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Sabnis RW. Novel KRAS Inhibitors for Treating Non-small Cell Lung Cancer. ACS Med Chem Lett 2024; 15:1201-1202. [PMID: 39140050 PMCID: PMC11317998 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.4c00342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Provided herein are novel KRAS inhibitors, pharmaceutical compositions, use of such compounds in treating non-small cell lung cancer, and processes for preparing such compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram W. Sabnis
- Smith, Gambrell & Russell LLP, 1105 W. Peachtree Street NE, Suite
1000, Atlanta, Georgia 30309, United States
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2
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Parise A, Cresca S, Magistrato A. Molecular dynamics simulations for the structure-based drug design: targeting small-GTPases proteins. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2024:1-21. [PMID: 39105536 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2024.2387856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations can support mechanism-based drug design. Indeed, MD simulations by capturing biomolecule motions at finite temperatures can reveal hidden binding sites, accurately predict drug-binding poses, and estimate the thermodynamics and kinetics, crucial information for drug discovery campaigns. Small-Guanosine Triphosphate Phosphohydrolases (GTPases) regulate a cascade of signaling events, that affect most cellular processes. Their deregulation is linked to several diseases, making them appealing drug targets. The broad roles of small-GTPases in cellular processes and the recent approval of a covalent KRas inhibitor as an anticancer agent renewed the interest in targeting small-GTPase with small molecules. AREA COVERED This review emphasizes the role of MD simulations in elucidating small-GTPase mechanisms, assessing the impact of cancer-related variants, and discovering novel inhibitors. EXPERT OPINION The application of MD simulations to small-GTPases exemplifies the role of MD simulations in the structure-based drug design process for challenging biomolecular targets. Furthermore, AI and machine learning-enhanced MD simulations, coupled with the upcoming power of quantum computing, are promising instruments to target elusive small-GTPases mutations and splice variants. This powerful synergy will aid in developing innovative therapeutic strategies associated to small-GTPases deregulation, which could potentially be used for personalized therapies and in a tissue-agnostic manner to treat tumors with mutations in small-GTPases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Parise
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) - Istituto Officina dei Materiali (IOM), c/o International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), Trieste, Italy
| | - Sofia Cresca
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) - Istituto Officina dei Materiali (IOM), c/o International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), Trieste, Italy
| | - Alessandra Magistrato
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) - Istituto Officina dei Materiali (IOM), c/o International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), Trieste, Italy
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Kage M, Hayashi R, Matsuo A, Tamiya M, Kuramoto S, Ohara K, Irie M, Chiyoda A, Takano K, Ito T, Kotake T, Takeyama R, Ishikawa S, Nomura K, Furuichi N, Morita Y, Hashimoto S, Kawada H, Nishimura Y, Nii K, Sase H, Ohta A, Kojima T, Iikura H, Tanada M, Shiraishi T. Structure-activity relationships of middle-size cyclic peptides, KRAS inhibitors derived from an mRNA display. Bioorg Med Chem 2024; 110:117830. [PMID: 38981216 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2024.117830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2024] [Revised: 06/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Cyclic peptides are attracting attention as therapeutic agents due to their potential for oral absorption and easy access to tough intracellular targets. LUNA18, a clinical KRAS inhibitor, was transformed-without scaffold hopping-from the initial hit by using an mRNA display library that met our criteria for drug-likeness. In drug discovery using mRNA display libraries, hit compounds always possess a site linked to an mRNA tag. Here, we describe our examination of the Structure-Activity Relationship (SAR) using X-ray structures for chemical optimization near the site linked to the mRNA tag, equivalent to the C-terminus. Structural modifications near the C-terminus demonstrated a relatively wide range of tolerance for side chains. Furthermore, we show that a single atom modification is enough to change the pharmacokinetic (PK) profile. Since there are four positions where side chain modification is permissible in terms of activity, it is possible to flexibly adjust the pharmacokinetic profile by structurally optimizing the side chain. The side chain transformation findings demonstrated here may be generally applicable to hits obtained from mRNA display libraries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirai Kage
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 216, Totsuka-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 244-8602, Japan
| | - Ryuji Hayashi
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 216, Totsuka-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 244-8602, Japan.
| | - Atsushi Matsuo
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 216, Totsuka-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 244-8602, Japan
| | - Minoru Tamiya
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 216, Totsuka-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 244-8602, Japan
| | - Shino Kuramoto
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 216, Totsuka-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 244-8602, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Ohara
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 216, Totsuka-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 244-8602, Japan
| | - Machiko Irie
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 216, Totsuka-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 244-8602, Japan
| | - Aya Chiyoda
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 216, Totsuka-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 244-8602, Japan
| | - Koji Takano
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 216, Totsuka-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 244-8602, Japan
| | - Toshiya Ito
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 216, Totsuka-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 244-8602, Japan
| | - Tomoya Kotake
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 216, Totsuka-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 244-8602, Japan
| | - Ryuuichi Takeyama
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 216, Totsuka-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 244-8602, Japan
| | - Shiho Ishikawa
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 216, Totsuka-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 244-8602, Japan
| | - Kenichi Nomura
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 216, Totsuka-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 244-8602, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Furuichi
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 216, Totsuka-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 244-8602, Japan
| | - Yuya Morita
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 216, Totsuka-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 244-8602, Japan
| | - Satoshi Hashimoto
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 216, Totsuka-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 244-8602, Japan
| | - Hatsuo Kawada
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 216, Totsuka-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 244-8602, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Nishimura
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 216, Totsuka-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 244-8602, Japan
| | - Keiji Nii
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 216, Totsuka-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 244-8602, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Sase
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 216, Totsuka-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 244-8602, Japan
| | - Atsushi Ohta
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 216, Totsuka-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 244-8602, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Kojima
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 216, Totsuka-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 244-8602, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Iikura
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 216, Totsuka-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 244-8602, Japan
| | - Mikimasa Tanada
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 216, Totsuka-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 244-8602, Japan.
| | - Takuya Shiraishi
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 216, Totsuka-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 244-8602, Japan.
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Musaelyan AA, Anokhina EM, Turdubaeva AI, Mitiushkina NV, Ershova AN, Shestakova AD, Venina AR, Imyanitov EN, Orlov SV. Response to trametinib, hydroxychloroquine, and bevacizumab in a young woman with NRAS-mutated metastatic intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: a case report. EXPLORATION OF TARGETED ANTI-TUMOR THERAPY 2024; 5:780-788. [PMID: 38966164 PMCID: PMC11220291 DOI: 10.37349/etat.2024.00246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Systemic chemotherapy is the main treatment option for patients with advanced intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA), however, its efficacy is limited. Herein, we report a young patient with NRAS-mutated chemoresistant metastatic iCCA, who received second-line therapy with a combination of trametinib (MEK1/2 inhibitor), hydroxychloroquine (autophagy inhibitor), and bevacizumab (angiogenesis inhibitor). A significant response was achieved during therapy, resulting in a 25% decrease in the size of tumor lesions after 2 months of treatment and an improvement in the patient's condition. The duration of this response was 4 months, but the patient died 10 months after the initiation of this triple therapy. This case report and the analysis of other available studies warrant further investigations on combined MEK and autophagy inhibition in RAS-mutated tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aram A. Musaelyan
- Department of clinical oncology, Pavlov First Saint Petersburg State Medical University, 197022 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Ekaterina M. Anokhina
- Department of Antitumor Drug Therapy, St. Luke Clinical Hospital, 194044 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alina I. Turdubaeva
- Department of Antitumor Drug Therapy, St. Luke Clinical Hospital, 194044 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Natalia V. Mitiushkina
- Department of Tumor Growth Biology, N.N. Petrov National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Ministry of Public Health of the Russian Federation, 197758 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anastasia N. Ershova
- Department of Tumor Growth Biology, N.N. Petrov National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Ministry of Public Health of the Russian Federation, 197758 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anna D. Shestakova
- Department of Tumor Growth Biology, N.N. Petrov National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Ministry of Public Health of the Russian Federation, 197758 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Aigul R. Venina
- Department of Tumor Growth Biology, N.N. Petrov National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Ministry of Public Health of the Russian Federation, 197758 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Evgeny N. Imyanitov
- Department of Tumor Growth Biology, N.N. Petrov National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Ministry of Public Health of the Russian Federation, 197758 Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Department of Medical Genetics, St.-Petersburg Pediatric Medical University, 194100 Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Department of Medical Primatology, National Research Center “Kurchatov Institute”, 354376 Sochi, Russia
| | - Sergey V. Orlov
- Department of clinical oncology, Pavlov First Saint Petersburg State Medical University, 197022 Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Department of Medical Primatology, National Research Center “Kurchatov Institute”, 354376 Sochi, Russia
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Sabnis RW. Imidazopyridine Compounds as ERK5 Inhibitors for Treating Cancer. ACS Med Chem Lett 2024; 15:777-778. [PMID: 38894904 PMCID: PMC11181494 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.4c00228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Provided herein are novel imidazopyridine compounds as ERK5 inhibitors, pharmaceutical compositions, use of such compounds in treating cancer, and processes for preparing such compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram W. Sabnis
- Smith Gambrell & Russell
LLP, 1105 W. Peachtree Street NE, Suite 1000, Atlanta, Georgia 30309, United States
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6
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Sabnis RW. Novel KRAS Inhibitors for Treating Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer. ACS Med Chem Lett 2024; 15:773-774. [PMID: 38894899 PMCID: PMC11181506 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.4c00217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Provided herein are novel KRAS inhibitors, pharmaceutical compositions, use of such compounds in treating non-small-cell lung cancer, and processes for preparing such compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram W. Sabnis
- Smith, Gambrell & Russell LLP, 1105 W. Peachtree Street NE, Suite
1000, Atlanta, Georgia 30309, United States
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7
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Wang L, Liu WQ, Broussy S, Han B, Fang H. Recent advances of anti-angiogenic inhibitors targeting VEGF/VEGFR axis. Front Pharmacol 2024; 14:1307860. [PMID: 38239196 PMCID: PMC10794590 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1307860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGF), Vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (VEGFR) and their downstream signaling pathways are promising targets in anti-angiogenic therapy. They constitute a crucial system to regulate physiological and pathological angiogenesis. In the last 20 years, many anti-angiogenic drugs have been developed based on VEGF/VEGFR system to treat diverse cancers and retinopathies, and new drugs with improved properties continue to emerge at a fast rate. They consist of different molecular structures and characteristics, which enable them to inhibit the interaction of VEGF/VEGFR, to inhibit the activity of VEGFR tyrosine kinase (TK), or to inhibit VEGFR downstream signaling. In this paper, we reviewed the development of marketed anti-angiogenic drugs involved in the VEGF/VEGFR axis, as well as some important drug candidates in clinical trials. We discuss their mode of action, their clinical benefits, and the current challenges that will need to be addressed by the next-generation of anti-angiogenic drugs. We focus on the molecular structures and characteristics of each drug, including those approved only in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Department of Oncology, Zhejiang Xiaoshan Hospital, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wang-Qing Liu
- CiTCoM, CNRS, INSERM, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | | | - Bingnan Han
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hongming Fang
- Department of Oncology, Zhejiang Xiaoshan Hospital, Hangzhou, China
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8
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Zha J, He J, Wu C, Zhang M, Liu X, Zhang J. Designing drugs and chemical probes with the dualsteric approach. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:8651-8677. [PMID: 37990599 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00650f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Traditionally, drugs are monovalent, targeting only one site on the protein surface. This includes orthosteric and allosteric drugs, which bind the protein at orthosteric and allosteric sites, respectively. Orthosteric drugs are good in potency, whereas allosteric drugs have better selectivity and are solutions to classically undruggable targets. However, it would be difficult to simultaneously reach high potency and selectivity when targeting only one site. Also, both kinds of monovalent drugs suffer from mutation-caused drug resistance. To overcome these obstacles, dualsteric modulators have been proposed in the past twenty years. Compared to orthosteric or allosteric drugs, dualsteric modulators are bivalent (or bitopic) with two pharmacophores. Each of the two pharmacophores bind the protein at the orthosteric and an allosteric site, which could bring the modulator with special properties beyond monovalent drugs. In this study, we comprehensively review the current development of dualsteric modulators. Our main effort reason and illustrate the aims to apply the dualsteric approach, including a "double win" of potency and selectivity, overcoming mutation-caused drug resistance, developments of function-biased modulators, and design of partial agonists. Moreover, the strengths of the dualsteric technique also led to its application outside pharmacy, including the design of highly sensitive fluorescent tracers and usage as molecular rulers. Besides, we also introduced drug targets, designing strategies, and validation methods of dualsteric modulators. Finally, we detail the conclusions and perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyin Zha
- College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jixiao He
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chengwei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingyang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinyi Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Medicinal Chemistry and Bioinformatics Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Martin-Vega A, Cobb MH. Navigating the ERK1/2 MAPK Cascade. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1555. [PMID: 37892237 PMCID: PMC10605237 DOI: 10.3390/biom13101555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The RAS-ERK pathway is a fundamental signaling cascade crucial for many biological processes including proliferation, cell cycle control, growth, and survival; common across all cell types. Notably, ERK1/2 are implicated in specific processes in a context-dependent manner as in stem cells and pancreatic β-cells. Alterations in the different components of this cascade result in dysregulation of the effector kinases ERK1/2 which communicate with hundreds of substrates. Aberrant activation of the pathway contributes to a range of disorders, including cancer. This review provides an overview of the structure, activation, regulation, and mutational frequency of the different tiers of the cascade; with a particular focus on ERK1/2. We highlight the importance of scaffold proteins that contribute to kinase localization and coordinate interaction dynamics of the kinases with substrates, activators, and inhibitors. Additionally, we explore innovative therapeutic approaches emphasizing promising avenues in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Martin-Vega
- Department of Pharmacology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 6001 Forest Park Rd., Dallas, TX 75390, USA;
| | - Melanie H. Cobb
- Department of Pharmacology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 6001 Forest Park Rd., Dallas, TX 75390, USA;
- Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 6001 Forest Park Rd., Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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Ottaiano A, Ianniello M, Santorsola M, Ruggiero R, Sirica R, Sabbatino F, Perri F, Cascella M, Di Marzo M, Berretta M, Caraglia M, Nasti G, Savarese G. From Chaos to Opportunity: Decoding Cancer Heterogeneity for Enhanced Treatment Strategies. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1183. [PMID: 37759584 PMCID: PMC10525472 DOI: 10.3390/biology12091183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Cancer manifests as a multifaceted disease, characterized by aberrant cellular proliferation, survival, migration, and invasion. Tumors exhibit variances across diverse dimensions, encompassing genetic, epigenetic, and transcriptional realms. This heterogeneity poses significant challenges in prognosis and treatment, affording tumors advantages through an increased propensity to accumulate mutations linked to immune system evasion and drug resistance. In this review, we offer insights into tumor heterogeneity as a crucial characteristic of cancer, exploring the difficulties associated with measuring and quantifying such heterogeneity from clinical and biological perspectives. By emphasizing the critical nature of understanding tumor heterogeneity, this work contributes to raising awareness about the importance of developing effective cancer therapies that target this distinct and elusive trait of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Ottaiano
- Istituto Nazionale Tumori di Napoli, IRCCS “G. Pascale”, Via M. Semmola, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.S.); (F.P.); (M.C.); (M.D.M.); (G.N.)
| | - Monica Ianniello
- AMES, Centro Polidiagnostico Strumentale srl, Via Padre Carmine Fico 24, 80013 Casalnuovo Di Napoli, Italy; (M.I.); (R.R.); (R.S.); (G.S.)
| | - Mariachiara Santorsola
- Istituto Nazionale Tumori di Napoli, IRCCS “G. Pascale”, Via M. Semmola, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.S.); (F.P.); (M.C.); (M.D.M.); (G.N.)
| | - Raffaella Ruggiero
- AMES, Centro Polidiagnostico Strumentale srl, Via Padre Carmine Fico 24, 80013 Casalnuovo Di Napoli, Italy; (M.I.); (R.R.); (R.S.); (G.S.)
| | - Roberto Sirica
- AMES, Centro Polidiagnostico Strumentale srl, Via Padre Carmine Fico 24, 80013 Casalnuovo Di Napoli, Italy; (M.I.); (R.R.); (R.S.); (G.S.)
| | - Francesco Sabbatino
- Oncology Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy;
| | - Francesco Perri
- Istituto Nazionale Tumori di Napoli, IRCCS “G. Pascale”, Via M. Semmola, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.S.); (F.P.); (M.C.); (M.D.M.); (G.N.)
| | - Marco Cascella
- Istituto Nazionale Tumori di Napoli, IRCCS “G. Pascale”, Via M. Semmola, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.S.); (F.P.); (M.C.); (M.D.M.); (G.N.)
| | - Massimiliano Di Marzo
- Istituto Nazionale Tumori di Napoli, IRCCS “G. Pascale”, Via M. Semmola, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.S.); (F.P.); (M.C.); (M.D.M.); (G.N.)
| | - Massimiliano Berretta
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy;
| | - Michele Caraglia
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “L. Vanvitelli”, Via Luigi De Crecchio 7, 80138 Naples, Italy;
| | - Guglielmo Nasti
- Istituto Nazionale Tumori di Napoli, IRCCS “G. Pascale”, Via M. Semmola, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.S.); (F.P.); (M.C.); (M.D.M.); (G.N.)
| | - Giovanni Savarese
- AMES, Centro Polidiagnostico Strumentale srl, Via Padre Carmine Fico 24, 80013 Casalnuovo Di Napoli, Italy; (M.I.); (R.R.); (R.S.); (G.S.)
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11
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Wu X, Song W, Cheng C, Liu Z, Li X, Cui Y, Gao Y, Li D. Small molecular inhibitors for KRAS-mutant cancers. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1223433. [PMID: 37662925 PMCID: PMC10470052 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1223433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Three rat sarcoma (RAS) gene isoforms, KRAS, NRAS, and HRAS, constitute the most mutated family of small GTPases in cancer. While the development of targeted immunotherapies has led to a substantial improvement in the overall survival of patients with non-KRAS-mutant cancer, patients with RAS-mutant cancers have an overall poorer prognosis owing to the high aggressiveness of RAS-mutant tumors. KRAS mutations are strongly implicated in lung, pancreatic, and colorectal cancers. However, RAS mutations exhibit diverse patterns of isoforms, substitutions, and positions in different types of cancers. Despite being considered "undruggable", recent advances in the use of allele-specific covalent inhibitors against the most common mutant form of RAS in non-small-cell lung cancer have led to the development of effective pharmacological interventions against RAS-mutant cancer. Sotorasib (AMG510) has been approved by the FDA as a second-line treatment for patients with KRAS-G12C mutant NSCLC who have received at least one prior systemic therapy. Other KRAS inhibitors are on the way to block KRAS-mutant cancers. In this review, we summarize the progress and promise of small-molecule inhibitors in clinical trials, including direct inhibitors of KRAS, pan-RAS inhibitors, inhibitors of RAS effector signaling, and immune checkpoint inhibitors or combinations with RAS inhibitors, to improve the prognosis of tumors with RAS mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University and Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
- Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wenping Song
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University and Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Engineering Research Center for Tumor Precision Medicine and Comprehensive Evaluation, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drug Research, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Cheng Cheng
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University and Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ziyang Liu
- Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University and Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yu Cui
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University and Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yao Gao
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University and Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ding Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University and Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Engineering Research Center for Tumor Precision Medicine and Comprehensive Evaluation, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drug Research, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
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