302(24)01027-0. [PMID: 39033908 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2024-25173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Nowadays, there is still a gap in the knowledge of the structure-activity relationship of immunomodulatory peptides. In this study, PFPEVFG was selected as a peptide with immunomodulatory activity from casein hydrolysate by virtual screening and its immunomodulatory activity was verified by the phagocytosis, proliferation, and expression of cytokines (IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α) and chemokines (CXCL1, CXCL2) in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Next, molecular docking and double-stranded small interfering RNA (siRNA) mutually verified that the immunomodulatory activity of PFPEVFG was mediated by TLR2/4. Furthermore, the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) analysis showed that the C19 = O20 site with a HOMO contribution of 32.22988% was its active site, and the phenylalanine, where the C19 = O20 site was located, was its active amino acid. Finally, the combination of pathway inhibitors and Western blot revealed that PFPEVFG activated macrophages through the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway. In summary, this study provided a new perspective on deeply understanding the structure-activity relationship of casein-derived immunomodulatory peptides, as well as a further theoretical and technological basis for the application of immunomodulatory peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyi Li
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116034, China
| | - Yutong Jiang
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116034, China
| | - Zhiqi Cao
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116034, China
| | - Yanfeng Tuo
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116034, China
| | - Guangqing Mu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116034, China
| | - Shujuan Jiang
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116034, China.
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2
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Cabrera K, Hoard DS, Gibson O, Martinez DI, Wunderlich Z. Drosophila immune priming to Enterococcus faecalis relies on immune tolerance rather than resistance. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011567. [PMID: 37566589 PMCID: PMC10446173 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate immune priming increases an organism's survival of a second infection after an initial, non-lethal infection. We used Drosophila melanogaster and an insect-derived strain of Enterococcus faecalis to study transcriptional control of priming. In contrast to other pathogens, the enhanced survival in primed animals does not correlate with decreased E. faecalis load. Further analysis shows that primed organisms tolerate, rather than resist infection. Using RNA-seq of immune tissues, we found many genes were upregulated in only primed flies, suggesting a distinct transcriptional program in response to initial and secondary infections. In contrast, few genes continuously express throughout the experiment or more efficiently re-activate upon reinfection. Priming experiments in immune deficient mutants revealed Imd is largely dispensable for responding to a single infection but needed to fully prime. Together, this indicates the fly's innate immune response is plastic-differing in immune strategy, transcriptional program, and pathway use depending on infection history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Cabrera
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America
- Biological Design Center, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Duncan S. Hoard
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Olivia Gibson
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Daniel I. Martinez
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Zeba Wunderlich
- Biological Design Center, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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3
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Qiao Y, Zhang K, Zhang Z, Zhang C, Sun Y, Feng Z. Fermented soybean foods: A review of their functional components, mechanism of action and factors influencing their health benefits. Food Res Int 2022; 158:111575. [PMID: 35840260 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
After thousands of years of evolution and development, traditional fermented soybean foods, with their unique charm, have gained a stable place in the global market. With the explosive development of modern biological technologies, some traditional fermented soybean foods that possess health-promoting benefits are gradually appearing. Physiologically active substances in fermented soybean foods have received extensive attention in recent decades. This review addresses the potential health benefits of several representative fermented soybean foods, as well as the action mechanism and influencing factors of their functional components. Phenolic compounds, low-molecular-weight peptides, melanoidins, furanones and 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid are the antioxidative components predominantly found in fermented soybean foods. Angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitory peptides and γ-aminobutyric acid isolated from fermented soy foods provide potential selectivity for hypertension therapy. The potential anti-inflammatory bioactive components in fermented soybean foods include γ-linolenic acid, butyric acid, soy sauce polysaccharides, 2S albumin and isoflavone glycones. Deoxynojirimycin, genistein, and betaine possess high activity against α-glucosidase. Additionally, fermented soybean foods contain neuroprotective constituents, including indole alkaloids, nattokinase, arbutin, and isoflavone vitamin B12. The anticancer activities of fermented soybean foods are associated with surfactin, isolavone, furanones, trypsin inhibitors, and 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid. Nattokinase is highly correlated with antioxidant activity. And a high level of menaquinones-7 is linked to protection against neurodegenerative diseases. Sufficiently recognizing and exploiting the health benefits and functional components of traditional fermented soybean foods could provide a new strategy in the development of the food fermentation industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, No.600, Changjiang Road, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Kenan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, No.600, Changjiang Road, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Zongcai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, No.600, Changjiang Road, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, No.600, Changjiang Road, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Yan Sun
- Heilongjiang Tobacco Industry Co., Ltd. Harbin Cigarette Factory, Harbin 150027, China
| | - Zhen Feng
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, No.600, Changjiang Road, Harbin 150030, China; Spice and Beverage Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Wanning 571533, China.
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4
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Liang X, He J, Zhang N, Muhammad A, Lu X, Shao Y. Probiotic potentials of the silkworm gut symbiont Enterococcus casseliflavus ECB140, a promising L-tryptophan producer living inside the host. J Appl Microbiol 2022; 133:1620-1635. [PMID: 35717576 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIMS L-tryptophan is an essential aromatic amino acid for the growth and development of animals. Studies about enteric L-tryptophan-producing bacteria are scarce. In this report, we characterized the probiotic potential of Enterococcus casseliflavus ECB140, focusing on its L-tryptophan production abilities. METHODS AND RESULTS ECB140 strain was isolated from the silkworm gut and can survive under strong alkaline environmental conditions. Bacterial colonization traits (motility and biofilm) were examined and showed that only ECB140 produced flagellum and strong biofilms compared with other Enterococcus strains. Comparative genome sequence analyses showed that only ECB140 possessed a complete route for L-tryptophan synthesis among all 15 strains. High-performance liquid chromatography and qRT-PCR confirmed the capability of ECB140 to produce L-tryptophan. Besides, the genome also contains the biosynthesis pathways of several other essential amino acids, such as phenylalanine, threonine, valine, leucine, isoleucine and lysine. These results indicate that ECB140 has the ability to survive passage through the gut and could act as a candidate probiotic. CONCLUSIONS The study describes a novel, natural silkworm gut symbiont capable of producing L-tryptophan. Enterococcus casseliflavus ECB140 physical and genomic attributes offer possibilities for its colonization and provide L-tryptophan for lepidopteran insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xili Liang
- Max Planck Partner Group, Institute of Sericulture and Apiculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jintao He
- Max Planck Partner Group, Institute of Sericulture and Apiculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Max Planck Partner Group, Institute of Sericulture and Apiculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Abrar Muhammad
- Max Planck Partner Group, Institute of Sericulture and Apiculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xingmeng Lu
- Max Planck Partner Group, Institute of Sericulture and Apiculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yongqi Shao
- Max Planck Partner Group, Institute of Sericulture and Apiculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
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5
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Yang Q, Cai X, Huang M, Chen X, Tian Y, Chen G, Wang M, Wang S, Xiao J. Isolation, Identification, and Immunomodulatory Effect of a Peptide from Pseudostellaria heterophylla Protein Hydrolysate. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:12259-12270. [PMID: 33084337 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c04353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a bioactive peptide YGPSSYGYG (YG-9) with immunomodulatory activity was isolated and identified from Pseudostellaria heterophylla protein hydrolysate. The highest proliferation index of mouse spleen lymphocytes reached 1.19 in the presence of 50 μg/mL YG-9. YG-9 could activate RAW264.7 cells by promoting the secretions of NO, the pinocytosis activity, and the productions of ROS and TNF-α. Moreover, YG-9 enhanced the expressions of TLR2 and TLR4 in RAW264.7 cells. TNF-α secretions induced by YG-9 were reduced in TLR2 and TLR4 siRNAs knockdown cells, and this suggested that macrophage activation of YG-9 was through TLR2 and TLR4. Furthermore, YG-9 promoted the translocation of NF-κB through the acceleration of IκB-α phosphorylation and degradation. Also, TNF-α secretions promoted by YG-9 were inhibited by NF-κB-specific inhibitors pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate and BAY11-7082. Altogether, these results suggested YG-9 activated RAW264.7 cells via the TLRs/NF-κB/TNF-α signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Yang
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 355300, China
| | - Xixi Cai
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 355300, China
| | - Muchen Huang
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 355300, China
| | - Xuan Chen
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 355300, China
| | - Yongqi Tian
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 355300, China
| | - Guiqing Chen
- Zhongshi Beishan (Fujian)Wine Co., Ltd., Zherong, Fujian 350108, China
| | - Mingfu Wang
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaoyun Wang
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 355300, China
| | - Jianbo Xiao
- Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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6
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Shikano A, Kuda T, Takahashi H, Kimura B. Effects of fermented green-loofah and green-papaya on nitric oxide secretion from murine macrophage raw 264.7 cells. Mol Biol Rep 2018; 45:1013-1021. [PMID: 30009342 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-018-4249-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
To clarify the effect of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) fermentation on the immunomodulation capacity of green-loofah and green-papaya, aqueous suspensions prepared from the fresh and dry-powdered vegetables were fermented by Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis Uruma-SU1 and Lactobacillus plantarum Uruma-SU4. Fermented and non-fermented suspensions were added to murine macrophage RAW264.7 culture with and without Escherichia coli O111 lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In the absence of LPS, nitric oxide (NO) secretion was elevated significantly in LAB fermented suspensions compared to that in non-fermented suspensions. NO production in fermented suspensions was observed even at low sample concentrations, but it was attenuated in the centrifuged supernatant. With LPS treatment, inhibition of NO secretion was shown with the high concentration of the non-fermented and also fermented samples. These results suggest that fermented green-loofah and green-papaya suspensions can play both immunostimulatory and anti-inflammatory roles at low and high doses, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayane Shikano
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 4-5-7 Konan, Minato, Tokyo, 108-8477, Japan
| | - Takashi Kuda
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 4-5-7 Konan, Minato, Tokyo, 108-8477, Japan.
| | - Hajime Takahashi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 4-5-7 Konan, Minato, Tokyo, 108-8477, Japan
| | - Bon Kimura
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 4-5-7 Konan, Minato, Tokyo, 108-8477, Japan
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7
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Stedman A, Maluquer de Motes C, Lesellier S, Dalley D, Chambers M, Gutierrez-Merino J. Lactic acid Bacteria isolated from European badgers (Meles meles) reduce the viability and survival of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine and influence the immune response to BCG in a human macrophage model. BMC Microbiol 2018; 18:74. [PMID: 30005620 PMCID: PMC6044090 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-018-1210-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) caused by Mycobacterium bovis is the most serious endemic disease affecting livestock in the UK. The European badger (Meles meles) is the most important wildlife reservoir of bTB transmission to cattle, making eradication particularly difficult. In this respect, oral vaccination with the attenuated M. bovis vaccine Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) has been suggested as a wide-scale intervention to reduce bTB infection in badgers. However, experimental studies show variable protection. Among the possibilities for this variation is that the resident gut bacteria may influence the success of oral vaccination in badgers; either through competitive exclusion and/or inhibition, or via effects on the host immune system. In order to explore this possibility, we have tested whether typical gut commensals such as Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) have the capacity to impact on the viability and survival rate of BCG and to modulate the immune response to BCG using an in vitro model. Results Twelve LAB isolated from badger faeces displayed inhibitory activity to BCG that was species-dependent. Weissella had a bacteriostatic effect, whereas isolates of enterococci, lactobacilli and pediococci had a more bactericidal activity. Furthermore, BCG-induced activation of the pro-inflammatory transcription factor NF-κB in human THP-1 macrophages was modulated by LAB in a strain-dependent manner. Most pediococci enhanced NF-κB activation but one strain had the opposite effect. Interestingly, isolates of enterococci, lactobacilli and weissella had different effects as immunomodulators of BCG-induced macrophage responses as some had no significant influence on NF-κB activation, but others increased it significantly. Conclusions Our in vitro results show that LAB isolated from badgers exhibit significant inhibitory activity against BCG and influence the immune activation mediated by BCG in a human macrophage assay. These findings suggest that gut commensal bacteria could play a role in influencing the outcome of oral BCG vaccination. Inactivated cells of LAB, or LAB that are bacteriostatic but have a synergistic immunostimulatory effect with BCG, could be potential adjuvants to be used for oral vaccination in badgers. Further work is needed to take into account the complex nature of the gut microbiome, specific immunity of the badger and the in vivo context. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12866-018-1210-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Stedman
- School of Biosciences and Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK.,The Pirbright Institute, Woking, GU24 0NF, UK
| | | | - Sandrine Lesellier
- Bacteriology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Deanna Dalley
- Bacteriology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Mark Chambers
- Bacteriology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, UK.,School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7AL, UK
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8
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Chen MF, Weng KF, Huang SY, Liu YC, Tseng SN, Ojcius DM, Shih SR. Pretreatment with a heat-killed probiotic modulates monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and reduces the pathogenicity of influenza and enterovirus 71 infections. Mucosal Immunol 2017; 10:215-227. [PMID: 27072606 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2016.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
It has been proposed that inactivated probiotics may modulate the host immune system and contribute to mitigation of viral infections. This study demonstrated that administration of heat-killed Enterococcus faecalis, a widely used probiotic, can protect host animals against viral infections. The influenza-mediated morbidity and lung inflammation in E. faecalis-treated mice decreased significantly compared with those of the control mice. Furthermore, we found that the protection is associated with production of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1). The intratracheal injection of a recombinant mouse MCP-1 protein abrogated the antiviral effects elicited by pretreatment with E. faecalis. CC chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2) is a receptor for MCP-1, and the intraperitoneal administration of a CCR2 antagonist effectively inhibited viral pathogenicity. The reduced pathogenicity was also observed in CCR2-deficient mice. Finally, E. faecalis significantly attenuated neuropathogenicity induced by another RNA virus, enterovirus 71. This study demonstrates that killed probiotics can reduce viral disease severity and identify that the MCP-1 pathway might act as a key mediator in the improved antiviral immune response. Our findings suggest that MCP-1 and its related signaling pathway can serve as critical therapeutic targets for development of new antiviral strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M-F Chen
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - K-F Weng
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - S-Y Huang
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan, ROC.,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Y-C Liu
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - S-N Tseng
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - D M Ojcius
- Center for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan, ROC.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of the Pacific, Arthur Dugoni School of Dentistry, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - S-R Shih
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan, ROC.,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan, ROC.,Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan, ROC.,Clinical Virology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Pathology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan, ROC
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9
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Nurliyani, Kandarina BJI, Kusuma S, Trisnasari YD. Goat Milk Yoghurt by Using Lacto-B Culture Modulates the Production of Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha and Interleukin-10 in Malnourished Rats. Korean J Food Sci Anim Resour 2014; 34:88-98. [PMID: 26760750 PMCID: PMC4597830 DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2014.34.1.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Total spleen lymphocytes, lymphocyte proliferation, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin-10 (IL-10) in spleen lymphocyte culture were studied in malnourished Wistar rats fed with goat milk yoghurt. Malnourished rats were created by using standard feed restriction as much as 50% of normal rats for 21 d. Goat milk yoghurt containing three types of microorganism e.g., Lactobacillus acidophilus, Sterptococcus thermophilus and Bifidobacterium longum derived from Lacto-B culture in powder form. After 21 d, the rats continued to receive restricted feeding and supplemented with goat milk yoghurt for 7 d. Total splenocytes were counted by hemocytometer. Splenocytes proliferation was expressed as stimulation index, whereas the TNF-α and IL-10 of spleen lymphocyte culture were measured by ELISA technique. The total number of splenocytes and stimulation index of splenocytes in moderate malnourished and normal rats supplemented with goat milk yoghurt was not significantly different. The level of TNF-α in the rat supplemented with goat milk yoghurt was lower (p<0.05) than the control group, whereas the level of IL-10 in the rat supplemented with goat milk yoghurt was higher (p<0.05) than the control group. In conclusion, goat milk yoghurt supplementation in malnourished rats could decrease TNF-α as a representation of the proinflammatory cytokine, while it increases IL-10 as a representation of the anti-inflammatory cytokine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurliyani
- Corresponding author: Nurliyani, Department of Animal Product Technology. Faculty of Animal Science, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jl. Fauna 3 Kampus UGM, Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia. Tel: 62274-513363. Fax: 62274-521578, E-mail:
| | - BJ. Istiti Kandarina
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Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Sari Kusuma
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Department of Nutrition and Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Yunita Dewi Trisnasari
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Department of Nutrition and Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
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