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Liu Z, Chen L, Zhang J, Yang J, Xiao X, Shan L, Mao W. Recent discovery and development of AXL inhibitors as antitumor agents. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 272:116475. [PMID: 38714043 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024]
Abstract
AXL, a receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK), plays a pivotal role in various cellular functions. It is primarily involved in processes such as epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in tumor cells, angiogenesis, apoptosis, immune regulation, and chemotherapy resistance mechanisms. Therefore, targeting AXL is a promising therapeutic approach for the treatment of cancer. AXL inhibitors that have entered clinical trials, such as BGB324(1), have shown promising efficacy in the treatment of melanoma and non-small cell lung cancer. Additionally, novel AXL-targeted drugs, such as AXL degraders, offer a potential solution to overcome the limitations of traditional small-molecule AXL inhibitors targeting single pathways. We provide an overview of the structure and biological functions of AXL, discusses its correlation with various cancers, and critically analyzes the structure-activity relationship of AXL small-molecule inhibitors in cellular contexts. Additionally, we summarize multiple research and development strategies, offering insights for the future development of innovative AXL inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihang Liu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province & Precision Medicine Center, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, Laboratory of Neuro-system and Multimorbidity, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China; School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, Sichuan, China
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province & Precision Medicine Center, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, Laboratory of Neuro-system and Multimorbidity, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China; Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan, China
| | - Jifa Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province & Precision Medicine Center, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, Laboratory of Neuro-system and Multimorbidity, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province & Precision Medicine Center, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, Laboratory of Neuro-system and Multimorbidity, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Xue Xiao
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
| | - Lianhai Shan
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, Sichuan, China.
| | - Wuyu Mao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province & Precision Medicine Center, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, Laboratory of Neuro-system and Multimorbidity, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
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Mo S, Zhao Z, Ye Z, Huang Z, Zhang Y, Yang W, Wang J, Hu Z, Zhang Y. New secondary metabolites with cytotoxicity from fungus Penicillium roqueforti. NATURAL PRODUCTS AND BIOPROSPECTING 2023; 13:17. [PMID: 37261606 DOI: 10.1007/s13659-023-00381-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Two novel compounds including a cyclohelminthol type polyketide (namely oxaleimide K, 1) and a maleimide derivative (namely peniroquefortine A, 2), and a new natural product (namely 2-(acetylamino)-N-[(1E)-2-phenylethenyl]-acetamide, 3), together with four known compounds (4-7), were isolated and identified from fungus Penicillium roqueforti, which was separated from the root soil of Hypericum beanii N. Robson collected from the Shennongjia Forestry District, Hubei Province. Their structures including absolute configurations were mainly established by the NMR spectroscopy analyses and single-crystal X-ray diffraction experiment. Compound 1 represents the second example of a cyclohelminthol type polyketide, which features a rare 6/6/5/5 tetracyclic system and a branched aliphatic chain containing a terminal olefin (oct-1-en-3-yl) moiety, and compound 2 possesses an unprecedented carbon skeleton that is uniquely defined by a maleimide moiety linked to the respective 4-methylene-2-(3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl)-phenol and para-substituted aromatic moieties via the carbon-carbon bonds. Remarkably, the absolute configuration of a cyclohelminthol type polyketide as exemplified by compound 1 is determined by the single-crystal diffraction analysis for the first time, highlighting an E-configuration for the linkage of a succinimide moiety and a tetrahydrofuran moiety for 1 rather than a Z-configuration as previously reported in the biosynthesis study, which gives a new insight into the structural elucidation of this category of polyketides. Additionally, compound 1 exhibited significant cytotoxic activity against multiple tumor cells, especially against the Farage and SU-DHL-2 cells (IC50 < 20 µM, 48 h). Further mechanism study revealed that compound 1 significantly induced cell cycle arrest in Farage and SU-DHL-2 cells by causing abnormal ROS level and triggering oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyuan Mo
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Ziming Zhao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Zi Ye
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Zhihong Huang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yaxin Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Wanqi Yang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Jianping Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| | - Zhengxi Hu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| | - Yonghui Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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Zhan Z, Ji Y, Su H, Fang C, Peng X, Liu Q, Dai Y, Lin D, Xu Y, Ai J, Duan W. Discovery of 10 H-Benzo[ b]pyrido[2,3- e][1,4]oxazine AXL Inhibitors via Structure-Based Drug Design Targeting c-Met Kinase. J Med Chem 2023; 66:220-234. [PMID: 36524812 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinase AXL exerts pivotal roles in cancer cell survival, metastasis, and drug resistance. Pharmacologic or genetic targeting of the aberrant AXL signaling has proven preferable antitumor efficacies in both preclinical and clinical studies, which highlights AXL as an attractive antitumor drug target. By conformational restriction of the anilinopyrimidine 10e and systematic structure-activity relationship (SAR) exploration, we discovered 10H-benzo[b]pyrido[2,3-e][1,4]oxazine 16j as a potent and orally bioavailable AXL inhibitor. As a type II AXL inhibitor, compound 16j displayed about 15-fold selectivity for AXL over its highly homologous kinase c-Met. And it significantly blocked cellular AXL signaling, inhibited AXL-mediated cell proliferation, and impaired growth arrest-specific protein 6 (Gas6)/AXL-stimulated cell migration and invasion. Moreover, 16j exhibited significant antitumor efficacy in AXL-driven xenograft model at a well-tolerant dosage, causing tumor stasis or regression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengsheng Zhan
- Small-Molecule Drug Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Yinchun Ji
- Division of Antitumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Haixia Su
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research and Drug Discovery and Design Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Chen Fang
- Small-Molecule Drug Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China.,School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Xia Peng
- Division of Antitumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Qiufeng Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research and Drug Discovery and Design Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Yang Dai
- Division of Antitumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Dongze Lin
- Division of Antitumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Yechun Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research and Drug Discovery and Design Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China.,School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, P. R. China
| | - Jing Ai
- Division of Antitumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China.,Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study (UCAS), Hangzhou 310024, P. R. China
| | - Wenhu Duan
- Small-Molecule Drug Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China.,School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
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Liu J, Liu Z, Yan W, Yang H, Fang S, Deng S, Wen Y, Shen P, Li Y, Hou R, Liu X, Huang T, Li R, Zheng D, Liu Z, Fang W. ENKUR recruits FBXW7 to ubiquitinate and degrade MYH9 and further suppress MYH9‐induced deubiquitination of β‐catenin to block gastric cancer metastasis. MedComm (Beijing) 2022; 3:e185. [DOI: 10.1002/mco2.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jiahao Liu
- Cancer Center, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Southern Medical University Guangzhou P. R. China
| | - Zhan Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology Hunan People's Hospital Changsha P.R. China
| | - Weiwei Yan
- Cancer Center, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Southern Medical University Guangzhou P. R. China
| | - Huiling Yang
- School of Pharmacy Guangdong Medical University Dongguan P.R. China
| | - Shiyi Fang
- Cancer Center, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Southern Medical University Guangzhou P. R. China
- School of Public Health University of South China Hengyang P. R. China
| | - Shuting Deng
- Cancer Center, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Southern Medical University Guangzhou P. R. China
| | - Yinghao Wen
- Cancer Center, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Southern Medical University Guangzhou P. R. China
| | - Peng Shen
- Oncology Department Nanfang Hospital Southern Medical University Guangzhou P.R. China
| | - Yonghao Li
- Cancer Center, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Southern Medical University Guangzhou P. R. China
| | - Rentao Hou
- Cancer Center, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Southern Medical University Guangzhou P. R. China
| | - Xiong Liu
- Oncology Department Nanfang Hospital Southern Medical University Guangzhou P.R. China
| | - Tao Huang
- Cancer Center, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Southern Medical University Guangzhou P. R. China
| | - Rong Li
- Cancer Center, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Southern Medical University Guangzhou P. R. China
| | - Dayong Zheng
- Cancer Center, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Southern Medical University Guangzhou P. R. China
| | - Zhen Liu
- Cancer Center, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Southern Medical University Guangzhou P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation Basic School of Guangzhou Medical University Guangzhou P. R. China
| | - Weiyi Fang
- Cancer Center, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Southern Medical University Guangzhou P. R. China
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Wu L, Bao F, Li L, Yin X, Hua Z. Bacterially mediated drug delivery and therapeutics: Strategies and advancements. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 187:114363. [PMID: 35649449 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
It was already clinically apparent 150 years ago that bacterial therapy could alleviate diseases. Recently, a burgeoning number of researchers have been using bacterial regimens filled with microbial therapeutic leads to diagnose and treat a wide range of disorders and diseases, including cancers, inflammatory diseases, metabolic disorders and viral infections. Some bacteria that were designed to have low toxicity and high efficiency in drug delivery have been used to treat diseases successfully, especially in tumor therapy in animal models or clinical trials, thanks to the progress of genetic engineering and synthetic bioengineering. Therefore, genetically engineered bacteria can serve as efficient drug delivery vehicles, carrying nucleic acids or genetic circuits that encode and regulate therapeutic payloads. In this review, we summarize the development and applications of this approach. Strategies for genetically modifying strains are described in detail, along with their objectives. We also describe some controlled strategies for drug delivery and release using these modified strains as carriers. Furthermore, we discuss treatment methods for various types of diseases using engineered bacteria. Tumors are discussed as the most representative example, and other diseases are also briefly described. Finally, we discuss the challenges and prospects of drug delivery systems based on these bacteria.
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Zhu C, Shi H, Wu M, Wei X. A dual MET/AXL small-molecule inhibitor exerts efficacy against gastric carcinoma through killing cancer cells as well as modulating tumor microenvironment. MedComm (Beijing) 2020; 1:103-118. [PMID: 34766112 PMCID: PMC8489669 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The receptor tyrosine kinases MET and AXL have been implicated in tumorigenesis and aggressiveness of multiple malignancies. We performed this study to evaluate the antitumor impact of LY2801653, a dual MET and AXL inhibitor on gastric cancer and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. In the present study, tissue microarrays containing gastric cancer tissues were stained with MET and AXL antibodies, which showed the prognostic values of MET and AXL. Administration of LY2801653 inhibited cell proliferation, migration, epithelial‐mesenchymal transition, induced apoptosis, and cell cycle arrest. Xenograft mouse models showed suppressed cell proliferation of tumors in high MET and AXL expression cells. LY2801653 also inhibited the growth of MET and AXL‐independent cells at higher but clinically relevant doses through decreased angiogenesis and M2 macrophages in the tumor microenvironment. In conclusion, our study provides evidence for MET and AXL as prognostic biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets in gastric cancer. The dual MET/AXL inhibitor LY2801653 represents a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of patients with gastric carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenjing Zhu
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics West China Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan China.,Department of Radiation Oncology Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research & The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University Nanjing Jiangsu China
| | - Huashan Shi
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics West China Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan China
| | - Min Wu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences School of Medicine and Health Sciences University of North Dakota Grand Forks North Dakota USA
| | - Xiawei Wei
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics West China Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan China
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