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Wang X, Dong Y, Luan Y, Tian S, Li C, Li Y, Zhou J. Integrated assessment of the spatial distribution, sources, degradation, and human risk of tetracyclines in honey in China. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 473:134681. [PMID: 38788580 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Tetracyclines are widely used in Chinese apiculture. However, limited information is available on the presence of tetracycline residues in honey and the sources, degradation patterns, and associated health risks of these compounds. In this study, the presence of tetracyclines in honey samples across China was investigated over a four-year period. Additionally, the risks of dietary intake, as well as the sources and degradation patterns of tetracyclines in honey, were assessed. The three-dimensional spatial distributions (floral region, geographical region and entomological origin) of tetracyclines contamination varied significantly. Tetracycline residues in honey posed a moderate risk to children aged 3-10 years in Northwest China. Source analysis indicated that colony migration serves as the primary source of tetracyclines in honey. Based on the degradation patterns of tetracyclines in honey within colonies and during storage, oxytetracycline is more readily degraded than other tetracyclines. The main degradation products of tetracyclines are epimers and dehydration products, and the effects of these products on human health and the environment should be further evaluated in future studies. This comprehensive investigation provides valuable insights into the safe use and regulation of tetracyclines in Chinese apiculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinran Wang
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, PR China; Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100093, PR China
| | - Yiwei Dong
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Yunxia Luan
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, PR China
| | - Sinuo Tian
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, PR China
| | - Cheng Li
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, PR China.
| | - Yi Li
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100093, PR China; Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China.
| | - Jinhui Zhou
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100093, PR China; Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China.
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Rossi F, Del Matto I, Ricchiuti L, Marino L. Selection and Multiplexing of Reverse Transcription-Quantitative PCR Tests Targeting Relevant Honeybee Viral Pathogens. Microorganisms 2024; 12:1105. [PMID: 38930487 PMCID: PMC11205706 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12061105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Verifying the inclusivity of molecular detection methods gives indications about the reliability of viral infection diagnosis because of the tendency of viral pathogens to undergo sequence variation. This study was aimed at selecting inclusive probes based on reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) assays for the diagnosis of the most widespread and detrimental viruses infecting honeybees, namely the acute bee paralysis virus (ABPV), the black queen cell virus (BQCV), the chronic paralysis bee virus (CBPV), the deformed wing virus variants A (DWVA) and B (DWVB), and the sacbrood virus (SBV). Therefore, previously described detection methods were re-evaluated in silico for their specificity and inclusivity. Based on this evaluation, selected methods were modified, or new ones were designed and tested in duplex RT-qPCR reactions. The limits of detection (LODs), effect of multiplexing on sensitivity and the viral RNA quantification potential in bees and hive debris were assessed. This study made available diagnostic assays able to detect an increased number of virus variants compared with previously described tests and two viral pathogens in a single PCR reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franca Rossi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise “G. Caporale”, Campo Boario, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (I.D.M.); (L.R.); (L.M.)
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3
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Li A, Wang Q, Huang Y, Hu L, Li S, Wang Q, Yu Y, Zhang H, Tang DYY, Show PL, Feng S. Can egg yolk antibodies terminate the CSBV infection in apiculture? Virus Res 2023; 328:199080. [PMID: 36882131 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
Chinese sacbrood virus (CSBV) is the most severe pathogen of Apis cerana, which leads to serious fatal diseases in bee colonies and eventual catastrophe for the Chinese beekeeping industry. Additionally, CSBV can potentially infect Apis mellifera by bridging the species barrier and significantly affect the productivity of the honey industry. Although several approaches, such as feeding royal jelly, traditional Chinese medicine, and double-stranded RNA treatments, have been employed to suppress CSBV infection, their practical applicabilities are constrained due to their poor effectiveness. In recent years, specific egg yolk antibodies (EYA) have been increasingly utilized in passive immunotherapy for infectious diseases without any side effects. According to both laboratory research and practical use, EYA have demonstrated superior protection for bees against CSBV infection. This review provided an in-depth analysis of the issues and drawbacks in this field in addition to provide a thorough summary of current advancements in CSBV studies. Some promising strategies for the synergistic study of EYA against CSBV, including the exploitation of novel antibody drugs, novel TCM monomer/formula determination, and development of nucleotide drugs, are also proposed in this review. Furthermore, the prospects for the future perspectives of EYA research and applications are presented. Collectively, EYA would terminate CSBV infection soon, as well as will provide scientific guidance and references to control and manage other viral infections in apiculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aifang Li
- Medical College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China
| | - Qianfang Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan 471023, China
| | - Yu Huang
- Medical College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China
| | - Lina Hu
- Medical College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China
| | - Shuxuan Li
- Medical College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China
| | - Qianqian Wang
- Medical College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China
| | - Yangfan Yu
- Medical College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China
| | - Haizhou Zhang
- Luoyang Fengzaokang Biotechnological Co. Ltd., Luoyang, Henan 471000, China
| | - Doris Ying Ying Tang
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Semenyih, Selangor Darul Ehsan 43500, Malaysia
| | - Pau Loke Show
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Semenyih, Selangor Darul Ehsan 43500, Malaysia; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Subtropical Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China; Department of Sustainable Engineering, Saveetha School of Engineering, SIMATS, Chennai 602105, India.
| | - Shuying Feng
- Medical College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China; Luoyang Fengzaokang Biotechnological Co. Ltd., Luoyang, Henan 471000, China.
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4
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Hassanyar AK, Nie H, Li Z, Lin Y, Huang J, Woldegiorgis ST, Hussain M, Feng W, Zhang Z, Yu K, Su S. Discovery of SNP Molecular Markers and Candidate Genes Associated with Sacbrood Virus Resistance in Apis cerana cerana Larvae by Whole-Genome Resequencing. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076238. [PMID: 37047210 PMCID: PMC10094193 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Sacbrood virus (SBV) is a significant problem that impedes brood development in both eastern and western honeybees. Whole-genome sequencing has become an important tool in researching population genetic variations. Numerous studies have been conducted using multiple techniques to suppress SBV infection in honeybees, but the genetic markers and molecular mechanisms underlying SBV resistance have not been identified. To explore single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), insertions, deletions (Indels), and genes at the DNA level related to SBV resistance, we conducted whole-genome resequencing on 90 Apis cerana cerana larvae raised in vitro and challenged with SBV. After filtering, a total of 337.47 gigabytes of clean data and 31,000,613 high-quality SNP loci were detected in three populations. We used ten databases to annotate 9359 predicted genes. By combining population differentiation index (FST) and nucleotide polymorphisms (π), we examined genome variants between resistant (R) and susceptible (S) larvae, focusing on site integrity (INT < 0.5) and minor allele frequency (MAF < 0.05). A selective sweep analysis with the top 1% and top 5% was used to identify significant regions. Two SNPs on the 15th chromosome with GenBank KZ288474.1_322717 (Guanine > Cytosine) and KZ288479.1_95621 (Cytosine > Thiamine) were found to be significantly associated with SBV resistance based on their associated allele frequencies after SNP validation. Each SNP was authenticated in 926 and 1022 samples, respectively. The enrichment and functional annotation pathways from significantly predicted genes to SBV resistance revealed immune response processes, signal transduction mechanisms, endocytosis, peroxisomes, phagosomes, and regulation of autophagy, which may be significant in SBV resistance. This study presents novel and useful SNP molecular markers that can be utilized as assisted molecular markers to select honeybees resistant to SBV for breeding and that can be used as a biocontrol technique to protect honeybees from SBV.
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Sun L, Li M, Ma Y, Huang S, Ma M, Fei D. Interaction between the VP2 protein of deformed wing virus and host snapin protein and its effect on viral replication. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1096306. [PMID: 36846748 PMCID: PMC9945523 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1096306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Deformed wing virus (DWV) is one of the causative agents of colony collapse disorder. The structural protein of DWV plays a vital role in the process of viral invasion and host infection; however, there is limited research on DWV. Methods and Results In this study, we screened the host protein snapin, which can interact with the VP2 protein of DWV, using the yeast two-hybrid system. Through computer simulation and GST pull-down and CO-IP assays, an interaction between snapin and VP2 was confirmed. Furthermore, immunofluorescence and co-localization experiments revealed that VP2 and snapin primarily co-localized in the cytoplasm. Consequently, RNAi was used to interfere with the expression of snapin in worker bees to examine the replication of DWV after the interference. After silencing of snapin, the replication of DWV in worker bees was significantly downregulated. Hence, we speculated that snapin was associated with DWV infection and involved in at least one stage of the viral life cycle. Finally, we used an online server to predict the interaction domains between VP2 and snapin, and the results indicate that the interaction domain of VP2 was approximately located at 56-90, 136-145, 184-190, and 239-242 aa and the snapin interaction domain was approximately located at 31-54 and 115-136 aa. Conclusion This research confirmed that DWV VP2 protein could interacts with the snapin of host protein, which provides a theoretical basis for further investigation of its pathogenesis and development of targeted therapeutic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Sun
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Ming Li
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Yueyu Ma
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Sichao Huang
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Mingxiao Ma
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China,*Correspondence: Mingxiao Ma, ✉
| | - Dongliang Fei
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China,Dongliang Fei, ✉
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Truong AT, Yoo MS, Seo SK, Hwang TJ, Yoon SS, Cho YS. Prevalence of honey bee pathogens and parasites in South Korea: A five-year surveillance study from 2017 to 2021. Heliyon 2023; 9:e13494. [PMID: 36816323 PMCID: PMC9929316 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Honey bees play an important role in the pollination of crops and wild plants and provide important products to humans. Pathogens and parasites are the main factors that threaten beekeeping in South Korea. Therefore, a nationwide detection of 14 honey bee pathogens, including parasites (phorid flies, Nosema ceranae, and Acarapis woodi mites), viruses, bacteria, and fungal pathogens, was conducted from 2017 to 2021 in the country. The infection rate and the trend of detection of each pathogenic agent were determined. A total of 830 honey bee samples from Apis cerana (n = 357) and A. mellifera (n = 473) were examined. N. ceranae (35.53%), deformed wing virus (52.63%), sacbrood virus (SBV) (52.63%), and black queen cell virus (55.26%) were the most prevalent honey bee pathogens, and their prevalence rapidly increased from 2017 to 2021. The prevalence of Paenibacillus larvae, Israeli acute paralysis virus, Ascosphaera apis, A. woodi, Melissococcus plutonius, and chronic bee paralysis virus remained stable during the surveillance period, with infection rates ranging from 5.26% to 16.45% in 2021. Other pathogens, including acute bee paralysis virus, phorid flies, Kashmir bee virus, and Aspergillus flavus, had low infection rates that gradually declined during the detection period. The occurrence of honeybee pathogens peaked in July. SBV was the most common pathogen in A. cerana, whereas N. ceranae was predominant in A. mellifera. This study provides information regarding the current status of honey bee pathogens and presents the trend of the occurrence of each pathogen in South Korea. These data are important for predicting outbreaks of honey bee diseases in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- A-Tai Truong
- Parasitic and Honey Bee Disease Laboratory, Bacterial and Parasitic Disease Division, Department of Animal and Plant Health Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea,Faculty of Biotechnology, Thai Nguyen University of Sciences, Thai Nguyen, Viet Nam
| | - Mi-Sun Yoo
- Parasitic and Honey Bee Disease Laboratory, Bacterial and Parasitic Disease Division, Department of Animal and Plant Health Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Kyoung Seo
- Parasitic and Honey Bee Disease Laboratory, Bacterial and Parasitic Disease Division, Department of Animal and Plant Health Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Jun Hwang
- Parasitic and Honey Bee Disease Laboratory, Bacterial and Parasitic Disease Division, Department of Animal and Plant Health Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon-Seek Yoon
- Parasitic and Honey Bee Disease Laboratory, Bacterial and Parasitic Disease Division, Department of Animal and Plant Health Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Sang Cho
- Parasitic and Honey Bee Disease Laboratory, Bacterial and Parasitic Disease Division, Department of Animal and Plant Health Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea,Corresponding author.
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Li N, Li C, Hu T, Li J, Zhou H, Ji J, Wu J, Kang W, Holmes EC, Shi W, Xu S. Nationwide genomic surveillance reveals the prevalence and evolution of honeybee viruses in China. MICROBIOME 2023; 11:6. [PMID: 36631833 PMCID: PMC9832778 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-022-01446-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The economic and environmental value of honeybees has been severely challenged in recent years by the collapse of their colonies worldwide, often caused by outbreaks of infectious diseases. However, our understanding of the diversity, prevalence, and transmission of honeybee viruses is largely obscure due to a lack of large-scale and longitudinal genomic surveillance on a global scale. RESULTS We report the meta-transcriptomic sequencing of nearly 2000 samples of the two most important economic and widely maintained honeybee species, as well as an associated ectoparasite mite, collected across China during 2016-2019. We document the natural diversity and evolution of honeybee viruses in China, providing evidence that multiple viruses commonly co-circulate within individual bee colonies. We also expanded the genomic data for 12 important honeybee viruses and revealed novel genetic variants and lineages associated with China. We identified more than 23 novel viruses from the honeybee and mite viromes, with some exhibiting ongoing replication in their respective hosts. Together, these data provide additional support to the idea that mites are an important reservoir and spill-over host for honeybee viruses. CONCLUSIONS Our data show that honeybee viruses are more widespread, prevalent, and genetically diverse than previously realized. The information provided is important in mitigating viral infectious diseases in honeybees, in turn helping to maintain sustainable productive agriculture on a global scale. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nannan Li
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Cixiu Li
- Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
- Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Universities of Shandong, Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Clinical and Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, 271000, China
| | - Tao Hu
- Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Universities of Shandong, Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Clinical and Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, 271000, China
| | - Juan Li
- Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
- Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Universities of Shandong, Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Clinical and Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, 271000, China
| | - Hong Zhou
- Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
- Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Universities of Shandong, Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Clinical and Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, 271000, China
| | - Jingkai Ji
- Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
- Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Universities of Shandong, Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Clinical and Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, 271000, China
| | - Jiangli Wu
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Weipeng Kang
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Edward C Holmes
- Sydeny Institute for Infectious Diseases, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Weifeng Shi
- Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Universities of Shandong, Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Clinical and Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, 271000, China.
- School of Public Health, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, 271000, China.
| | - Shufa Xu
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.
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Phokasem P, Liuhao W, Panjad P, Yujie T, Li J, Chantawannakul P. Differential Viral Distribution Patterns in Reproductive Tissues of Apis mellifera and Apis cerana Drones. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:608700. [PMID: 33842568 PMCID: PMC8024463 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.608700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Honeybee drones are male bees that mate with virgin queens during the mating flight, consequently transferring their genes to offspring. Therefore, the health of drones affects the overall fitness of the offspring and ultimately the survivability of the colony. Honeybee viruses are considered to be a major threat to the health of honeybees. In the present study, we demonstrated the pattern of common honeybee viruses in various tissues of drones in the western honeybee, Apis mellifera, and the eastern honeybee, Apis cerana. Drones were collected during the mating flight and analyzed using quantitative real-time (qRT-PCR) to detect the presence of seven honeybee viruses. The qRT-PCR result revealed that three honeybee viruses, namely Black Queen Cell Virus (BQCV), Deformed Wing Virus (DWV), and Chinese Sacbrood Virus (CSBV), were detected in the reproductive tissues of A. mellifera and A. cerana drones. The results from qRT-PCR showed that the Israeli Acute Paralysis Virus (IAPV) was only detected in A. mellifera drone body tissues. Moreover, the prevalence of DWV and BQCV in the drones collected from A. mellifera colonies was significantly higher than that of A. cerana. In addition, virus multiple infections were higher in A. mellifera drones compared to those in A. cerana. CSBV was found predominantly in the reproductive tissues of A. cerana drones. This study is the first report describing the presence of the CSBV in reproductive tissues of A. mellifera drones. Our results may reflect the preference of honeybee viruses in honeybee species and may provide a piece of interesting evidence for understanding the virus transmission in A. cerana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patcharin Phokasem
- Graduate School, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Bee Protection Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Wang Liuhao
- Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing, China
| | - Poonnawat Panjad
- Graduate School, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Bee Protection Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Tang Yujie
- Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing, China
| | - Jilian Li
- Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing, China
| | - Panuwan Chantawannakul
- Bee Protection Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Environmental Science Research Center, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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Woodford L, Evans DJ. Deformed wing virus: using reverse genetics to tackle unanswered questions about the most important viral pathogen of honey bees. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2020; 45:6035241. [PMID: 33320949 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuaa070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Deformed wing virus (DWV) is the most important viral pathogen of honey bees. It usually causes asymptomatic infections but, when vectored by the ectoparasitic mite Varroa destructor, it is responsible for the majority of overwintering colony losses globally. Although DWV was discovered four decades ago, research has been hampered by the absence of an in vitro cell culture system or the ability to culture pure stocks of the virus. The recent developments of reverse genetic systems for DWV go some way to addressing these limitations. They will allow the investigation of specific questions about strain variation, host tropism and pathogenesis to be answered, and are already being exploited to study tissue tropism and replication in Varroa and non-Apis pollinators. Three areas neatly illustrate the advances possible with reverse genetic approaches: (i) strain variation and recombination, in which reverse genetics has highlighted similarities rather than differences between virus strains; (ii) analysis of replication kinetics in both honey bees and Varroa, in studies that likely explain the near clonality of virus populations often reported; and (iii) pathogen spillover to non-Apis pollinators, using genetically tagged viruses to accurately monitor replication and infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Woodford
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK
| | - David J Evans
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK
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10
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Huang S, Fei D, Ma Y, Wang C, Shi D, Liu K, Li M, Ma M. Identification of a novel host protein interacting with the structural protein VP2 of deformed wing virus by yeast two-hybrid screening. Virus Res 2020; 286:198072. [PMID: 32659307 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Deformed wing virus (DWV) interacting with Varroa destructor is a possible cause of honeybee colony mortality. VP2 is the structural protein of DWV but its function remains unknown. To clarify the function of VP2 and screen for novel binding proteins that interact with VP2, we carried out a membrane protein yeast two-hybrid screening using VP2 as bait. Subsequently, the interaction between VP2 and the host interacting protein [heat shock protein 10 (Hsp10)] was further verified using glutathione S-transferase pull-down assay in vitro and co-immunoprecipitation assay in cells. Furthermore, fluorescence confocal microscopy revealed that VP2 and Hsp10 were mainly co-localized in the cytoplasm. Using real-time polymerase chain reaction, we found that Hsp10 expression in DWV-infected worker honey bees were downregulated compared with that in healthy honey bees. Additionally, we showed that overexpression of VP2 protein could reduce the expression of Hsp10. These results suggest that Hsp10 plays a vital role in host immunity and antiviral effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sichao Huang
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Dongliang Fei
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Yueyu Ma
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Chen Wang
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Donghui Shi
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Kunyang Liu
- Liaoning Provincial Agricultural Development Service Center, China
| | - Ming Li
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China.
| | - Mingxiao Ma
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China.
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11
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Li M, Sun L, Ma Y, Fei D, Ma M. Development of a sandwich ELISA for the detection of Chinese sacbrood virus infection. Arch Virol 2020; 165:1551-1556. [PMID: 32356186 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04634-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Chinese sacbrood disease (CSBD) is a highly pathogenic infectious disease in bees that is caused by Chinese sacbrood virus (CSBV). Although several molecular detection methods have been developed for CSBV, there are no commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. We therefore developed a sandwich ELISA to detect CSBV antigens. To this end, monoclonal antibodies were produced using VP2 as an immunogen and subsequently characterized. Hybridomas were screened for the secretion of immunoglobulin G (IgG). Using an unlabeled monoclonal antibody (mAb) for coating and a horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-labeled mAb for detection, a CSBV sandwich ELISA method was established. This method showed specificity for CSBV and did not show cross-reactivity with other bee viruses. The detection limit of the sandwich ELISA was 3.675 × 104 copies/µL. Sixty bee larvae were tested using our sandwich ELISA method, and the presence of CSBV was verified by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The total coincidence rate was 90%. Thus, a sandwich ELISA method with high specificity and accuracy and a detection limit of 3.675 × 104 copies/µL has been successfully developed and can be used for the clinical detection of CSBV. This method will support rapid diagnosis, real-time monitoring, and early warning of CSBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Li
- Jinzhou Medical University, No. 40, Section 3 Songpo Road, Jinzhou, 121001, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Li Sun
- Jinzhou Medical University, No. 40, Section 3 Songpo Road, Jinzhou, 121001, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Yueyu Ma
- Jinzhou Medical University, No. 40, Section 3 Songpo Road, Jinzhou, 121001, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Dongliang Fei
- Jinzhou Medical University, No. 40, Section 3 Songpo Road, Jinzhou, 121001, Liaoning Province, China.
| | - Mingxiao Ma
- Jinzhou Medical University, No. 40, Section 3 Songpo Road, Jinzhou, 121001, Liaoning Province, China.
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Visualizing Sacbrood Virus of Honey Bees via Transformation and Coupling with Enhanced Green Fluorescent Protein. Viruses 2020; 12:v12020224. [PMID: 32085386 PMCID: PMC7077286 DOI: 10.3390/v12020224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Sacbrood virus (SBV) of honey bees is a picornavirus in the genus Iflavirus. Given its relatively small and simple genome structure, single positive-strand RNA with only one ORF, cloning the full genomic sequence is not difficult. However, adding nonsynonymous mutations to the bee iflavirus clone is difficult because of the lack of information about the viral protein processes. Furthermore, the addition of a reporter gene to the clones has never been accomplished. In preliminary trials, we found that the site between 3′ untranslated region (UTR) and poly(A) can retain added sequences. We added enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) expression at this site, creating a SBV clone with an expression tag that does not affect virus genes. An intergenic region internal ribosome entry site (IRES) from Black queen cell virus (BQCV) was inserted to initiate EGFP expression. The SBV-IRES-EGFP clone successfully infected Apis cerana and Apis mellifera, and in A. cerana larvae, it was isolated and passaged using oral inoculation. The inoculated larvae had higher mortality and the dead larvae showed sacbrood symptoms. The added IRES-EGFP remained in the clone through multiple passages and expressed the expected EGFP in all infected bees. We demonstrated the ability to add gene sequences in the site between 3′-UTR and poly(A) in SBV and the potential to do so in other bee iflaviruses; however, further investigations of the mechanisms are needed. A clone with a desired protein expression reporter will be a valuable tool in bee virus studies.
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13
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Hassanyar AK, Huang S, Li Z, Rizwan M, Mehmood S, Raza MF, Qasim M, Hussain M, Su S. Prevalence of bee viruses in Apis cerana cerana populations from different locations in the Fujian Province of China. Microbiologyopen 2019; 8:e00830. [PMID: 30884179 PMCID: PMC6741300 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Prevalence of honeybee viral diseases has recently been causing major problems in the beekeeping industry, causing economic losses worldwide. Honeybees are susceptible to a variety of diseases and various pathogens. Among these pathogens, prevalence viruses, along with other factors, are seriously threatening the health of bee species. In the present study, samples were collected from 80 Apis cerana cerana (A. c. cerana) colonies from three different locations, Cangshan, Fuan, and Yongtai, in the Fujian Province of China. All samples were screened using the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method for detection of seven honeybee viruses, namely, Chinese sacbrood virus (CSBV), deformed wing virus (DWV), Israeli acute paralysis virus (IAPV), black queen cell virus (BQCV), chronic bee paralysis virus (CBPV), acute bee paralysis virus (ABPV), and Kashmir bee virus (KBV). Our results showed that CSBV was the most prevalent as it was detected in (90%), of the samples, DWV was detected in (81.25%), and IAPV was detected in (26.25%). In contrast, insignificant prevalence results were obtained from all apiaries for BQCV, CBPV, APBV, and KBV, which were not detected in any sample. Here, we are providing the first report on the molecular detection of honeybee viruses, especially the prevalence of IAPV, from different regions in the Fujian Province of China with a high prevalence of bee viruses, on A. c. cerana, and there is great concern for the presence of honeybee viruses in the population of the native honeybee (A. c. cerana) in China.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shaokang Huang
- College of Bee ScienceFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Zhiguo Li
- College of Bee ScienceFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Muhammad Rizwan
- College of Bee ScienceFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
- College of Life SciencesFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Shahid Mehmood
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest EcologyChemical Ecology Group Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical GardenChinese Academy of SciencesKunmingChina
| | - Muhammad Fahad Raza
- College of Bee ScienceFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
- College of Life SciencesFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Muhammad Qasim
- College of Plant ProtectionFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Mubasher Hussain
- College of Plant ProtectionFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
- College of HorticultureFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Songkun Su
- College of Bee ScienceFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
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