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Tambasco N, Mechelli A, Nigro P, Simoni S, Paolini Paoletti F, Eusebi P, Brahimi E, Maremmani C, Parnetti L. Hyposmia correlates with axial signs and gait disorder in Parkinson's disease: an Italian Olfactory Identification Test study. Neurol Sci 2024; 45:3791-3798. [PMID: 38499888 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-024-07462-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Olfactory dysfunction is a non-motor symptom and an important biomarker of Parkinson's disease (PD) because of its high prevalence (> 90%). Whether hyposmia correlates with motor symptoms is unclear. In the present study, we aim to investigate the relationship between olfactory impairment with both motor and non-motor features and disease variables (disease duration, stage, and severity). METHODS One-hundred fifty-four PD patients were evaluated. Odor identification ability was tested using Italian Olfactory Identification Test (IOIT). A comprehensive spectrum of motor and non-motor features was assessed. Cognitive function was investigated through MMSE. Patients were divided into 3 different clinical phenotypes using UPDRS-III: tremor-dominant type (TDT), akinetic-rigid type (ART), and mixed type (MXT). RESULTS Three of the 33 IOIT items were most frequently misidentified: basil (74.3%), coffee (66.9%), and mushroom (59.6%). Hyposmia was found in 93%. Hyposmic patients were older than controls (p = 0.01). Hoehn & Yahr (H&Y) score of 2 or greater was associated with higher probability of being hyposmic (OR = 5.2, p = 0.01). IOIT score did not significantly differ between TDT, ART, and MXT of analyzed PD patients. Performance to IOIT inversely correlated with age (p < 0.01), disease duration (p = 0.01), and H&Y score of 2 or higher (p < 0.01). Clinical features that associated with higher IOIT score were freezing of gait (FOG) (p < 0.001) and camptocormia (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS In our cohort, IOIT scores showed a positive correlation with axial motor signs, but not with non-motor symptoms. IOIT may be a useful tool not only for supporting PD diagnosis but also for providing prognostic information about motor function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Tambasco
- Movement Disorders Center, Neurology Department, Perugia General Hospital and University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
- Neurology Department, Perugia General Hospital and University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Mechelli
- Neurology Department, Perugia General Hospital and University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
- Institute of Neurology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Pasquale Nigro
- Movement Disorders Center, Neurology Department, Perugia General Hospital and University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Simone Simoni
- Movement Disorders Center, Neurology Department, Perugia General Hospital and University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Paolo Eusebi
- Neurology Department, Perugia General Hospital and University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Elona Brahimi
- Neurology Department, Regina Montis Regalis Hospital, Cuneo, Italy
| | - Carlo Maremmani
- Neurology Unit, Ospedale Apuane, Azienda USL Toscana Nord Ovest, Massa, Italy
| | - Lucilla Parnetti
- Neurology Department, Perugia General Hospital and University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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Selvaraj DB, Panneerselvam A, Vergil Andrews JF, Kandasamy M. Cysteamine HCl Administration Impedes Motor and Olfactory Functions, Accompanied by a Reduced Number of Dopaminergic Neurons, in Experimental Mice: A Preclinical Mimetic Relevant to Parkinson's Disease. Brain Sci 2024; 14:632. [PMID: 39061373 PMCID: PMC11275195 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14070632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Cysteamine hydrochloride (Cys-HCl) has been established as a potent ulcerogenic agent of the gastrointestinal (GI) system. GI dysfunction and olfactory deficits are the most common clinical symptoms of many movement disorders, including Parkinson's disease (PD). Cys-HCl has been shown to interfere with dopamine, a neurotransmitter crucial for motor, olfactory, and cognitive functions. However, the reports on the effect of Cys-HCl treatment on the behavioral aspects and functions of the dopamine system appear to be inconsistent. Therefore, we revisited the impact of Cys-HCl on the motor function in experimental mice using a battery of behavioral tests, such as the pole test (PT), beam-walking test (BWT), and rotarod test (RDT), while the olfactory ability and cognitive functions were examined through the buried-food test (BFT) and Y-maze test. Furthermore, we investigated the effect of Cys-HCl on the number of dopaminergic tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive cells in the substantia nigra (SN) and olfactory bulb (OB) of the experimental mice using immunohistochemistry. The results revealed that Cys-HCl administration in the mice induced significant impairments in their motor balance and coordination, as their movement-related performances were markedly reduced in terms of the behavioral tasks. Mice exposed to Cys-HCl showed pronounced reductions in their odor discrimination abilities as well as cognitive impairments. Strikingly, the number of TH-positive neurons was found to be reduced in the SN and OB of the Cys-HCl-treated group, which is a bonafide neuropathogenic hallmark of PD. This study highlights the potential neurotoxic effects of Cys-HCl in experimental brains and suggests further investigation into its role in the pathogenesis of Parkinsonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Bharathi Selvaraj
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Neuroregeneration, Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, India; (D.B.S.); (J.F.V.A.)
| | - Anusiya Panneerselvam
- Department of Biotechnology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, India;
| | - Jemi Feiona Vergil Andrews
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Neuroregeneration, Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, India; (D.B.S.); (J.F.V.A.)
| | - Mahesh Kandasamy
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Neuroregeneration, Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, India; (D.B.S.); (J.F.V.A.)
- University Grants Commission-Faculty Recharge Programme (UGC-FRP), New Delhi 110002, India
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Sakai K, Kawasaki T, Kiminarita H, Kim K, Ogawa J. Validity, reliability, and measurement error of the Japanese version of the Freezing of Gait Questionnaire for patients with Parkinson's disease. Physiother Theory Pract 2024:1-7. [PMID: 38813872 DOI: 10.1080/09593985.2024.2361325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Freezing of Gait Questionnaire has been translated into several languages. However, it has not been translated into Japanese and its measurement error remains unclear.Objectives: This study aimed to translate the Freezing of Gait Questionnaire into Japanese, investigate its validity and reliability, and calculate its measurement errors. METHODS Thirty-five patients with Parkinson's disease participated in the study. The Freezing of Gait Questionnaire was translated into Japanese using a forward - backward translation method. Convergent validity was assessed using the Freezing of Gait Questionnaire and Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale Part II(item 14-freezing). The content validity index was calculated using the Freezing of Gait Questionnaire score using correlation coefficients. Internal consistency was measured using Cronbach's alpha. The test - retest reliability was evaluated using the intraclass correlation coefficient(1,1). The Bland - Altman analysis was performed to detect the limits of agreement. RESULTS The mean Freezing of Gait Questionnaire score was 9.1 (5.0) points. Convergent validity was 0.655 and content validity index was 0.958. Cronbach's alpha was 0.958, intraclass correlation coefficient(1,1) was 0.951, and the limits of agreement ranged from - 4.9 to3.2 points. CONCLUSIONS The Japanese version of the Freezing of Gait Questionnaire is a valid and useful tool to evaluate patients with Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuya Sakai
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Healthcare Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsubasa Kawasaki
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Tokyo International University, Kawagoe, Japan
| | - Hiroya Kiminarita
- Department of Rehabilitation, Kirameki Visiting Nursing Rehabilitation, Kawagoe, Japan
| | - Kichol Kim
- Department of Rehabilitation, Kawaguchi Neurosurgery Rehabilitation Clinic, Osaka, Japan
| | - Jyunya Ogawa
- Department of Rehabilitation, PDit Studio, Tokyo, Japan
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Dan X, Wechter N, Gray S, Mohanty JG, Croteau DL, Bohr VA. Olfactory dysfunction in aging and neurodegenerative diseases. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 70:101416. [PMID: 34325072 PMCID: PMC8373788 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in olfactory functions are proposed to be early biomarkers for neurodegeneration. Many neurodegenerative diseases are age-related, including two of the most common, Parkinson's disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). The establishment of biomarkers that promote early risk identification is critical for the implementation of early treatment to postpone or avert pathological development. Olfactory dysfunction (OD) is seen in 90% of early-stage PD patients and 85% of patients with early-stage AD, which makes it an attractive biomarker for early diagnosis of these diseases. Here, we systematically review widely applied smelling tests available for humans as well as olfaction assessments performed in some animal models and the relationships between OD and normal aging, PD, AD, and other conditions. The utility of OD as a biomarker for neurodegenerative disease diagnosis and future research directions are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuli Dan
- Section on DNA Repair, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Noah Wechter
- Section on DNA Repair, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Samuel Gray
- Section on DNA Repair, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Joy G Mohanty
- Section on DNA Repair, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Deborah L Croteau
- Section on DNA Repair, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Vilhelm A Bohr
- Section on DNA Repair, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA; Danish Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Sasaki S. High Prevalence of Early Parkinson's Disease in Patients With Subtle Parkinsonian Signs. Front Neurol 2021; 12:656679. [PMID: 34305780 PMCID: PMC8299703 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.656679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Little is known about how frequently patients with a Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale part III (UPDRS-III) score of 3 or 4, including postural and action tremor, could be classified into early Parkinson's disease (PD). Objective: To examine the prevalence of early PD in patients with subtle parkinsonian signs (rest tremor, postural tremor, and rigidity) without bradykinesia, having a UPDRS-III score of 3 or 4. Methods: Parkinsonism was assessed using UPDRS-III based on both the United Kingdom PD Society Brain Bank criteria and the Movement Disorder Society PD criteria. Ninety patients with a UPDRS-III score of 3 or 4, including postural tremor, were evaluated by 123I-FP-CIT SPECT (DaTscan), brain MRI, the Mini-Mental State Examination, and smell test. Some patients were additionally examined by 123I-metaiodobenzylguanidine myocardial scintigraphy or 123I-N-isopropyl-p-iodoamphetamine SPECT. Results: Seventy-five [mean age (standard deviation): 76.9 (8.1)] out of 90 patients (83.3%) showed abnormal findings on DaTscan imaging: 57 out of 75 (76.0%) showed a reduced specific binding ratio (SBR) accompanied by an egg shape pattern (n = 37, 49.3%) or a mixed type pattern (n = 14, 18.7%), both reduced SBR and increased asymmetry index (AI) with a normal shape (n = 4, 5.3%), and reduced SBR only (n = 2, 2.7%); 18 (24.0%) showed an egg shape pattern or a mixed type pattern without reduced SBR. In other words, 69 out of 75 patients (92.0%) showed either an egg shape or a mixed type pattern with or without reduced SBR. All patients were free of dementia, and their olfactory function was significantly impaired compared with controls (n = 141) on the odor-stick identification test for Japanese (p < 0.0001). Conclusions: The prevalence of patients with subtle parkinsonian signs having a UPDRS-III score of 3 or 4, including postural tremor, is unexpectedly high in daily clinical practice, and most of these patients could be categorized into mild early-stage PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoichi Sasaki
- Department of Neurology, Agano City Hospital, Niigata, Japan.,Department of Neurology, Toyosaka Hospital, Niigata, Japan
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Melis M, Haehner A, Mastinu M, Hummel T, Tomassini Barbarossa I. Molecular and Genetic Factors Involved in Olfactory and Gustatory Deficits and Associations with Microbiota in Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22084286. [PMID: 33924222 PMCID: PMC8074606 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Deficits in olfaction and taste are among the most frequent non-motor manifestations in Parkinson’s disease (PD) that start very early and frequently precede the PD motor symptoms. The limited data available suggest that the basis of the olfactory and gustatory dysfunction related to PD are likely multifactorial and may include the same determinants responsible for other non-motor symptoms of PD. This review describes the most relevant molecular and genetic factors involved in the PD-related smell and taste impairments, and their associations with the microbiota, which also may represent risk factors associated with the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melania Melis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, 09042 Cagliari, Italy; (M.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Antje Haehner
- Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Technical University of Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (A.H.); (T.H.)
| | - Mariano Mastinu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, 09042 Cagliari, Italy; (M.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Thomas Hummel
- Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Technical University of Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (A.H.); (T.H.)
| | - Iole Tomassini Barbarossa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, 09042 Cagliari, Italy; (M.M.); (M.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-070-675-4144
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Elhassanien MEM, Bahnasy WS, El-Heneedy YAE, Kishk AM, Tomoum MO, Ramadan KM, Allah Ragab OA. Olfactory dysfunction in essential tremor versus tremor dominant Parkinson disease. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2020; 200:106352. [PMID: 33168334 DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2020.106352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Essential tremor (ET) and tremor dominant Parkinson disease (TDPD) variant constitute the main causes of geriatric tremor which differentiation is not always an easy mission. The objective of this work was to study the olfactory performance in ET and PD patients for possible consideration as a differentiating biomarker. METHODS This study was performed on 36ET, 22 TDPD variant and 24 healthy controls subjects (HCS) submitted to extended n-butanol Sniffin' Sticks test (SST) and olfactory bulbs volumetry (OBV). RESULTS There were significant decreases in SST threshold, discrimination, identification and TDI variables in TDPD patients compared to ET and HCS. ET patients showed significant decrease in the same variables compared to HCS. Regarding OBV, there were significant decreases in TDPD patients compared to ET and HCS with nonsignificant difference between the 2-latter groups. Our results showed that TDI score of 25 can differentiate between TDPD and ET patients with sensitivity and specificity (94 %, 91 %) respectively. CONCLUSION Olfactory assessment is a rapid, safe, and easily applicable biomarker that could differentiate TDPD from ET in doubtful cases.
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