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John A, Raza H. Azadirachtin Attenuates Carcinogen Benzo(a) Pyrene-Induced DNA Damage, Cell Cycle Arrest, Apoptosis, Inflammatory, Metabolic, and Oxidative Stress in HepG2 Cells. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:2001. [PMID: 38001854 PMCID: PMC10669168 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12112001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Azadirachtin (AZD), a limonoid from the versatile, tropical neem tree (Azadirachta indica), is well known for its many medicinal, and pharmacological effects. Its effects as an anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer agent are well known. However, not many studies have explored the effects of AZD on toxicities induced by benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P), a toxic component of cigarette smoke known to cause DNA damage and cell cycle arrest, leading to different kinds of cancer. In the present study, using HepG2 cells, we investigated the protective effects of Azadirachtin (AZD) against B(a)P-induced oxidative/nitrosative and metabolic stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. Treatment with 25 µM B(a)P for 24 h demonstrated an increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), followed by increased lipid peroxidation and DNA damage presumably, due to the increased metabolic activation of B(a)P by CYP 450 1A1/1A2 enzymes. We also observed intrinsic and extrinsic apoptosis, alterations in glutathione-dependent redox homeostasis, cell cycle arrest, and inflammation after B(a)P treatment. Cells treated with 25 µM AZD for 24 h showed decreased oxidative stress and apoptosis, partial protection from DNA damage, and an improvement in mitochondrial functions and bioenergetics. The improvement in antioxidant status, anti-inflammatory potential, and alterations in cell cycle regulatory markers qualify AZD as a potential therapeutic in combination with anti-cancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Haider Raza
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, 5th Postal Region, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates;
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García-Trevijano ER, Ortiz-Zapater E, Gimeno A, Viña JR, Zaragozá R. Calpains, the proteases of two faces controlling the epithelial homeostasis in mammary gland. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1249317. [PMID: 37795261 PMCID: PMC10546029 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1249317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Calpain-1 and calpain-2 are calcium-dependent Cys-proteases ubiquitously expressed in mammalian tissues with a processive, rather than degradative activity. They are crucial for physiological mammary gland homeostasis as well as for breast cancer progression. A growing number of evidences indicate that their pleiotropic functions depend on the cell type, tissue and biological context where they are expressed or dysregulated. This review considers these standpoints to cover the paradoxical role of calpain-1 and -2 in the mammary tissue either, under the physiological conditions of the postlactational mammary gland regression or the pathological context of breast cancer. The role of both calpains will be examined and discussed in both conditions, followed by a brief snapshot on the present and future challenges for calpains, the two-gateway proteases towards tissue homeostasis or tumor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena R. García-Trevijano
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- INLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Valencia, Spain
| | - Elena Ortiz-Zapater
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- INLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Valencia, Spain
| | - Amparo Gimeno
- Department of Anatomy and Human Embryology, Universitat de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan R. Viña
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- INLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Valencia, Spain
| | - Rosa Zaragozá
- INLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Valencia, Spain
- Department of Anatomy and Human Embryology, Universitat de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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Santos DM, Xavier JM, Morgado AL, Solá S, Rodrigues CMP. Distinct regulatory functions of calpain 1 and 2 during neural stem cell self-renewal and differentiation. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33468. [PMID: 22432027 PMCID: PMC3303840 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2011] [Accepted: 02/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Calpains are calcium regulated cysteine proteases that have been described in a wide range of cellular processes, including apoptosis, migration and cell cycle regulation. In addition, calpains have been implicated in differentiation, but their impact on neural differentiation requires further investigation. Here, we addressed the role of calpain 1 and calpain 2 in neural stem cell (NSC) self-renewal and differentiation. We found that calpain inhibition using either the chemical inhibitor calpeptin or the endogenous calpain inhibitor calpastatin favored differentiation of NSCs. This effect was associated with significant changes in cell cycle-related proteins and may be regulated by calcium. Interestingly, calpain 1 and calpain 2 were found to play distinct roles in NSC fate decision. Calpain 1 expression levels were higher in self-renewing NSC and decreased with differentiation, while calpain 2 increased throughout differentiation. In addition, calpain 1 silencing resulted in increased levels of both neuronal and glial markers, β-III Tubulin and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Calpain 2 silencing elicited decreased levels of GFAP. These results support a role for calpain 1 in repressing differentiation, thus maintaining a proliferative NSC pool, and suggest that calpain 2 is involved in glial differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela M. Santos
- Research Institute for Medicines and Pharmaceutical Sciences (iMed.UL), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Joana M. Xavier
- Research Institute for Medicines and Pharmaceutical Sciences (iMed.UL), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana L. Morgado
- Research Institute for Medicines and Pharmaceutical Sciences (iMed.UL), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Susana Solá
- Research Institute for Medicines and Pharmaceutical Sciences (iMed.UL), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
- Department of Biochemistry and Human Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
- * E-mail:
| | - Cecília M. P. Rodrigues
- Research Institute for Medicines and Pharmaceutical Sciences (iMed.UL), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
- Department of Biochemistry and Human Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
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Hamouchene H, Arlt VM, Giddings I, Phillips DH. Influence of cell cycle on responses of MCF-7 cells to benzo[a]pyrene. BMC Genomics 2011; 12:333. [PMID: 21714911 PMCID: PMC3145607 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-12-333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2011] [Accepted: 06/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) is a widespread environmental genotoxic carcinogen that damages DNA by forming adducts. This damage along with activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) induces complex transcriptional responses in cells. To investigate whether human cells are more susceptible to BaP in a particular phase of the cell cycle, synchronised breast carcinoma MCF-7 cells were exposed to BaP. Cell cycle progression was analysed by flow cytometry, DNA adduct formation was assessed by 32P-postlabeling analysis, microarrays of 44K human genome-wide oligos and RT-PCR were used to detect gene expression (mRNA) changes and Western blotting was performed to determine the expression of some proteins, including cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A1 and CYP1B1, which are involved in BaP metabolism. Results Following BaP exposure, cells evaded G1 arrest and accumulated in S-phase. Higher levels of DNA damage occurred in S- and G2/M- compared with G0/G1-enriched cultures. Genes that were found to have altered expression included those involved in xenobiotic metabolism, apoptosis, cell cycle regulation and DNA repair. Gene ontology and pathway analysis showed the involvement of various signalling pathways in response to BaP exposure, such as the Catenin/Wnt pathway in G1, the ERK pathway in G1 and S, the Nrf2 pathway in S and G2/M and the Akt pathway in G2/M. An important finding was that higher levels of DNA damage in S- and G2/M-enriched cultures correlated with higher levels of CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 mRNA and proteins. Moreover, exposure of synchronised MCF-7 cells to BaP-7,8-diol-9,10-epoxide (BPDE), the ultimate carcinogenic metabolite of BaP, did not result in significant changes in DNA adduct levels at different phases of the cell cycle. Conclusions This study characterised the complex gene response to BaP in MCF-7 cells and revealed a strong correlation between the varying efficiency of BaP metabolism and DNA damage in different phases of the cell cycle. Our results suggest that growth kinetics within a target-cell population may be important determinants of susceptibility and response to a genotoxic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamza Hamouchene
- Section of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Institute of Cancer Research, Brookes Lawley Building, Cotswold Road, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK.
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Targeted deletion of Capn4 in cells of the chondrocyte lineage impairs chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation. Mol Cell Biol 2010; 30:2799-810. [PMID: 20368361 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00157-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Calpains are calcium-dependent intracellular cysteine proteases, which include ubiquitously expressed mu- and m-calpains. Both calpains are heterodimers consisting of a large catalytic subunit and a small regulatory subunit. The calpain small subunit encoded by the gene Capn4 directly binds to the intracellular C-terminal tail of the receptor for the parathyroid hormone (PTH) and PTH-related peptide and modulates cellular functions in cells of the osteoblast lineage in vitro and in vivo. To investigate a physiological role of the calpain small subunit in cells of the chondrocyte lineage, we generated chondrocyte-specific Capn4 knockout mice. Mutant embryos had reduced chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation in embryonic growth plates compared with control littermates. In vitro analysis further revealed that deletion of Capn4 in cells of the chondrocyte lineage correlated with impaired cell cycle progression at the G(1)/S transition, reduced cyclin D gene transcription, and accumulated cell cycle proteins known as calpain substrates. Moreover, silencing of p27(Kip1) rescued an impaired cell growth phenotype in Capn4 knockdown cells, and reintroducing the calpain small subunit partially normalized cell growth and accumulated cyclin D protein levels in a dose-dependent manner. Collectively, our findings suggest that the calpain small subunit is essential for proper chondrocyte functions in embryonic growth plates.
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Downregulation of Cdc2/CDK1 kinase activity induces the synthesis of noninfectious human papillomavirus type 31b virions in organotypic tissues exposed to benzo[a]pyrene. J Virol 2010; 84:4630-45. [PMID: 20181698 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02431-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies suggest that human papillomavirus (HPV)-infected women who smoke face an increased risk for developing cervical cancer. We have previously reported that exposure of HPV-positive organotypic cultures to benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), a major carcinogen in cigarette smoke, resulted in enhanced viral titers. Since BaP is known to deregulate multiple pathways of cellular proliferation, enhanced virion synthesis could result from carcinogen/host cell interaction. Here, we report that BaP-mediated upregulation of virus synthesis is correlated to an altered balance between cell cycle-specific cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) activity profile compared with controls. Specifically, BaP treatment increased accumulation of hyperphosphorylated retinoblastoma protein (pRb) which coincided with increased cdc2/CDK1 kinase activity, but which further conflicted with the simultaneous upregulation of CDK inhibitors p16(INK4) and p27(KIP1), which normally mediate pRb hypophosphorylation. In contrast, p21(WAF1) and p53 levels remained unchanged. Under these conditions, CDK6 and CDK2 kinase activities were decreased, whereas CDK4 kinase activity remained unchanged. The addition of purvalanol A, a specific inhibitor of CDK1 kinase, to BaP-treated cultures, resulted in the production of noninfectious HPV type 31b (HPV31b) particles. In contrast, infectivity of control virus was unaffected by purvalanol A treatment. BaP targeting of CDK1 occurred independently of HPV status, since BaP treatment also increased CDK1 activity in tissues derived from primary keratinocytes. Our data indicate that HPV31b virions synthesized in the presence of BaP were dependent on BaP-mediated alteration in CDK1 kinase activity for maintaining their infectivity.
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Arima Y, Nitta M, Kuninaka S, Zhang D, Fujiwara T, Taya Y, Nakao M, Saya H. Transcriptional Blockade Induces p53-dependent Apoptosis Associated with Translocation of p53 to Mitochondria. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:19166-76. [PMID: 15753095 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m410691200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumor suppressor p53 functions as a transcriptional activator to induce cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in response to DNA damage. Although p53 was also shown to mediate apoptosis in a manner independent of its transactivation activity, the mechanism and conditions that trigger such cell death have remained largely unknown. We have now shown that inhibition of RNA polymerase II-mediated transcription by alpha-amanitin or RNA interference induced p53-dependent apoptosis. Inhibition of pol II-mediated transcription resulted in down-regulation of p21Cip1, which was caused by both transcriptional suppression and protein degradation, despite eliciting p53 accumulation, allowing the cells to progress into S phase and then to undergo apoptosis. This cell death did not require the transcription of p53 target genes and was preceded by translocation of the accumulated p53 to mitochondria. Our data thus suggested that blockade of pol II-mediated transcription induced p53 accumulation in mitochondria and was the critical factor for eliciting p53-dependent but transcription-independent apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimi Arima
- Department of Tumor Genetics and Biology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Honjo, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
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Raynaud F, Carnac G, Marcilhac A, Benyamin Y. m-Calpain implication in cell cycle during muscle precursor cell activation. Exp Cell Res 2004; 298:48-57. [PMID: 15242761 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2004.03.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2003] [Revised: 03/24/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Milli-calpain, a member of the ubiquitous cysteine protease family, is known to control late events of cell-cell fusion in skeletal muscle tissue through its involvement in cell membrane and cytoskeleton component reorganization. In this report, we describe the characterization of m-calpain compartmentalization and activation during the initial steps of muscle precursor cell recruitment and differentiation. By immunofluorescence analysis, we show that m-calpain is present throughout the cell cycle in the nucleus of proliferating myoblast C2 cells. However, when myoblasts enter a quiescent/G0 stage, m-calpain staining is detected only in the cytoplasm. Moreover, comparison of healthy and injured muscle shows distinct m-calpain localization in satellite stem cells. Indeed, m-calpain is not found in quiescent satellite cells, but following muscle injury, when satellite cells start to proliferate, m-calpain appears in the nucleus. To determine the implication of m-calpain during the cell cycle progression, quiescent myoblasts were forced to re-enter the cell cycle in the presence or not of the specific calpain inhibitor MDL 28170. We demonstrate that this calpain inhibitor blocks the cell cycle, prevents accumulation of MyoD in the G1 phase and enhances Myf5 expression. These data support an important new role for m-calpain in the control of muscle precursor cell activation and thus suggest its possible implication during the initial events of muscle regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Raynaud
- UMR 5539-CNRS, Laboratoire de Motilité Cellulaire, EPHE, cc107, University of Montpellier 2 place Eugène Bataillon, 34090 France.
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Ab' Saber AM, Massoni Neto LM, Bianchi CP, Ctenas BB, Parra ER, Eher EM, Pereira JC, Takagaki T, Yamaguchi NH, Capelozzi VL. Neuroendocrine and biologic features of primary tumors and tissue in pulmonary large cell carcinomas. Ann Thorac Surg 2004; 77:1883-90. [PMID: 15172229 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2003.11.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/25/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Because biological behavior in lung tumors with neuroendocrine differentiation is highly dependent on cell death (apoptosis) and angiogenesis, p21(waf1/cip1) and microvessel density have been targeted as potentially useful tumor markers. We sought to validate the importance of p21(waf1/cip1) and microvessel density and study their interrelationship, analyzing clinical factors, subclassifications, and tumor and stromal markers. METHODS We examined p21(waf1/cip1) and other markers in tissue from 61 patients with surgically excised large cell carcinomas. The amount of tumor staining for p21(waf1/cip1) and microvessel density was evaluated by immunohistochemistry and morphometry. The study outcome was survival time until death from recurrent lung cancer. RESULTS Multivariate Cox model analysis demonstrated that after surgical excision, histologic subtypes were significantly related to survival time (p = 0.02), but quantitative staining of the tumor for p21(waf1/cip1) and microvessel density added prognostic information and these variables were more strongly prognostic than histologic subtype (p = 0.00). Cut points at the median staining of 3.5% and 3.0% for p21(waf1/cip1) and microvessel density, respectively, divided patients into two groups with distinctive survival times. Patients with p21(waf1/cip1) staining of more than 3.5% and microvessel density staining of more than 3.0% had a median survival time of 14 months. CONCLUSIONS Tumor staining for p21(waf1/cip1) and microvessel density in resected large cell carcinomas and certain other types of lung tumors was strongly related to survival. Patients with more than 3.0% staining in their tumors were at high risk of death from lung cancer and may be an appropriate target for prospective studies of adjuvant chemotherapy after surgical resection.
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Chramostová K, Vondrácek J, Sindlerová L, Vojtesek B, Kozubík A, Machala M. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons modulate cell proliferation in rat hepatic epithelial stem-like WB-F344 cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2004; 196:136-48. [PMID: 15050415 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2003.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2003] [Accepted: 12/11/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Although many polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are recognized as potent mutagens and carcinogens, relatively little is known about their role in the tumor promotion. It is known that 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) can induce release of rat hepatic oval epithelial cells from contact inhibition by a mechanism possibly involving the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) activation. Many PAHs are AhR ligands and are known to act as transient inducers of AhR-mediated activity. In this study, effects of 19 selected PAHs on proliferation of confluent rat liver epithelial WB-F344 cells were investigated. Non-mutagens that are weak activators or nonactivators of AhR-mediated activity had no effect on cell proliferation. Relatively strong or moderate AhR ligands with low mutagenic potencies, such as benzofluoranthenes, benz[a]anthracene, and chrysene, were found to increase cell numbers, which corresponded to an increased percentage of cells entering S-phase. Strong mutagens, including benzo[a]pyrene and dibenzo[a,l]pyrene, increased a percentage of cells in S-phase without inducing a concomitant increase in cell numbers. The treatment with mutagenic PAHs was associated with an increased DNA synthesis and induction of cell death, which corresponded with the activation of p53 tumor suppressor. Apoptosis was blocked by pifithrin-alpha, the chemical inhibitor of p53. Both weakly and strongly mutagenic PAHs known as AhR ligands were found to induce significant increase of cytochrome P4501A activity, suggesting a presence of functional AhR. The results of the present study seem to suggest that a release from contact inhibition could be a part of tumor promoting effects of AhR-activating PAHs; however, the genotoxic effects of some PAHs associated with p53 activation might interfere with this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Chramostová
- Laboratory of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics, 612 65 Brno, Czech Republic
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