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Zhang Y, Wu F, Gu JD, He K, Fang Z, Liu X, He D, Ding X, Li J, Han Z, Zhang Q, Feng H. Dominance by cyanobacteria in the newly formed biofilms on stone monuments under a protective shade at the Beishiku Temple in China. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 251:118576. [PMID: 38432571 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Following the installation of a protective shade, rapid propagation of microorganisms showing in black and grey colors occurred at Beishiku Temple in Gansu Province of China. This study employed a combination of high-throughput sequencing technology, morphological examinations, and an assessment of the surrounding environmental condition to analyze newly formed microbial disease spots. The investigation unveiled the responsible microorganisms and the instigating factors of the microbial outbreak that subsequently to the erection of the shade. Through comparison of bioinformatics, the ASV method surpasses the OTU method in characterizing community compositional changes by the dominant microbial groups, the phylum Cyanobacteria emerged as the most dominant ones in the microbial community accountable for the post-shade microbial deterioration. The black spot and grey spot are predominantly composed of Mastigocladopsis and Scytonema, respectively. Validation analysis, based on the active RNA-level community results, supported and validated these conclusions. Comparative scrutiny of the microbial community before shade installation and the background environmental data disclosed that the erection of the shade prompted a decrease in temperatures and an increase in humidity within the protected area. Consequently, this spurred the exponential proliferation of indigenous cyanobacteria in the spots observed. The outcomes of this study carry considerable significance in devising preventive conservation strategies for cultural heritage and in managing the process of biodeterioration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, P.R. China
| | - Fasi Wu
- National Research Center for Conservation of Ancient Wall Paintings and Earthen Sites, Department of Conservation Research, Dunhuang Academy, Dunhuang, Gansu, 736200, P.R. China; Gansu Provincial Research Center for Conservation of Dunhuang Cultural Heritage, Dunhuang, Gansu, 736200, P.R. China.
| | - Ji-Dong Gu
- Environmental Science and Engineering Group, Guangdong Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, 241 Daxue Road, Shantou, Guangdong, 515063, P.R. China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials and Technologies for Energy Conversion, Guangdong Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, 241 Daxue Road, Shantou, Guangdong, 515063, P.R. China
| | - Kun He
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, P.R. China
| | - Zhou Fang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, P.R. China
| | - Xiaobo Liu
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 200 Xiaolingwei Street, Nanjing, 210094, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Dongpeng He
- National Research Center for Conservation of Ancient Wall Paintings and Earthen Sites, Department of Conservation Research, Dunhuang Academy, Dunhuang, Gansu, 736200, P.R. China; Gansu Provincial Research Center for Conservation of Dunhuang Cultural Heritage, Dunhuang, Gansu, 736200, P.R. China
| | - Xinghua Ding
- School of History and Culture, Hunan Normal University, 36 Lushan Road, Changsha, 410000, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Jie Li
- National Research Center for Conservation of Ancient Wall Paintings and Earthen Sites, Department of Conservation Research, Dunhuang Academy, Dunhuang, Gansu, 736200, P.R. China; Gansu Provincial Research Center for Conservation of Dunhuang Cultural Heritage, Dunhuang, Gansu, 736200, P.R. China
| | - Zengyang Han
- National Research Center for Conservation of Ancient Wall Paintings and Earthen Sites, Department of Conservation Research, Dunhuang Academy, Dunhuang, Gansu, 736200, P.R. China; Gansu Provincial Research Center for Conservation of Dunhuang Cultural Heritage, Dunhuang, Gansu, 736200, P.R. China
| | - Qi Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, P.R. China
| | - Huyuan Feng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, P.R. China.
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Kaur S, Kurtz HD. Core bacterial community composition of a cryptoendolithic ecosystem in the Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument, Utah. Microbiologyopen 2019; 8:e00707. [PMID: 30079546 PMCID: PMC6528646 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptoendolithic bacterial communities in the Jurassic Navajo Sandstones play an important ecological role in this ecosystem. Developing a better understanding of the role of these cryptoendolithic communities required a deeper knowledge of the microbial diversity present. We analyzed the bacterial diversity in eight sandstones samples from several microgeological features associated with a large sandstone dome. Cryptoendolithic bacterial diversity is clustered into three distinct groups which correlated with topography, suggesting the duration of water retention might be a factor. Comparisons of diversity between each cluster showed that a core bacterial community exists in this habitat. The overall bacterial community structure was dominated by Cyanobacteria, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Actinobacteria. The most prevalent genera in cyanobacteria were Leptolyngbya, Chroococcidiopsis, and unclassified cyanobacteria accounting for the bulk of cyanobacterial sequences. Within the Proteobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria were the largest class detected, with members of the Acetobacteraceae, particularly the genus Acidiphilium, being the most abundant. Acidiphilium spp. are capable of aerobic ferric iron reduction under moderately acidic conditions, explaining the high levels of iron (II) in this system. This study highlights the extent of unexplored bacterial diversity in this habitat system and sets the premise for elaborating on the ecological function of cryptoendolithic communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukhpreet Kaur
- Department of Biological SciencesClemson UniversityClemsonSouth Carolina
| | - HD Kurtz
- Department of Biological SciencesClemson UniversityClemsonSouth Carolina
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