Hyperphosphorylated Tau, Increased Adenylate Cyclase 5 (ADCY5) Immunoreactivity, but No Neuronal Loss in ADCY5-Dyskinesia

Study on changing disciplinarian of beak colors in ducks and the regulation network based on transcriptome sequencing

Beak color in ducks is a primary characteristic of local breeds and genetic resources. Among them, black beaks, a rare packaging trait of high-quality duck products, have attracted much attention. In this study, Runzhou White Created ducks (black beak) and white-feathered Putian black ducks (yellow beak) were used to construct the F2 generation resource population to study the changing discipline of beak color combined with the beak color statistics of gray-beaked ducklings of Runzhou White Created ducks. Subsequently, transcriptome sequencing was performed to identify genetic markers related to beak color. To explore the rules of beak color change and its regulatory network, trends, and trend analysis and weighted gene co-expression network analysis（WGCNA）were performed. The screening results were verified by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. A large difference was observed between the beak colors of birds from the F1 generation at 0 and 42 d of age. The F2 generation results show that nearly half of the black-beaked ducklings become green-beaked; the proportion of black spots for gray- and patterned-beaked ducklings increases with age, with most becoming green-beaked. Moreover, the beak color darkened from the first day, and the gray color value decreased significantly from the second day. Transcriptome sequencing indicated that TYR was differentially expressed between black and yellow beaks at 4 to 6 wk of age, and trend and WGCNA analyses showed that EDNRB signaling pathway genes and MITF were highly expressed in the first week, and TYR, TYRP1, and DCT were highly expressed at 4 to 6 wk of age. Therefore, there is melanin synthesis and deposition after hatching for gray- and patterned-beaked ducklings, while the yellow pigment might be deposited in the epidermis of beaks for black-beaked ducklings. The EDNRB signaling pathway is probably involved in early melanosome maturation and melanin formation in duck beaks, and genes such as TYR can maintain the black-beak phenotype.

Identification of SNPs in MITF associated with beak color of duck

Introduction: Beak color-a pigment-related trait-is an important feature of duck breeds. Recently, little research has addressed genetic mechanism of the beak colors in poultry, whereas the process and the regulation factors of melanin deposition have been well described. Methods: To investigate the genetic mechanism of beak colors, we conducted an integrated analysis of genomic selection signatures to identify a candidate site associated with beak color. For this, we used black-billed (Yiyang I meat duck synthetic line H1, H2, H3&HF) and yellow-billed ducks (Cherry Valley ducks and white feather Putian black duck). Quantitative real-time PCR and genotyping approaches were used to verify the function of the candidate site. Results: We identified 3,895 windows containing 509 genes. After GO and KEGG enrichment analysis, nine genes were selected. Ultimately, MITF was selected by comparing the genomic differentiation (FST). After loci information selection, 41 extreme significantly different loci were selected, which are all located in intron regions of MITF and are in almost complete linkage disequilibrium. Subsequently, the site ASM874695v1:10:g.17814522T > A in MITF was selected as the marker site. Furthermore, we found that MITF expression is significantly higher in black-beaked ducks than in yellow-beaked ducks of the F2 generation (p < 0.01). After genotyping, most yellow-billed individuals are found with homozygous variant; at the same time, there are no birds with homozygous variant in black-billed populations, while the birds with homozygous and heterozygous variant share the same proportion. Conclusion: MITF plays a very critical role in the melanogenesis and melanin deposition of duck beaks, which can effectively affect the beak color. The MITF site, ASM874695v1:10:g.17814522T > A could be selected as a marker site for the duck beak color phenotype.

Scoping Review on ADCY5-Related Movement Disorders

Background

Adenylyl cyclase 5 (ADCY5)-related movement disorder (ADCY5-RMD) is a rare, childhood-onset disease resulting from pathogenic variants in the ADCY5 gene. The clinical features, diagnostic options, natural history, and treatments for this disease are poorly characterized and have never been established through a structured approach.

Objective

This scoping review attempts to summarize all available clinical literature on ADCY5-RMD.

Methods

Eighty-seven articles were selected for inclusion in this scoping review. The majority of articles identified were case reports or case series.

Results

These articles demonstrate that patients with ADCY5-RMD suffer from permanent and/ or paroxysmal hyperkinetic movements. The paroxysmal episodes can be worsened by environmental triggers, in particular the sleep-wake transition phase in the early morning. Occurrence of nocturnal paroxysmal dyskinesias and perioral twitches are highly suggestive of the diagnosis when present. In the majority of patients intellectual capacity is preserved. ADCY5-RMD is considered a non-progressive disorder, with inter-individual variations in evolution with aging. Somatic mosaicism, mode of inheritance and the location of the mutation within the protein can influence phenotype.

Conclusions

The current evidence for therapeutic options for ADCY5-RMD is limited: caffeine, benzodiazepines and deep brain stimulation have been consistently reported to be useful in case reports and case series.

An Update on the Phenotype, Genotype and Neurobiology of ADCY5-Related Disease

Adenylyl cyclase 5 (ADCY5)-related phenotypes comprise an expanding disease continuum, but much remains to be understood about the underlying pathogenic mechanisms of the disease. ADCY5-related disease comprises a spectrum of hyperkinetic disorders involving chorea, myoclonus, and/or dystonia, often with paroxysmal exacerbations. Hypotonia, developmental delay, and intellectual disability may be present. The causative gene encodes adenylyl cyclase, the enzyme responsible for the conversion of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to cyclic adenosine-3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP). cAMP is a second messenger that exerts a wide variety of effects via several intracellular signaling pathways. ADCY5 is the most commonly expressed isoform of adenylyl cyclase in medium spiny neurons (MSNs) of the striatum, and it integrates and controls dopaminergic signaling. Through cAMP pathway, ADCY5 is a key regulator of the cortical and thalamic signaling that control initiation of voluntary movements and prevention of involuntary movements. Gain-of-function mutations in ADCY5 have been recently linked to a rare genetic disorder called ADCY5-related dyskinesia, where dysregulation of the cAMP pathway leads to reduced inhibitory activity and involuntary hyperkinetic movements. Here, we present an update on the neurobiology of ADCY5, together with a detailed overview of the reported clinical phenotypes and genotypes. Although a range of therapeutic approaches has been trialed, there are currently no disease-modifying treatments. Improved in vitro and in vivo laboratory models will no doubt increase our understanding of the pathogenesis of this rare genetic movement disorder, which will improve diagnosis, and also facilitate the development of precision medicine approaches for this, and other forms of hyperkinesia. © 2021 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.