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Mukherjee A, Pandey S. Tremor in Spinocerebellar Ataxia: A Scoping Review. Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov (N Y) 2024; 14:31. [PMID: 38911333 PMCID: PMC11192095 DOI: 10.5334/tohm.911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) denotes an expanding list of autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxias. Although tremor is an important aspect of the clinical spectrum of the SCAs, its prevalence, phenomenology, and pathophysiology are unknown. Objectives This review aims to describe the various types of tremors seen in the different SCAs, with a discussion on the pathophysiology of the tremors, and the possible treatment modalities. Methods The authors conducted a literature search on PubMed using search terms including tremor and the various SCAs. Relevant articles were included in the review after excluding duplicate publications. Results While action (postural and intention) tremors are most frequently associated with SCA, rest and other rare tremors have also been documented. The prevalence and types of tremors vary among the different SCAs. SCA12, common in certain ethnic populations, presents a unique situation, where the tremor is typically the principal manifestation. Clinical manifestations of SCAs may be confused with essential tremor or Parkinson's disease. The pathophysiology of tremors in SCAs predominantly involves the cerebellum and its networks, especially the cerebello-thalamo-cortical circuit. Additionally, connections with the basal ganglia, and striatal dopaminergic dysfunction may have a role. Medical management of tremor is usually guided by the phenomenology and associated clinical features. Deep brain stimulation surgery may be helpful in treatment-resistant tremors. Conclusions Tremor is an elemental component of SCAs, with diverse phenomenology, and emphasizes the role of the cerebellum in tremor. Further studies will be useful to delineate the clinical, pathophysiological, and therapeutic aspects of tremor in SCAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adreesh Mukherjee
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Medicine, Amrita Hospital, Mata Amritanandamayi Marg Sector 88, Faridabad, Delhi National Capital Region, India
| | - Sanjay Pandey
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Medicine, Amrita Hospital, Mata Amritanandamayi Marg Sector 88, Faridabad, Delhi National Capital Region, India
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Neo S, Magrinelli F, Cordivari C, Bhatia KP. Tongue Protrusion and Feeding Dystonia Can Develop in PPP2R2B-Related Spinocerebellar Ataxia. Mov Disord Clin Pract 2024; 11:578-579. [PMID: 38419473 PMCID: PMC11078479 DOI: 10.1002/mdc3.14014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shermyn Neo
- Department of Clinical and Movement NeurosciencesUCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
- Department of NeurologyNational Neuroscience InstituteSingaporeSingapore
| | - Francesca Magrinelli
- Department of Clinical and Movement NeurosciencesUCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Carla Cordivari
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, National Hospital for Neurology and NeurosurgeryLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Kailash P. Bhatia
- Department of Clinical and Movement NeurosciencesUCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
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3
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Reyes NGD, Sepúlveda Soto MC, Munhoz RP. Spasmodic Dysphonia in a Patient with Spinocerebellar Ataxia Associated with a Rare AFG3L2 Variant (ATX- AFG3L2). Mov Disord Clin Pract 2023; 10:1024-1026. [PMID: 37332640 PMCID: PMC10272910 DOI: 10.1002/mdc3.13745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nikolai Gil D. Reyes
- Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease and the Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic, Toronto Western HospitalTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Maria Carolina Sepúlveda Soto
- Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease and the Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic, Toronto Western HospitalTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Renato P. Munhoz
- Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease and the Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic, Toronto Western HospitalTorontoOntarioCanada
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4
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Rare tremors and tremors occurring in other neurological disorders. J Neurol Sci 2022; 435:120200. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2022.120200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Krishnan S, Saraf U, Chandarana M, Divya KP. Oromandibular dystonia – A systematic review. Ann Indian Acad Neurol 2022; 25:26-34. [PMID: 35342238 PMCID: PMC8954320 DOI: 10.4103/aian.aian_242_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Oromandibular dystonia (OMD) is a clinical problem which is commonly encountered in the practice of movement disorders. OMD results from a variety of genetic and acquired etiologies and can occur as an isolated manifestation, or as part of an isolated generalized or a combined dystonia syndrome. There are only very few systematic reviews on this condition which often causes significant disability. We review here the etiology, clinical features, diagnostic approach and management of OMD.
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Gupta N, Pandey S. Rest tremor in dystonia: epidemiology, differential diagnosis, and pathophysiology. Neurol Sci 2020; 41:2377-2388. [PMID: 32328831 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-020-04402-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The most common type of tremor reported in dystonia patients is postural and kinetic. There is uncertainty regarding the prevalence of rest tremor in dystonia. OBJECTIVE This review focuses on the clinical and neurophysiological features of rest tremor in dystonia, its differential diagnosis, and methods to distinguish it from other rest tremor syndromes. METHODS A PubMed search was done, and the available literature identified. Bibliography of the available literature was reviewed for relevant references. RESULTS Rest tremor in dystonia has been reported with a variable frequency of 1.81-12.05%. The most common body distribution is arm, and it tends to be asymmetric. Most of the affected patients have multifocal and segmental dystonia. Rest tremor is a late-onset phenomenon associated with severe and spreading dystonia. Clinically, it is difficult to distinguish rest tremor in dystonia from other rest tremor syndromes based on tremor characteristics; however, other neurological signs can provide clues to differentiate these syndromes. Surface electromyography and other neurophysiological tests can help differentiate the various rest tremor syndromes. CONCLUSION Rest tremor in dystonia can be differentiated from other rest tremor syndromes based on neurophysiological techniques. There is some evidence to suggest that SWEDDs could be a form of dystonic tremor, but further studies are required to clarify this diagnostic dilemma. Data regarding the treatment of rest tremor in dystonia are virtually nonexistent, and there is an urgent need for prospective studies focusing its medical management and to know the surgical targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navnika Gupta
- Department of Neurology, Govind Ballabh Pant Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Academic Block, Room No. 503, New Delhi, 110002, India.,University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Sanjay Pandey
- Department of Neurology, Govind Ballabh Pant Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Academic Block, Room No. 503, New Delhi, 110002, India.
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7
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Spasmodic dysphonia as a presenting symptom of spinocerebellar ataxia type 12. Neurogenetics 2019; 20:161-164. [PMID: 31190316 DOI: 10.1007/s10048-019-00580-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Autosomal dominant spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) type 12 is a rare SCA characterized by a heterogeneous phenotype. Action tremor of the upper limbs is the most common presenting sign and cerebellar signs can appear subsequently. In many cases, minor signs, like dystonia, can be predominant even at onset. Laryngeal dystonia (spasmodic dysphonia) has been observed only in one case of SCA12 and never reported at disease onset. We present a 61-year-old female who developed spasmodic dysphonia followed by dystonic tremor and subsequent ataxia diagnosed with SCA12. Thus, spasmodic dysphonia can be a presenting symptom of SCA12.
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Choudhury S, Chatterjee S, Chatterjee K, Banerjee R, Humby J, Mondal B, Anand SS, Shubham S, Kumar H. Clinical Characterization of Genetically Diagnosed Cases of Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 12 from India. Mov Disord Clin Pract 2018; 5:39-46. [PMID: 30363072 PMCID: PMC6090588 DOI: 10.1002/mdc3.12551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/page/journal/23301619/homepage/mdc312551-sup-v001_1.htm. BACKGROUND Spinocerebellar ataxia type 12 (SCA12) is a rare form of an autosomal-dominant ataxic disorder associated with an expansion of CAG repeat length. Here, we present a large case series of patients with SCA12 and describe a wide range of typical and rare symptoms. METHODS Twenty-one consecutive patients with genetically proven SCA12 underwent detailed neurological examination. We assessed clinical characteristics using validated rating scales for evaluating motor features in SCA. Nonmotor symptoms and quality of life were assessed using appropriate, validated scales. Correlations of CAG repeat length with both severity score and age of onset were explored. RESULTS The mean age of onset was 51 years, and most patients were descendants of a single, endogamous Indian community (Agarwal). Tremor was the most common initial presenting symptom (90%). Hand dystonia was present in 14 of 21 patients, and most patients in the cohort presented with gait disturbance. Neuropsychiatric manifestations were common coexisting features. The CAG repeat length was significantly correlated (r = -0.760; P = 0.0001) with early age of onset, but not with disease severity. Tremor affected the quality of life in 18 of 21 patients, because they had difficulty in handling liquids. CONCLUSIONS Tremor was the most common, nonataxic symptom at initial presentation in patients with SCA12. Proximal upper limb tremor, typically with high amplitude and low frequency, can raise a strong diagnostic suspicion. Associated hand dystonia was a common coexisting motor feature. Various nonmotor features were also observed in several cases which require therapeutic attention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jonathan Humby
- Institute of NeuroscienceNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUnited Kingdom
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Batla A, Sánchez MC, Erro R, Ganos C, Stamelou M, Balint B, Brugger F, Antelmi E, Bhatia KP. The role of cerebellum in patients with late onset cervical/segmental dystonia?--evidence from the clinic. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2015; 21:1317-22. [PMID: 26385708 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2015.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is evidence from animal studies, post-mortem pathology, functional imaging and neurophysiological studies to suggest that the cerebellum may be involved in the pathophysiology of dystonia. We sought to explore further the association of clinical and radiological abnormalities of the cerebellum in patients with dystonia. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed patients from our movement disorders research database, with predominant cervical dystonia who have been seen within last 6 months and had available routine magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The clinical details including presence of cerebellar signs, imaging findings and results of investigations were recorded on a proforma. The results were analysed using percentages and means with standard deviation. RESULTS Out of 188 patients included 26 had evidence of cerebellar abnormality on neuroimaging. 17 patients showed cerebellar atrophy and 10 of these had cerebellar signs on examination. These patients were tested negative for common inherited ataxias. 9 patients had cerebellar lesions on MRI, reported as low grade tumour (n = 2), cerebellar infarct (n = 3), cyst (n = 2), white matter hyperintensity (n = 1) and ectopia (n = 1) out of these 4 had cerebellar signs. CONCLUSION The findings from our study suggest that there may be overt clinical or radiological cerebellar involvement in 14% of cases with cervical/segmental dystonia. However, larger prospective studies are needed in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Batla
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - M C Sánchez
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Neurology Department, Murcia, Spain
| | - R Erro
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Dipartimento di Scienze Neurologiche e del Movimento, Università di Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - C Ganos
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - M Stamelou
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Second Dept of Neurology, Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece; Neurology Clinic, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
| | - B Balint
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany
| | - F Brugger
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - E Antelmi
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - K P Bhatia
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom.
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Olszewska DA, Walsh R, Lynch T. SCA 6 with Writer's Cramp: The Phenotype Expanded. Mov Disord Clin Pract 2015; 3:83-86. [PMID: 30713900 DOI: 10.1002/mdc3.12222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Revised: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 6 (SCA6) presents typically with a pure cerebellar syndrome. Only 1 SCA 6 patient with writer's cramp has been reported on and a family history of ataxia and writer's cramp has never been reported on. Two other SCA6 patients with a shoulder girdle/hand dystonia and unspecified upper-limb dystonia with a family history of ataxia have been reported on. We report on the largest family with SCA6 and writer's cramp. The proband developed dysarthria, ataxia, and writer's cramp by age 37. His father presented with ataxia at 55, followed by writer's cramp and dysarthria. The proband's brother developed ataxia at 41, followed by dysarthria and writer's cramp. A paternal uncle (deceased; not examined) and 58-yr-old brother both developed pure ataxia (genetic testing is pending). This large family with complex movement disorder demonstrates that it is important to consider SCA6 in a patient presenting with an ataxia and writer's cramp and supports cerebellum involvement in dystonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Angelika Olszewska
- Department of Neurology at the Dublin Neurological Institute Mater Misericordiae University Hospital Dublin Ireland
| | - Richard Walsh
- Department of Neurology at the Dublin at the Adelaide and Meath Hospital, Dublin National Children's Hospital Tallaght, Dublin Ireland
| | - Tim Lynch
- Department of Neurology at the Dublin Neurological Institute Mater Misericordiae University Hospital Dublin Ireland
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Faruq M, Shakya S, Garg A, Srivastava AK. Spinocerebellar Ataxia 2 and 12 Mutations in an Indian Family with Cerebellar Ataxia and Slow Saccades. Mov Disord Clin Pract 2014; 1:267-270. [PMID: 30363857 PMCID: PMC6182980 DOI: 10.1002/mdc3.12073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Revised: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Faruq
- Neurology DepartmentNeuroscience CenterAll India Institute of Medical SciencesNew DelhiIndia
- Genomics and Molecular MedicineCouncil of Scientific and Industrial Reasearch–Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR‐IGIB)New DelhiIndia
| | - Sunil Shakya
- Neurology DepartmentNeuroscience CenterAll India Institute of Medical SciencesNew DelhiIndia
| | - Ajay Garg
- Neuroradiology DepartmentNeuroscience CenterAll India Institute of Medical SciencesNew DelhiIndia
| | - Achal Kumar Srivastava
- Neurology DepartmentNeuroscience CenterAll India Institute of Medical SciencesNew DelhiIndia
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