1
|
Ritter D, Knebel J, Hansen T, Zifle A, Fuchs A, Fautz R, Schwarz K. Development of a non-target strategy for evaluation of potential biological effects of inhalable aerosols generated during purposeful room conditioning using an in vitro inhalation model. Inhal Toxicol 2023; 35:271-284. [PMID: 37853720 DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2023.2267618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES An integrated in vitro inhalation approach was outlined to estimate potential adverse acute inhalation effects of aerosols from commercial nebulizer applications used for purposeful room conditioning such as disinfection, scenting or others. Aerosol characterization, exposure estimation and evaluation of acute biological effects by in vitro inhalation were included to generate dose-response data, allowing for determination of in vitro lowest observable adverse effect levels (LOAELs). Correlation of these to estimates of human lung deposition was included for quantitative in vitro to in vivo extrapolation approach (QIVIVE) for acute effects during human exposure. METHODS To test the proposed approach, a case study was undertaken using two realistic test materials. An acute in vitro inhalation setup with air-liquid interface A549-cells in an optimized exposure situation (P.R.I.T.® ExpoCube®) was used to expose cells and analysis of relevant biological effects (viability, mitochondrial membrane potential, stress, IL-8 release) was carried out. RESULTS The observed dose-responsive effects in a sub-toxic dose-range could be attributed to the main component of one test material and its presence in the aerosol phase of the nebulized material. QIVIVE resulted in a factor of at least 256 between the in vitro LOAEL and the estimated acute human lung exposure for this test material. CONCLUSIONS The case-study shows the value of the non-target in vitro inhalation testing approach especially in case of a lack of knowledge on complex product composition. It is expected that approaches like this will be of high value for product safety and environmental health in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Detlef Ritter
- Respiratory Pharmacology, Fraunhofer ITEM, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jan Knebel
- Respiratory Pharmacology, Fraunhofer ITEM, Hannover, Germany
| | - Tanja Hansen
- Respiratory Pharmacology, Fraunhofer ITEM, Hannover, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang X, Sun M, Gao Z, Yin L, Pu Y, Zhu Y, Wang X, Liu R. N-nitrosamines-mediated downregulation of LncRNA-UCA1 induces carcinogenesis of esophageal squamous by regulating the alternative splicing of FGFR2. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 855:158918. [PMID: 36169023 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Concerns are raised over the risk to digestive system's tumors from the N-nitrosamines (NAs) exposure in drinking water. Albeit considerable studies are conducted to explore the underlying mechanism responsible for NAs-induced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), the exact molecular mechanisms remain largely unknown, especially at the epigenetic regulation level. In this study, it is revealed that the urinary concentration of N-Nitrosodiethylamine is higher in high incidence area of ESCC, and the lncRNA-UCA1(UCA1) is significantly decreased in ESCC tissues. In vitro and in vivo experiments further show that UCA1 is involved in the malignant transformation of Het-1A cells and precancerous lesions of the rat esophagus induced by N-nitrosomethylbenzylamine (NMBzA). Functional gain and loss experiments verify UCA1 can affect the proliferation, migration, and invasion of ESCC cells in vitro and in vivo. Mechanically, through binding to heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein F (hnRNP F) protein, UCA1 regulates alternative splicing of fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2), which promotes the FGFR2IIIb isoform switching to FGFR2 IIIc isoform, and the latter activates epithelial-mesenchymal transition via PI3K-AKT signaling pathways impacting tumorigenesis. Therefore, NAs-mediated downregulation of UCA1 promotes ESCC progression through targeting hnRNP F/FGFR2/PI3k-AKT axis, which provides a new chemical carcinogenic target and establishes a previously unknown mechanism for NAs-induced ESCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xianghu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mingjun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhikui Gao
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lihong Yin
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuepu Pu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yong Zhu
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Xiaobin Wang
- Laboratory Animal Center, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ran Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Nenadov DS, Pogrmic-Majkic K, Tesic B, Kokai D, Fa Nedeljkovic S, Stanic B, Andric N. Impact of In Vitro Long-Term Low-Level DEHP Exposure on Gene Expression Profile in Human Granulosa Cells. Cells 2022; 11:cells11152304. [PMID: 35892601 PMCID: PMC9332775 DOI: 10.3390/cells11152304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we applied a model of long-term exposure of human granulosa cells to low environmentally relevant levels of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP). This approach provides more relevant data regarding the impact of DEHP on the function of human granulosa cells. The immortalized human granulosa cells HGrC1 were exposed to 50 nM and 250 nM DEHP for four weeks. The cells were collected every week to analyze the basal granulosa cells’ functions. A portion of the DEHP-exposed cells was stimulated with forskolin (FOR) for 48 h. Steroidogenesis was investigated using ELISA, whereas DNBQ sequencing and RT-qPCR were used to analyze gene expression. The results show that steroidogenesis was not affected by DEHP exposure. RNAsequencing shows that DEHP caused week- and concentration-specific changes in various genes and functions in HGrC1. Sulfotransferase family 1A member 3 (SULT1A3) and 4 (SULT1A4), which are involved in catecholamine metabolism, were the most prominent genes affected by DEHP under both the basal and FOR-stimulated conditions in all four weeks of exposure. This study showed, for the first time, that SULT1A3 and SULT1A4 are expressed in human granulosa cells, are regulated by FOR, and are affected by low-level DEHP exposure. These data provide new insight into the relationship between DEHP, SULT1A3, and SULT1A4 in human granulosa cells.
Collapse
|
4
|
Alcohol Drinking Pattern and Risk of Head and Neck Cancer: A Nationwide Cohort Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182111204. [PMID: 34769724 PMCID: PMC8582646 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182111204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol consumption is a major risk factor for head and neck cancer (HNC), yet little data exist examining drinking patterns and HNC risk. In this population-based, retrospective cohort study, 11,737,467 subjects were recruited from the Korean National Health Insurance Service database. The risks of overall HNC and HNC subtypes according to average alcohol consumption, drinking frequency, and daily amount were examined using Cox proportional hazard models. Over the median follow-up of 6.4 years, 15,832 HNC cases were identified. HNC risk linearly increased with drinking frequency (p-trend < 0.01; adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 1.55, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.45–1.67 in subjects who drank 7 days/week). HNC risk also increased according to daily amount of alcohol consumption (p-trend < 0.01), but plateaued from 5–7 units/occasion (aHR 1.25, 95% CI 1.19–1.31) to >14 units/occasion (aHR 1.26, 95% CI 1.13–1.40). When stratified by average alcohol consumption, drinking frequency, but not daily amount, showed a linear relationship with HNC risk in moderate and heavy drinkers. When comparing the HNC subtypes, similar tendencies were observed in cancers of the oral cavity, pharynx, and larynx, but not in the salivary gland. In conclusion, drinking frequency is a stronger risk factor for HNC, especially for cancer of the oral cavity, pharynx, and larynx, than the daily amount of alcohol consumption.
Collapse
|
5
|
Sun HN, Ren CX, Gong YX, Xie DP, Kwon T. Regulatory function of peroxiredoxin I on 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone-induced lung cancer development. Oncol Lett 2021; 21:465. [PMID: 33907575 PMCID: PMC8063228 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2021.12726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Smoking is a major cause of lung cancer, and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) is one of the most important carcinogens in cigarette smoke. NNK modulates the expression of peroxiredoxin (Prdx) I in lung cancer. Prdx1 is upregulated in lung squamous cell carcinoma and lung adenocarcinoma, and considered a potential biomarker for lung cancer. The current article reviewed the role and regulatory mechanisms of Prdx1 in NNK-induced lung cancer cells. Prdx1 protects erythrocytes and DNA from NNK-induced oxidative damage, prevents malignant transformation of cells and promotes cytotoxicity of natural killer cells, hence suppressing tumor formation. In addition, Prdx1 has the ability to prevent NNK-induced lung tumor metabolic activity and generation of large amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and ROS-induced apoptosis, thus promoting tumor cell survival. In contrast to this, Prdx1, together with NNK, can promote the epithelial-mesenchymal transition and migration of lung tumor cells. The signaling pathways associated with NNK and Prdx1 in lung cancer cells have been discussed in present review; however, numerous potential pathways are yet to be studied. To develop novel methods for treating NNK-induced lung cancer, and improve the survival rate of patients with lung cancer, further research is needed to understand the complete mechanism associated with NNK.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hu-Nan Sun
- College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang 163319, P.R. China
| | - Chen-Xi Ren
- College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang 163319, P.R. China
| | - Yi-Xi Gong
- College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang 163319, P.R. China
| | - Dan-Ping Xie
- College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang 163319, P.R. China
| | - Taeho Kwon
- Primate Resources Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Jeongeup, Jeonbuk 56216, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Fararjeh AFS, Tu SH, Chen LC, Cheng TC, Liu YR, Chang HL, Chang HW, Huang CC, Wang HCR, Hwang-Verslues WW, Wu CH, Ho YS. Long-term exposure to extremely low-dose of nicotine and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) induce non-malignant breast epithelial cell transformation through activation of the a9-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor-mediated signaling pathway. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2019; 34:73-82. [PMID: 30259641 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is the most common cancer affecting women worldwide and has been associated with active tobacco smoking. Low levels of nicotine (Nic) and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), have been detected in cases of second-hand smoke (SHS). However, the correlation between SHS and BC risk remains controversial. In this study, we investigated whether the physiological SHS achievable dose of Nic and tobacco specific nitrosamine, NNK act together to induce breast carcinogenesis using an in vitro breast cell carcinogenesis model. Immortalized non-tumorigenic breast epithelial cell line, HBL-100 used for a time-course assay, was exposed to very low levels of either Nic or NNK, or both. The time-course assay consisted of 23 cycles of nitrosamines treatment. In each cycle, HBL-100 cells were exposed to 1pM of Nic and/or 100 femtM of NNK for 48 hours. Cells were passaged every 3 days and harvested after 10, 15, and 23 cycles. Our results demonstrated that the tumorigenicity of HBL-100, defined by soft agar colony forming, proliferation, migration and invasion abilities, was enhanced by co-exposure to physiologically SHS achievable doses of Nic and NNK. In addition, α9-nAChR signaling activation, which plays an important role in cellular proliferation and cell survival, was also observed. Importantly, an increase in stemness properties including the prevalence of CD44+/CD24- cells, increase Nanog expression and mammosphere-forming ability were also observed. Our results indicate that chronic and long term exposure to environmental tobacco smoke, may induce breast cell carcinogenesis even at extremely low doses.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Acetylcholine/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/chemically induced
- Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Carcinogens/toxicity
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cell Proliferation/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Epithelial Cells/drug effects
- Epithelial Cells/physiology
- Female
- Humans
- Mammary Glands, Human/drug effects
- Mammary Glands, Human/pathology
- Mammary Glands, Human/physiology
- Nicotine/toxicity
- Nitrosamines/toxicity
- Receptors, Nicotinic/genetics
- Receptors, Nicotinic/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Time Factors
- Toxicity Tests, Chronic
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdul-Fattah Salah Fararjeh
- PhD Program for Cancer Molecular Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hsin Tu
- Breast Medical Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Taipei Cancer Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Ching Chen
- Breast Medical Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Taipei Cancer Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- TMU Research Center of cancer Translational Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Chun Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Ru Liu
- TMU Research Center of cancer Translational Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Joint Biobank, Office of Human Research, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hang-Lung Chang
- Department of General Surgery, En Chun Kong Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Wen Chang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Cheng Huang
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- Department of Surgery, Fu-Jen Catholic University Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Hwa-Chain Robert Wang
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | | | - Chih-Hsiung Wu
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of General Surgery, En Chun Kong Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Soon Ho
- TMU Research Center of cancer Translational Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Liang Z, Wu R, Xie W, Zhu M, Xie C, Li X, Zhu J, Zhu W, Wu J, Geng S, Xu W, Zhong C, Han H. Curcumin reverses tobacco smoke‑induced epithelial‑mesenchymal transition by suppressing the MAPK pathway in the lungs of mice. Mol Med Rep 2018; 17:2019-2025. [PMID: 29138815 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.8028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Tobacco smoke is a major risk factor for lung cancer. Epithelial‑mesenchymal transition (EMT) is decisive in cancer invasion and metastasis, and therefore promotes cancer progression. Mitogen‑activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways are implicated in various aspects of cancer development and progression, including the EMT process. The chemopreventive effect of curcumin on carcinogenesis has been reported in vivo and in vitro. The present study investigated tobacco smoke‑induced alterations in the MAPK/activator protein‑1 (AP‑1) pathways, and pulmonary EMT changes in the lungs of mice, and further observed the chemopreventive effect of curcumin. The protein expression levels analyzed by western blot analysis demonstrated that 12 weeks of tobacco smoke exposure activated extracellular‑signal‑regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2, c‑Jun N‑terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 MAPK pathways, in addition to AP‑1, in the lungs of mice, while reducing the activation of ERK5/MAPK pathways. The results also indicated that the mRNA and protein levels of the epithelial markers E‑cadherin and zona occludens‑1 were reduced following tobacco smoke exposure. Conversely, the expression levels of mRNA and protein for the mesenchymal markers vimentin and N‑cadherin were increased. Curcumin treatment inhibited tobacco smoke‑induced MAPK/AP‑1 activation, including ERK1/2, JNK and p38 MAPK pathways, and AP‑1 proteins, and reversed EMT alterations in lung tissue. The results of the present study provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms of tobacco smoke‑associated lung cancer and may open up new avenues in the search for potential therapeutic targets in lung tumorigenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaofeng Liang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China
| | - Rui Wu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, P.R. China
| | - Wei Xie
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, P.R. China
| | - Mingming Zhu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, P.R. China
| | - Chunfeng Xie
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoting Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, P.R. China
| | - Jianyun Zhu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, P.R. China
| | - Weiwei Zhu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, P.R. China
| | - Jieshu Wu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, P.R. China
| | - Shanshan Geng
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, P.R. China
| | - Wenrong Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China
| | - Caiyun Zhong
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, P.R. China
| | - Hongyu Han
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat‑sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wang H, Word B, Lyn-Cook L, Yang M, Hammons G, Lyn-Cook B. Cytotoxicity of chronic exposure to 4 cigarette smoke condensates in 2 cell lines. Int J Toxicol 2015; 34:182-94. [PMID: 25800266 DOI: 10.1177/1091581815574349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco use is the leading preventable cause of death. The cytotoxicity of cigarette smoke condensate (CSC), the particulate fraction of cigarette smoke without the vapor phase, has mostly been tested in short-term in vitro studies lasting from a few hours to a few days. Here, we assessed the toxicity of CSCs from 2 reference cigarettes, 3R4F and CM6, using a primary human small airway epithelial (PSAE) cell line by quantifying adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP), 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxy-methoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium (MTS), total glutathione (reduced glutathione [GSH] + oxidized glutathione [GSSG]), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release over the course of 28 days. The CSCs, 0.3 to 10 μg/mL, promoted cell proliferation at 120 hours of exposure, but demonstrated cytotoxicity at days 14 and 28. Interestingly, CSCs, 0.3 to 3 μg/mL, showed a cell death effect at day 14 but induced cell proliferation at day 28. Consistently, transformation associated with morphological changes began by day 14 and the transformed cells grew dramatically at day 28. The LDH assay appeared to be sensitive for assessing early cell damage, whereas the ATP, MTS, and GSH assays were more suitable for determining later stage CSCs-induced cytotoxicity. The ATP assay showed greater sensitivity than the MTS and GSH assays. We also assessed the toxicity of CSCs in an human Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase (hTERT)-immortalized Barrett esophagus cell line (CP-C). The CP-C cells demonstrated dose- and time-dependent cytotoxicity over the course of 28 days but displayed higher resistance to CSCs than PSAE cells. This study demonstrates that CSCs cause cytotoxicity and induce transformation related to cell resistance and cell invasion properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Honggang Wang
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, FDA/National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR, USA
| | - Beverly Word
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, FDA/National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR, USA
| | - Lascelles Lyn-Cook
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, FDA/National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR, USA
| | - Maocheng Yang
- Office of Science, FDA/Center for Tobacco Products, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - George Hammons
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, FDA/National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR, USA
| | - Beverly Lyn-Cook
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, FDA/National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhang N, Sun X, Sun M, Zhu S, Wang L, Ma D, Wang Y, Zhang S, Li P. 4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone promotes esophageal squamous cell carcinoma growth via beta-adrenoceptors in vitro and in vivo. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118845. [PMID: 25742648 PMCID: PMC4351054 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoke is a risk factor for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). It contains several carcinogens known to initiate and promote tumorigenesis as well as metastasis. The nitrosamine 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) is one of the strongest carcinogens in tobacco and our previous studies have shown its proliferation-promoting role in the progression of ESCC. Recently, NNK was identified as an agonist for both beta1- and beta2-adrenoceptors. Thus, we hypothesized that the cancer-promoting effect of NNK was likely mediated through beta-adrenoceptors in ESCC. Therefore, we investigated the comprehensive role of NNK in ESCC in vitro and in vivo, and found that NNK promoted many oncogenic features including ESCC cell proliferation and xenograft tumor growth as well as ESCC cell migration and invasion. Western blotting showed that NNK induced significant up-regulation of phosphorylated ERK1/2, cyclin D1, Bcl-2, and vascular endothelial growth factor as well as down-regulation of Bax. Importantly, the oncogenic effects of NNK in ESCC and the altered protein expression were reversed to some extent by down-regulation of beta1- and beta2-adrenoceptors with the beta2-adrenoceptor showing a greater rescue effect. Taken together, our in vitro and in vivo results demonstrate that NNK plays an oncogenic role in ESCC through beta-adrenoceptors. Furthermore, beta2-adrenoceptor might play a more important role in this process. Our findings might provide a chemoprevention and therapy strategy for cigarette smoke-related ESCC carcinogenesis.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adrenergic beta-Antagonists/pharmacology
- Carcinogens/toxicity
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/chemically induced
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/physiopathology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Esophageal Neoplasms/chemically induced
- Esophageal Neoplasms/physiopathology
- Humans
- In Vitro Techniques
- Nitrosamines/toxicity
- RNA Interference
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta/drug effects
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta/genetics
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta/physiology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nana Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiujing Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Mingjiong Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shengtao Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Ma
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yongjun Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shutian Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (SZ); (PL)
| | - Peng Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (SZ); (PL)
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Shen Y, Zhang S, Huang X, Chen K, Shen J, Wang Z. Involvement of p53 mutation and mismatch repair proteins dysregulation in NNK-induced malignant transformation of human bronchial epithelial cells. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:920275. [PMID: 25215298 PMCID: PMC4151862 DOI: 10.1155/2014/920275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Genome integrity is essential for normal cellular functions and cell survival. Its instability can cause genetic aberrations and is considered as a hallmark of most cancers. To investigate the carcinogenesis process induced by tobacco-specific carcinogen NNK, we studied the dynamic changes of two important protectors of genome integrity, p53 and MMR system, in malignant transformation of human bronchial epithelial cells after NNK exposure. Our results showed that the expression of MLH1, one of the important MMR proteins, was decreased early and maintained the downregulation during the transformation in a histone modification involved and DNA methylation-independent manner. Another MMR protein PMS2 also displayed a declined expression while being in a later stage of transformation. Moreover, we conducted p53 mutation analysis and revealed a mutation at codon 273 which led to the replacement of arginine by histidine. With the mutation, DNA damage-induced activation of p53 was significantly impaired. We further reintroduced the wild-type p53 into the transformed cells, and the malignant proliferation can be abrogated by inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. These findings indicate that p53 and MMR system play an important role in the initiation and progression of NNK-induced transformation, and p53 could be a potential therapeutic target for tobacco-related cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Shen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Medical College, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Shuilian Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiaobin Huang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Kailin Chen
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jing Shen
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhengyang Wang
- Department of Pulmonology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Hangzhou 310016, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Constitutive androstane receptor ligands modulate the anti-tumor efficacy of paclitaxel in non-small cell lung cancer cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99484. [PMID: 24959746 PMCID: PMC4069004 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lung tumors are the leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide and paclitaxel has proven to be useful for patients with lung cancer, however, acquired resistance is a major problem. To overcome this problem, one promising option is the use of Constitutive Androstane Receptor (CAR) ligands in combination with chemotherapeutics against cancer cells. Therefore, we wish to elucidate the effects of CAR ligands on the antineoplastic efficacy of paclitaxel in lung cancer cells. Methodology/Principal Findings Our results from cell viability assays exposing CAR agonist or inverse-agonist to mouse and human lung cancer cells modulated the antineoplastic effect of paclitaxel. The CAR agonists increased the effect of Paclitaxel in 6 of 7 lung cancer cell lines, whereas the inverse-agonist had no effect on paclitaxel cytotoxicity. Interestingly, the mCAR agonist TCPOBOP enhanced the expression of two tumor suppressor genes, namely WT1 and MGMT, which were additively enhanced in cells treated with CAR agonist in combination with paclitaxel. Also, in silico analysis showed that both paclitaxel and CAR agonist TCPOBOP docked into the mCAR structure but not the inverse agonist androstenol. Paclitaxel per se increases the expression of CAR in cancer cells. At last, we analyzed the expression of CAR in two public independent studies from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) of Non Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC). CAR is expressed in variable levels in NSCLC samples and no association with overall survival was noted. Conclusions/Significance Taken together, our results demonstrated that CAR agonists modulate the antineoplastic efficacy of paclitaxel in mouse and human cancer cell lines. This effect was probably related by the enhanced expression of two tumor suppressor genes, viz. WT1 and MGMT. Most of NSCLC cases present CAR gene expression turning it possible to speculate the use of CAR modulation by ligands along with Paclitaxel in NSCLC therapy.
Collapse
|