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Nissenkorn A, Yosovich K, Leibovitz Z, Hartman TG, Zelcer I, Hugirat M, Lev D, Lerman-Sagie T, Blumkin L. Congenital Mirror Movements Associated With Brain Malformations. J Child Neurol 2021; 36:545-555. [PMID: 33413009 DOI: 10.1177/0883073820984068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Congenital mirror movements are involuntary movements of a side of the body imitating intentional movements on the opposite side, appearing in early childhood and persisting beyond 7 years of age. Congenital mirror movements are usually idiopathic but have been reported in association with various brain malformations. METHODS We describe clinical, genetic, and radiologic features in 9 individuals from 5 families manifesting congenital mirror movements. RESULTS The brain malformations associated with congenital mirror movements were: dysplastic corpus callosum in father and daughter with a heterozygous p.Met1* mutation in DCC; hypoplastic corpus callosum, dysgyria, and malformed vermis in a mother and son with a heterozygous p.Thr312Met mutation in TUBB3; dysplastic corpus callosum, dysgyria, abnormal vermis, and asymmetric ventricles in a father and 2 daughters with a heterozygous p.Arg121Trp mutation in TUBB; hypoplastic corpus callosum, dysgyria, malformed basal ganglia and abnormal vermis in a patient with a heterozygous p.Glu155Asp mutation in TUBA1A; hydrocephalus, hypoplastic corpus callosum, polymicrogyria, and cerebellar cysts in a patient with a homozygous p.Pro312Leu mutation in POMGNT1. CONCLUSION DCC, TUBB3, TUBB, TUBA1A, POMGNT1 cause abnormal axonal guidance via different mechanisms and result in congenital mirror movements associated with brain malformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreea Nissenkorn
- Metabolic Neurogenetic Service, 58883Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, Israel.,Pediatric Neurology Unit, 58883Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, Israel.,Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Keren Yosovich
- Metabolic Neurogenetic Service, 58883Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, Israel.,Molecular Genetics Laboratory, 58883Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, Israel
| | - Zvi Leibovitz
- Fetal Neurology Clinic, 58883Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, Israel
| | - Tamar Gur Hartman
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, 58883Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, Israel.,Pediatric Movement Disorders Service, 58883Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, Israel
| | - Itay Zelcer
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, 61172HaEmek Medical Center, Afula, Israel
| | - Mohammad Hugirat
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, 61172HaEmek Medical Center, Afula, Israel
| | - Dorit Lev
- Metabolic Neurogenetic Service, 58883Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, Israel.,Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,Rina Mor Institute of Medical Genetics, 58883Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, Israel
| | - Tally Lerman-Sagie
- Metabolic Neurogenetic Service, 58883Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, Israel.,Pediatric Neurology Unit, 58883Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, Israel.,Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,Fetal Neurology Clinic, 58883Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, Israel
| | - Lubov Blumkin
- Metabolic Neurogenetic Service, 58883Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, Israel.,Pediatric Neurology Unit, 58883Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, Israel.,Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,Pediatric Movement Disorders Service, 58883Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, Israel
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2
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Filippopulos FM, Brem C, Seelos K, Köglsperger T, Sonnenfeld S, Kellert L, Vollmar C. Uncrossed corticospinal tract in health and genetic disorders: Review, case report, and clinical implications. Eur J Neurol 2021; 28:2804-2811. [PMID: 33949047 DOI: 10.1111/ene.14897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Crossing pathologies of the corticospinal tract (CST) are rare and often associated with genetic disorders. However, they can be present in healthy humans and lead to ipsilateral motor deficits when a lesion to motor areas occurs. Here, we review historical and current literature of CST crossing pathologies and present a rare case of asymmetric crossing of the CST. METHODS Description of the case and systematic review of the literature were based on the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. The PubMed database was searched for peer-reviewed articles in English since 1950. All articles on ipsilateral stroke, uncrossed CST, and associated neurologic disorders were screened. Furthermore, a literature review between the years 1850 and 1980 including articles in other languages, books, opinions, and case studies was conducted. RESULTS Only a few descriptions of CST crossing pathologies exist in healthy humans, whereas they seem to be more common in genetic disorders such as horizontal gaze palsy with progressive scoliosis or congenital mirror movements. Our patient presented with aphasia and left-sided hemiparesis. Computed tomographic (CT) scan revealed a perfusion deficit in the left middle cerebral artery territory, which was confirmed by diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), so that thrombolysis was administered. Diffusion tensor imaging with fibre tracking revealed an asymmetric CST crossing. CONCLUSIONS The knowledge of CST crossing pathologies is essential if a motor deficit occurs ipsilateral to the lesion side. An ipsilateral deficit should not lead to exclusion or delay of therapeutic options in patients with suspected stroke. Here, a combined evaluation of CT perfusion imaging and MRI diffusion imaging may be of advantage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christian Brem
- Institute of Neuroradiology, University Hospital of the LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Klaus Seelos
- Institute of Neuroradiology, University Hospital of the LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Köglsperger
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of the LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Sonnenfeld
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of the LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Lars Kellert
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of the LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Vollmar
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of the LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,Institute of Neuroradiology, University Hospital of the LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
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Sukal-Moulton T, Gaebler-Spira D, Krosschell KJ. Clinical Characteristics Associated with Reduced Selective Voluntary Motor Control in the Upper Extremity of Individuals with Spastic Cerebral Palsy. Dev Neurorehabil 2021; 24:215-221. [PMID: 33124931 PMCID: PMC8035138 DOI: 10.1080/17518423.2020.1839980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Selective voluntary motor control (SVMC) in the upper extremity is often impaired in individuals with cerebral palsy (CP) and can be assessed quantitatively and qualitatively using the Test of Arm Selective Control (TASC). METHODS Fifty-six individuals with spastic CP (5-18 years old) were included. Descriptors associated with administration of the TASC were analyzed according to the type of CP and arm joint using Chi-square and Kruskal-Wallis tests. ABILHAND-Kids scores were compared between participants with and without mirror movements using a t-test. RESULTS All groups of children with spastic CP had incidence of TASC movement descriptors. There was a main effect of topography of CP on extra movements, decreased active range of motion, tightness, spasticity, and mirroring, and an additional main effect of joint on mirroring. Participants with mirroring had lower ABILHAND-Kids scores than those without mirroring. CONCLUSIONS Systematically observing arm movements using the TASC revealed differences across participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Sukal-Moulton
- Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL USA,Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Deborah Gaebler-Spira
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL USA,Shirley Ryan AbilityLab, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kristin J Krosschell
- Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL USA,Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL USA
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4
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Lack of interlimb transfer following visuomotor adaptation in a person with congenital mirror movements. Neuropsychologia 2020; 136:107265. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2019.107265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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5
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Comer JD, Alvarez S, Butler SJ, Kaltschmidt JA. Commissural axon guidance in the developing spinal cord: from Cajal to the present day. Neural Dev 2019; 14:9. [PMID: 31514748 PMCID: PMC6739980 DOI: 10.1186/s13064-019-0133-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
During neuronal development, the formation of neural circuits requires developing axons to traverse a diverse cellular and molecular environment to establish synaptic contacts with the appropriate postsynaptic partners. Essential to this process is the ability of developing axons to navigate guidance molecules presented by specialized populations of cells. These cells partition the distance traveled by growing axons into shorter intervals by serving as intermediate targets, orchestrating the arrival and departure of axons by providing attractive and repulsive guidance cues. The floor plate in the central nervous system (CNS) is a critical intermediate target during neuronal development, required for the extension of commissural axons across the ventral midline. In this review, we begin by giving a historical overview of the ventral commissure and the evolutionary purpose of decussation. We then review the axon guidance studies that have revealed a diverse assortment of midline guidance cues, as well as genetic and molecular regulatory mechanisms required for coordinating the commissural axon response to these cues. Finally, we examine the contribution of dysfunctional axon guidance to neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Comer
- Neuroscience Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY, USA.,Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY, USA.,Weill Cornell/Rockefeller/Sloan Kettering Tri-Institutional MD-PhD Program, New York, NY, USA
| | - S Alvarez
- Department of Neurobiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.,Molecular Biology Interdepartmental Graduate Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - S J Butler
- Department of Neurobiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.,Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - J A Kaltschmidt
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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6
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Demirayak P, Onat OE, Gevrekci AÖ, Gülsüner S, Uysal H, Bilgen RS, Doerschner K, Özçelik TS, Boyacı H. Abnormal subcortical activity in congenital mirror movement disorder with RAD51 mutation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 24:392-401. [PMID: 30406765 DOI: 10.5152/dir.2018.18096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Congenital mirror movement disorder (CMMD) is characterized by unintended, nonsuppressible, homologous mirroring activity contralateral to the movement on the intended side of the body. In healthy controls, unilateral movements are accompanied with predominantly contralateral cortical activity, whereas in CMMD, in line with the abnormal behavior, bilateral cortical activity is observed for unilateral motor tasks. However, task-related activities in subcortical structures, which are known to play critical roles in motor actions, have not been investigated in CMMD previously. METHODS We investigated the functional activation patterns of the motor components in CMMD patients. By using linkage analysis and exome sequencing, common mutations were revealed in seven affected individuals from the same family. Next, using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) we investigated cortical and subcortical activity during manual motor actions in two right-handed affected brothers and sex, age, education, and socioeconomically matched healthy individuals. RESULTS Genetic analyses revealed heterozygous RAD51 c.401C>T mutation which cosegregated with the phenotype in two affected members of the family. Consistent with previous literature, our fMRI results on these two affected individuals showed that mirror movements were closely related to abnormal cortical activity in M1 and SMA during unimanual movements. Furthermore, we have found previously unknown abnormal task-related activity in subcortical structures. Specifically, we have found increased and bilateral activity during unimanual movements in thalamus, striatum, and globus pallidus in CMMD patients. CONCLUSION These findings reveal further neural correlates of CMMD, and may guide our understanding of the critical roles of subcortical structures for unimanual movements in healthy individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pınar Demirayak
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Bilkent University; A.S. Brain Research Center and National Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Onur Emre Onat
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Süleyman Gülsüner
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Hilmi Uysal
- Department of Neurology, Akdeniz University School of Medicine, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Rengin S Bilgen
- Department of Neurology, Bezmialem University School of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Katja Doerschner
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, A.S. Brain Research Center and National Magnetic Resonance Research Center and Psychology, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey; Department of Psychology, JL Giessen University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Tayfun S Özçelik
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Hüseyin Boyacı
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, A.S. Brain Research Center and National Magnetic Resonance Research Center and Psychology, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey; Department of Psychology, JL Giessen University, Giessen, Germany
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7
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Peng J, Ferent J, Li Q, Liu M, Da Silva RV, Zeilhofer HU, Kania A, Zhang Y, Charron F. Loss of Dcc in the spinal cord is sufficient to cause a deficit in lateralized motor control and the switch to a hopping gait. Dev Dyn 2018; 247:620-629. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jimmy Peng
- Montréal Clinical Research Institute (IRCM); Montréal Quebec Canada
- Department of Biology; McGill University; Montréal Quebec Canada
| | - Julien Ferent
- Montréal Clinical Research Institute (IRCM); Montréal Quebec Canada
| | - Qingyu Li
- Department of Medical Neuroscience; Dalhousie University; Halifax Nova Scotia Canada
| | - Mingwei Liu
- Department of Medical Neuroscience; Dalhousie University; Halifax Nova Scotia Canada
| | - Ronan Vinicius Da Silva
- Montréal Clinical Research Institute (IRCM); Montréal Quebec Canada
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience; McGill University; Montréal Quebec Canada
| | | | - Artur Kania
- Montréal Clinical Research Institute (IRCM); Montréal Quebec Canada
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience; McGill University; Montréal Quebec Canada
- Department of Medicine; University of Montréal; Montréal Quebec Canada
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Medical Neuroscience; Dalhousie University; Halifax Nova Scotia Canada
| | - Frédéric Charron
- Montréal Clinical Research Institute (IRCM); Montréal Quebec Canada
- Department of Biology; McGill University; Montréal Quebec Canada
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience; McGill University; Montréal Quebec Canada
- Department of Medicine; University of Montréal; Montréal Quebec Canada
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8
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Welniarz Q, Morel MP, Pourchet O, Gallea C, Lamy JC, Cincotta M, Doulazmi M, Belle M, Méneret A, Trouillard O, Ruiz M, Brochard V, Meunier S, Trembleau A, Vidailhet M, Chédotal A, Dusart I, Roze E. Non cell-autonomous role of DCC in the guidance of the corticospinal tract at the midline. Sci Rep 2017; 7:410. [PMID: 28341853 PMCID: PMC5428661 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00514-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
DCC, a NETRIN-1 receptor, is considered as a cell-autonomous regulator for midline guidance of many commissural populations in the central nervous system. The corticospinal tract (CST), the principal motor pathway for voluntary movements, crosses the anatomic midline at the pyramidal decussation. CST fails to cross the midline in Kanga mice expressing a truncated DCC protein. Humans with heterozygous DCC mutations have congenital mirror movements (CMM). As CMM has been associated, in some cases, with malformations of the pyramidal decussation, DCC might also be involved in this process in human. Here, we investigated the role of DCC in CST midline crossing both in human and mice. First, we demonstrate by multimodal approaches, that patients with CMM due to DCC mutations have an increased proportion of ipsilateral CST projections. Second, we show that in contrast to Kanga mice, the anatomy of the CST is not altered in mice with a deletion of DCC in the CST. Altogether, these results indicate that DCC controls CST midline crossing in both humans and mice, and that this process is non cell-autonomous in mice. Our data unravel a new level of complexity in the role of DCC in CST guidance at the midline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Welniarz
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, F-75013, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Neuroscience Paris Seine, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Pierre Morel
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Neuroscience Paris Seine, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Oriane Pourchet
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, F-75013, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Neuroscience Paris Seine, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Cécile Gallea
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Charles Lamy
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Massimo Cincotta
- Unità Operativa di Neurologia-Firenze, Azienda USL Toscana Centro, Ospedale San Giovanni di Dio, 50143, Firenze, Italy
| | - Mohamed Doulazmi
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Adaptation Biologique et vieillissement, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Morgane Belle
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, F-75012, Paris, France
| | - Aurélie Méneret
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, F-75013, Paris, France.,Département de Neurologie, AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Oriane Trouillard
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Marta Ruiz
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Vanessa Brochard
- Centre d'Investigation Clinique 14-22, INSERM/AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Sabine Meunier
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Alain Trembleau
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Neuroscience Paris Seine, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Marie Vidailhet
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, F-75013, Paris, France.,Département de Neurologie, AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Alain Chédotal
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, F-75012, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Dusart
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Neuroscience Paris Seine, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuel Roze
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, F-75013, Paris, France. .,Département de Neurologie, AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France.
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9
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Congenital mirror movements in a patient with alpha-dystroglycanopathy due to a novel POMK mutation. Neuromuscul Disord 2017; 27:239-242. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2016.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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10
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Scheef L, Nordmeyer-Massner JA, Smith-Collins APR, Müller N, Stegmann-Woessner G, Jankowski J, Gieseke J, Born M, Seitz H, Bartmann P, Schild HH, Pruessmann KP, Heep A, Boecker H. Functional Laterality of Task-Evoked Activation in Sensorimotor Cortex of Preterm Infants: An Optimized 3 T fMRI Study Employing a Customized Neonatal Head Coil. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169392. [PMID: 28076368 PMCID: PMC5226735 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in neonates has been introduced as a non-invasive method for studying sensorimotor processing in the developing brain. However, previous neonatal studies have delivered conflicting results regarding localization, lateralization, and directionality of blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) responses in sensorimotor cortex (SMC). Amongst the confounding factors in interpreting neonatal fMRI studies include the use of standard adult MR-coils providing insufficient signal to noise, and liberal statistical thresholds, compromising clinical interpretation at the single subject level. Patients / methods Here, we employed a custom-designed neonatal MR-coil adapted and optimized to the head size of a newborn in order to improve robustness, reliability and validity of neonatal sensorimotor fMRI. Thirteen preterm infants with a median gestational age of 26 weeks were scanned at term-corrected age using a prototype 8-channel neonatal head coil at 3T (Achieva, Philips, Best, NL). Sensorimotor stimulation was elicited by passive extension/flexion of the elbow at 1 Hz in a block design. Analysis of temporal signal to noise ratio (tSNR) was performed on the whole brain and the SMC, and was compared to data acquired with an ‘adult’ 8 channel head coil published previously. Task-evoked activation was determined by single-subject SPM8 analyses, thresholded at p < 0.05, whole-brain FWE-corrected. Results Using a custom-designed neonatal MR-coil, we found significant positive BOLD responses in contralateral SMC after unilateral passive sensorimotor stimulation in all neonates (analyses restricted to artifact-free data sets = 8/13). Improved imaging characteristics of the neonatal MR-coil were evidenced by additional phantom and in vivo tSNR measurements: phantom studies revealed a 240% global increase in tSNR; in vivo studies revealed a 73% global and a 55% local (SMC) increase in tSNR, as compared to the ‘adult’ MR-coil. Conclusions Our findings strengthen the importance of using optimized coil settings for neonatal fMRI, yielding robust and reproducible SMC activation at the single subject level. We conclude that functional lateralization of SMC activation, as found in children and adults, is already present in the newborn period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Scheef
- Department of Radiology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | | | - Nicole Müller
- Department of Neonatology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Mark Born
- Department of Radiology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Hermann Seitz
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Marine Technology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Peter Bartmann
- Department of Neonatology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Hans H. Schild
- Department of Radiology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Klaas P. Pruessmann
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Axel Heep
- School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Department of Neonatology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- * E-mail:
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11
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Welniarz Q, Dusart I, Roze E. The corticospinal tract: Evolution, development, and human disorders. Dev Neurobiol 2016; 77:810-829. [PMID: 27706924 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 09/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The corticospinal tract (CST) plays a major role in cortical control of spinal cord activity. In particular, it is the principal motor pathway for voluntary movements. Here, we discuss: (i) the anatomic evolution and development of the CST across mammalian species, focusing on its role in motor functions; (ii) the molecular mechanisms regulating corticospinal tract formation and guidance during mouse development; and (iii) human disorders associated with abnormal CST development. A comparison of CST anatomy and development across mammalian species first highlights important similarities. In particular, most CST axons cross the anatomical midline at the junction between the brainstem and spinal cord, forming the pyramidal decussation. Reorganization of the pattern of CST projections to the spinal cord during evolution led to improved motor skills. Studies of the molecular mechanisms involved in CST formation and guidance in mice have identified several factors that act synergistically to ensure proper formation of the CST at each step of development. Human CST developmental disorders can result in a reduction of the CST, or in guidance defects associated with abnormal CST anatomy. These latter disorders result in altered midline crossing at the pyramidal decussation or in the spinal cord, but spare the rest of the CST. Careful appraisal of clinical manifestations associated with CST malformations highlights the critical role of the CST in the lateralization of motor control. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 77: 810-829, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Welniarz
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, F-75013, Paris, France.,Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Neuroscience Paris Seine, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Dusart
- Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Neuroscience Paris Seine, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuel Roze
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, F-75013, Paris, France.,Département des Maladies du Système Nerveux, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, Paris, France
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12
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Beaulé V, Tremblay S, Lafleur LP, Ferland MC, Lepage JF, Théoret H. Modulation of physiological mirror activity with transcranial direct current stimulation over dorsal premotor cortex. Eur J Neurosci 2016; 44:2730-2734. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Beaulé
- Départment of Psychologie; Université de Montréal, CP 6128, Succ. Centre-Ville; Montréal QC, H3C 3J7 Canada
| | - Sara Tremblay
- Départment of Psychologie; Université de Montréal, CP 6128, Succ. Centre-Ville; Montréal QC, H3C 3J7 Canada
| | - Louis-Philippe Lafleur
- Départment of Psychologie; Université de Montréal, CP 6128, Succ. Centre-Ville; Montréal QC, H3C 3J7 Canada
| | - Marie C. Ferland
- Départment of Psychologie; Université de Montréal, CP 6128, Succ. Centre-Ville; Montréal QC, H3C 3J7 Canada
| | - Jean-François Lepage
- Centre de Recherche du CHU Sherbrooke; Sherbrooke QC Canada
- Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières; Trois-Rivières QC Canada
| | - Hugo Théoret
- Départment of Psychologie; Université de Montréal, CP 6128, Succ. Centre-Ville; Montréal QC, H3C 3J7 Canada
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13
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Welniarz Q, Dusart I, Gallea C, Roze E. One hand clapping: lateralization of motor control. Front Neuroanat 2015; 9:75. [PMID: 26082690 PMCID: PMC4451425 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2015.00075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lateralization of motor control refers to the ability to produce pure unilateral or asymmetric movements. It is required for a variety of coordinated activities, including skilled bimanual tasks and locomotion. Here we discuss the neuroanatomical substrates and pathophysiological underpinnings of lateralized motor outputs. Significant breakthroughs have been made in the past few years by studying the two known conditions characterized by the inability to properly produce unilateral or asymmetric movements, namely human patients with congenital “mirror movements” and model rodents with a “hopping gait”. Whereas mirror movements are associated with altered interhemispheric connectivity and abnormal corticospinal projections, abnormal spinal cord interneurons trajectory is responsible for the “hopping gait”. Proper commissural axon guidance is a critical requirement for these mechanisms. Interestingly, the analysis of these two conditions reveals that the production of asymmetric movements involves similar anatomical and functional requirements but in two different structures: (i) lateralized activation of the brain or spinal cord through contralateral silencing by cross-midline inhibition; and (ii) unilateral transmission of this activation, resulting in lateralized motor output.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Welniarz
- Neuroscience Paris Seine, CNRS UMR8246, Inserm U1130, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC UM119 Paris, France ; Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC UMR S1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Dusart
- Neuroscience Paris Seine, CNRS UMR8246, Inserm U1130, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC UM119 Paris, France
| | - Cécile Gallea
- Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC UMR S1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM Paris, France
| | - Emmanuel Roze
- Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC UMR S1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM Paris, France ; Département des Maladies du Système Nerveux, AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié Salpêtrière Paris, France
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14
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Congenital mirror movements: Phenotypes associated with DCC and RAD51 mutations. J Neurol Sci 2015; 351:140-145. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2015.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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15
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Identification of a homozygous splice site mutation in the dynein axonemal light chain 4 gene on 22q13.1 in a large consanguineous family from Pakistan with congenital mirror movement disorder. Hum Genet 2014; 133:1419-29. [DOI: 10.1007/s00439-014-1475-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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16
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Reply: Congenital mirror movements: lack of decussation of pyramids Mirror movement: from physiopathology to treatment perspectives. Brain 2014; 137:e293. [DOI: 10.1093/brain/awu074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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17
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Brandão P, Jovem C, Brasil-Neto JP, Tomaz C, Descoteaux M, Allam N. Congenital mirror movements: lack of decussation of pyramids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 137:e292. [PMID: 24736304 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awu073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Brandão
- 1 Movement Disorders Section, Neurology Unit, Hospital de Base do Distrito Federal, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Cassio Jovem
- 2 Neuroradiology Section, Clínica Villas Boas, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | | | - Carlos Tomaz
- 3 Neuroscience and Behaviour Laboratory, Institute of Biology, University of Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Maxime Descoteaux
- 4 Sherbrooke Connectivity Imaging Lab, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada5 Imeka Inc, 3000 boul. de l'Université, J1K 0A5, Canada
| | - Nasser Allam
- 6 Movement Disorders Coordination, Neurology Unit, Hospital de Base do Distrito Federal, Brasília, DF, Brazil
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18
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Mirror movement-like defects in startle behavior of zebrafish dcc mutants are caused by aberrant midline guidance of identified descending hindbrain neurons. J Neurosci 2014; 34:2898-909. [PMID: 24553931 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2420-13.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mirror movements are involuntary movements on one side of the body that occur simultaneously with intentional movements on the contralateral side. Humans with heterozygous mutations in the axon guidance receptor DCC display such mirror movements, where unilateral stimulation results in inappropriate bilateral motor output. Currently, it is unclear whether mirror movements are caused by incomplete midline crossing and reduced commissural connectivity of DCC-dependent descending pathways or by aberrant ectopic ipsilateral axonal projections of normally commissural neurons. Here, we show that in response to unilateral tactile stimuli, zebrafish dcc mutant larvae perform involuntary turns on the inappropriate body side. We show that these mirror movement-like deficits are associated with axonal guidance defects of two identified groups of commissural reticulospinal hindbrain neurons. Moreover, we demonstrate that in dcc mutants, axons of these identified neurons frequently fail to cross the midline and instead project ipsilaterally. Whereas laser ablation of these neurons in wild-type animals does not affect turning movements, their ablation in dcc mutants restores turning movements. Thus, our results demonstrate that in dcc mutants, turns on the inappropriate side of the body are caused by aberrant ipsilateral axonal projections, and suggest that aberrant ipsilateral connectivity of a very small number of descending axons is sufficient to induce incorrect movement patterns.
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19
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Gallea C, Popa T, Hubsch C, Valabregue R, Brochard V, Kundu P, Schmitt B, Bardinet E, Bertasi E, Flamand-Roze C, Alexandre N, Delmaire C, Méneret A, Depienne C, Poupon C, Hertz-Pannier L, Cincotta M, Vidailhet M, Lehericy S, Meunier S, Roze E. RAD51 deficiency disrupts the corticospinal lateralization of motor control. Brain 2013; 136:3333-46. [DOI: 10.1093/brain/awt258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
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20
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Huang YC, Chen KH, Yeh MY, Tsai YH, Cheng YF, Wu YH, Huang YC, Hu CJ, Lai SL. Neurorehabilitation of congenital mirror movements enhanced by stroke: a case report with fMRI study. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2013; 115:2197-9. [PMID: 23810182 DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2013.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2012] [Revised: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ching Huang
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
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21
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Peng J, Charron F. Lateralization of motor control in the human nervous system: genetics of mirror movements. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2012; 23:109-18. [PMID: 22989473 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2012.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2012] [Revised: 08/21/2012] [Accepted: 08/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Mirror movements (MM) are a peculiar motor defect in humans where the intended unilateral movement of a body part results in involuntary movement of the same body part on the opposite side. This loss in the lateralization of motor control can be caused by genetic mutations that result in an aberrant projection of the corticospinal tract. However, recent evidence suggests that the same genes controlling corticospinal tract development also play roles in the development of other circuits involved in motor control, including local spinal circuits and the corpus callosum. These recent studies in humans and mouse models of MM will be discussed to provide an overview of the basis of MM and the molecular mechanisms underlying the lateralization of motor control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimmy Peng
- Molecular Biology of Neural Development, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
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22
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Cox BC, Cincotta M, Espay AJ. Mirror movements in movement disorders: a review. Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov (N Y) 2012; 2:tre-02-59-398-1. [PMID: 23440079 PMCID: PMC3569961 DOI: 10.7916/d8vq31dz] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2011] [Accepted: 12/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mirror movements (MM) are involuntary movements of homologous muscles during voluntary movements of contralateral body regions. While subtle mirroring can be present in otherwise healthy adults, overt MM may be common in many movement disorders. Examining these collective findings may further our understanding of MM and help define their usefulness as a clinical sign. METHODS We sought to review English language research articles examining the presence, clinical significance, and/or pathophysiology of MM in Parkinson's disease (PD), corticobasal syndrome (CBS), essential tremor (ET), focal hand dystonia, Creutzfeldt-Jakob's disease (CJD), and Huntington's disease. When available, MM in these disorders were compared with those of healthy age-matched controls and congenital disorders such as Klippel-Feil syndrome and X-linked Kallman's syndrome. RESULTS Clinical presentation of MM is common in asymmetric parkinsonian disorders (early PD, CBS) and manifests differently depending on the side affected (less affected hand in PD, more affected hand in CBS, either hand in ET, and both hands in healthy adults and congenital disorders), stage of disease (early, asymmetric PD and CJD), and presence of concomitant mirror-like overflow phenomena (focal dystonia and CBS-associated alien hand). In general, uncrossed descending corticospinal projections (congenital MM) and/or abnormal activation of the motor cortex ipsilateral to the voluntary task (most acquired MM), i.e., activation of the normal crossed corticospinal pathway, are required for the generation of MM. DISCUSSION MM are common motor phenomena and present differently in several acquired (mostly neurodegenerative) and congenital movement disorders. Future studies on MM will enhance the clinical diagnosis of selected movement disorders and contribute to our understanding of the normal physiology of bimanual coordination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin C. Cox
- University of Cincinnati Neuroscience Institute, Department of Neurology, Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | | | - Alberto J. Espay
- University of Cincinnati Neuroscience Institute, Department of Neurology, Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
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23
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Nugent AA, Kolpak AL, Engle EC. Human disorders of axon guidance. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2012; 22:837-43. [PMID: 22398400 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2012.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Revised: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Axon pathfinding is essential for the establishment of proper neuronal connections during development. Advances in neuroimaging and genomic technologies, coupled with animal modeling, are leading to the identification of an increasing number of human disorders that result from aberrant axonal wiring. In this review, we summarize the recent clinical, genetic and molecular advances with regard to three human disorders of axon guidance: Horizontal gaze palsy with progressive scoliosis, Congenital mirror movements, and Congenital fibrosis of the extraocular muscles, Type III.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia A Nugent
- Department of Neurology, FM Kirby Neurobiology Center, and The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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24
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Addamo PK, Farrow M, Bradshaw JL, Georgiou-Karistianis N. Relative or absolute? Implications and consequences of the measures adopted to investigate motor overflow. J Mot Behav 2011; 43:203-12. [PMID: 21480026 DOI: 10.1080/00222895.2011.561376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Motor overflow is involuntary overt movement or covert muscle activity that cooccurs with voluntary movement. Overflow is present in several pathological conditions, as well as in neurologically healthy children and older adults, and can be induced in healthy young adults under effortful conditions. This motor phenomenon may provide insight into the underlying mechanisms and kinetic characteristics of voluntary and involuntary motor control in various populations. Although often measured behaviorally using force transduction techniques, different methods of calculating and presenting such overflow data have resulted in seemingly contradictory findings, with limited discussion of the advantages and limitations of different approaches. In this article, the authors examined the relevant literature to highlight significant methodological considerations for authors and readers conducting or appraising this type of research. Issues regarding the interpretation and reporting of findings are also discussed. Researchers are encouraged to continue using behavioral measures to create well-defined variables that enable the study of the kinematic characteristics of overflow, as these may offer promising new ways forward in better characterizing and understanding this intriguing movement phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia K Addamo
- Experimental Neuropsychology Research Unit, School of Psychology and Psychiatry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.
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25
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Congenital mirror movements: a clue to understanding bimanual motor control. J Neurol 2011; 258:1911-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00415-011-6107-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2011] [Revised: 05/10/2011] [Accepted: 05/12/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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26
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Papadopoulou M, Chairopoulos K, Anagnostou E, Kokotis P, Zambelis T, Karandreas N. Concurrent bilateral projection and activation of motor cortices in a patient with congenital mirror movements: A TMS study. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2010; 112:824-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2010.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2009] [Revised: 06/22/2010] [Accepted: 06/24/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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27
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Cincotta M, Ziemann U. Neurophysiology of unimanual motor control and mirror movements. Clin Neurophysiol 2008; 119:744-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2007.11.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2007] [Revised: 11/17/2007] [Accepted: 11/23/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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28
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Li JY, Espay AJ, Gunraj CA, Pal PK, Cunic DI, Lang AE, Chen R. Interhemispheric and ipsilateral connections in Parkinson's disease: relation to mirror movements. Mov Disord 2007; 22:813-21. [PMID: 17290459 DOI: 10.1002/mds.21386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Mirror movements (MM) occur in early, asymmetric Parkinson's disease (PD). To examine the pathophysiology of MM in PD, we studied 13 PD patients with MM (PD-MM), 7 PD patients without MM (PD-NM), and 14 normal subjects. Cross-correlogram did not detect common synaptic input to motoneuron pools innervating homologous hand muscles in PD-MM patients. Transcranial magnetic stimulation studies showed no significant difference in ipsilateral motor-evoked potentials between PD-MM patients and normal subjects. The MM side of PD-MM patients showed a slower increase in ipsilateral silent period area with higher level of muscle contraction than the non-MM side and normal subjects. There was less interhemispheric inhibition (IHI) at long interstimulus intervals of 20 to 50 ms in PD-MM than PD-NM. IHI reduced short interval intracortical inhibition in normal subjects and PD-NM, but not in PD-MM. IHI significantly increased intracortical facilitation in PD-MM and PD-NM patients, but not in normal subjects. Our results suggest that MM in PD is due to activation of the contralateral motor cortex. PD-MM patients had reduced transcallosal inhibitory effects on cortical output neurons and on intracortical inhibitory circuits compared to PD-NM patients and controls. These deficits in transcallosal inhibition may contribute to MM in PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie-Yuan Li
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Toronto Western Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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29
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Verstynen T, Spencer R, Stinear CM, Konkle T, Diedrichsen J, Byblow WD, Ivry RB. Ipsilateral corticospinal projections do not predict congenital mirror movements: a case report. Neuropsychologia 2006; 45:844-52. [PMID: 17023008 PMCID: PMC2275211 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2006.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2006] [Revised: 08/11/2006] [Accepted: 08/18/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Congenital mirror movements (CMMs) are involuntary, symmetric movements of one hand during the production of voluntary movements with the other. CMMs have been attributed to a range of physiological mechanisms, including excessive ipsilateral projections from each motor cortex to distal extremities. We examined this hypothesis with an individual showing pronounced CMMs. Mirror movements were characterized for a set of hand muscles during a simple contraction task. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) was then used to map the relative input to each muscle from both motor cortices. Contrary to our expectations, CMMs were most prominent for muscles with the strongest contralateral representation rather than in muscles that were activated by stimulation of either hemisphere. These findings support a bilateral control hypothesis whereby CMMs result from the recruitment of both motor cortices during intended unimanual movements. Consistent with this hypothesis, bilateral motor cortex activity was evident during intended unimanual movements in an fMRI study. To assess the level at which bilateral recruitment occurs, motor cortex excitability during imagined unimanual movements was assessed with TMS. Facilitory excitation was only observed in the contralateral motor cortex. Thus, the bilateral recruitment of the hemispheres for unilateral actions in individuals with CMMs appears to occur during movement execution rather than motor planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Verstynen
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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30
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Giovannelli F, Borgheresi A, Balestrieri F, Ragazzoni A, Zaccara G, Cincotta M, Ziemann U. Role of the right dorsal premotor cortex in "physiological" mirror EMG activity. Exp Brain Res 2006; 175:633-40. [PMID: 16794846 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-006-0581-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2006] [Accepted: 05/29/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A distributed cortical network enables the lateralization of intended unimanual movements, i.e., the transformation from a default mirror movement to a unimanual movement. Little is known about the exact functional organization of this "non-mirror transformation" network. Involvement of the right dorsal premotor cortex (dPMC) was suggested because its virtual lesion by high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) increased the excitability of the left primary motor cortex (M1) during unilateral isometric contraction of a left hand muscle (Cincotta et al., Neurosci Lett 367: 189-93, 2004). However, no behavioural effects were observed in that experimental protocol. Here we tested behaviourally twelve healthy volunteers to find out whether focal disruption of the right dPMC by "off-line" One Hz rTMS (900 pulses, 115% of resting motor threshold) enhances "physiological" mirroring. This was measured by an established protocol (Mayston et al., Ann Neurol 45: 583-94, 1999) that quantifies the mirror increase in the electromyographic (EMG) level in the isometrically contracting abductor pollicis brevis (APB) muscle of one hand during brief phasic contractions performed with the APB of the other hand. Mirroring in the right APB significantly increased after real rTMS of the right dPMC. In contrast, no change in mirroring was seen with sham rTMS of the right dPMC, real rTMS of the right M1, or real rTMS of the left dPMC. These findings strongly support the hypothesis that the right dPMC is part of the non-mirror transformation cortical network.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Giovannelli
- Unità Operativa di Neurologia, Azienda Sanitaria di Firenze, Ospedale S. Maria Nuova, Florence, Italy
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31
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Cincotta M, Borgheresi A, Balestrieri F, Giovannelli F, Ragazzoni A, Vanni P, Benvenuti F, Zaccara G, Ziemann U. Mechanisms underlying mirror movements in Parkinson's disease: A transcranial magnetic stimulation study. Mov Disord 2006; 21:1019-25. [PMID: 16547917 DOI: 10.1002/mds.20850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The neural mechanisms underlying unintended mirror movements (MMs) of one hand during unimanual movements of the other hand in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) are largely unexplored. Here we used surface electromyographic (EMG) analysis and focal transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to investigate the pathophysiological substrate of MMs in four PD patients. Surface EMG was recorded from both abductor pollicis brevis (APB) and first dorsal interosseous (FDI) muscles. Cross-correlation EMG analysis revealed no common motor drive to the two APBs during intended unimanual tasks. Focal TMS of either primary motor cortex (M1) elicited normal motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) in the contralateral APB, whereas MEPs were not seen in the ipsilateral hand. During either mirror or voluntary APB contraction, focal TMS of the contralateral M1 produced a long-lasting silent period (SP), whereas stimulation of the ipsilateral M1 produced a short-lasting SP. During either mirror or voluntary finger tapping, 5 Hz repetitive TMS (rTMS) of the contralateral M1 disrupted EMG activity in the target FDI, whereas the effects of rTMS of the ipsilateral M1 were by far slighter. During either mirror or voluntary APB contraction, paired-pulse TMS showed a reduction of short-interval intracortical inhibition in the contralateral M1. These findings provide converging evidence that, in PD, MMs do not depend on unmasking of ipsilateral projections but are explained by motor output along the crossed corticospinal projection from the mirror M1.
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32
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Baliz Y, Armatas C, Farrow M, Hoy KE, Fitzgerald PB, Bradshaw JL, Georgiou-Karistianis N. The influence of attention and age on the occurrence of mirror movements. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2005; 11:855-62. [PMID: 16519264 DOI: 10.1017/s1355617705051003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
This study utilised a finger force task to investigate the influence of attention and age on the occurrence of motor overflow in the form of mirror movements in neurologically intact adults. Forty right-handed participants were recruited from three age groups: 20-30 years, 40-50 years, and 60-70 years. Participants were required to maintain a target force using both their index and middle fingers, representing 50% of their maximum strength capacity for that hand. Attention was directed to a hand by activating a bone conduction vibrator attached to the small finger of that hand. Based on Cabeza's (2002) model of hemispheric asymmetry reduction in older adults, it was hypothesised that mirror movements would increase with age. Furthermore, it was expected that when the attentional demands of the task were increased, motor overflow occurrence would be exacerbated for the older adult group. The results obtained provide support for the model, and qualified support for the hypothesis that increasing the attentional demands of a task results in greater motor overflow. It is proposed that the association between mirror movements and age observed in this study may result from an age-related increase in bihemispheric activation that occurs in older adults, who, unlike younger adults, benefit from bihemispheric processing for task performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmin Baliz
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
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33
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Carson RG. Neural pathways mediating bilateral interactions between the upper limbs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 49:641-62. [PMID: 15904971 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2005.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2004] [Revised: 03/09/2005] [Accepted: 03/15/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The ease with which we perform tasks such as opening the lid of a jar, in which the two hands execute quite different actions, belies the fact that there is a strong tendency for the movements of the upper limbs to be drawn systematically towards one another. Mirror movements, involuntary contractions during intended unilateral engagement of the opposite limb, are considered pathological, as they occur in association with specific disorders of the CNS. Yet they are also observed frequently in normally developing children, and motor irradiation, an increase in the excitability of the (opposite) homologous motor pathways when unimanual movements are performed, is a robust feature of the mature motor system. The systematic nature of the interactions that occur between the upper limbs has also given rise to the expectation that functional improvements in the control of a paretic limb may occur when movements are performed in a bimanual context. In spite of the ubiquitous nature of these phenomena, there is remarkably little consensus concerning the neural basis of their mediation. In the present review, consideration is given to the putative roles of uncrossed corticofugal fibers, branched bilateral corticomotoroneuronal projections, and segmental networks. The potential for bilateral interactions to occur in various brain regions including the primary motor cortex, the supplementary motor area, non-primary motor areas, the basal ganglia, and the cerebellum is also explored. This information may provide principled bases upon which to evaluate and develop task and deficit-specific programs of movement rehabilitation and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- R G Carson
- Perception and Motor Systems Laboratory, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.
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Abstract
The crossing of nerve tracts from one hemisphere in the brain to the contralateral sense organ or limb is a common pattern throughout the CNS, which occurs at specialised bridging points called decussations or commissures. Evolutionary and teleological arguments suggest that midline crossing emerged in response to distinct physiological and anatomical constraints. Several genetic and developmental disorders involve crossing defects or mirror movements, including Kallmann's and Klippel-Feil syndrome, and further defects can also result from injury. Crossed pathways are also involved in recovery after CNS lesions and may allow for compensation for damaged areas. The development of decussation is under the control of a host of signalling molecules. Growing understanding of the molecular processes underlying the formation of these structures offers hope for new diagnostic and therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serge Vulliemoz
- Neurology Department, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
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Hoy KE, Fitzgerald PB, Bradshaw JL, Armatas CA, Georgiou-Karistianis N. Investigating the cortical origins of motor overflow. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 46:315-27. [PMID: 15571773 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/26/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Motor overflow refers to the involuntary movements which may accompany the production of voluntary movements. While overflow is not usually seen in the normal population, it does present in children and the elderly, as well as those suffering certain neurological dysfunctions. Advancements in methodology over the last decade have allowed for more convincing conclusions regarding the cortical origins of motor overflow. However, despite significant research, the exact mechanism underlying the production of motor overflow is still unclear. This review presents a more comprehensive conceptualization of the theories of motor overflow, which have often been only vaguely defined. Further, the major findings are explored in an attempt to differentiate the competing theories of motor overflow production. This exploration is done in the context of a range of neurological and psychiatric disorders, in order to elucidate the possible underlying mechanisms of overflow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate E Hoy
- Experimental Neuropsychology Research Unit, Psychology Department, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia.
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Calistri V, Lenzi D, Gilio F, Bonaventura C, Inghilleri M, Mainero C, Pantano P. Anatomical Functional Changes in a Patient Presenting a Complex Malformation of Cortical Development. J Neuroimaging 2004. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1552-6569.2004.tb00269.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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