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de Melo GEL, Kleiner AFR, Lopes JBP, Dumont AJL, Lazzari RD, Galli M, Oliveira CS. Effect of virtual reality training on walking distance and physical fitness in individuals with Parkinson's disease. NeuroRehabilitation 2018; 42:473-480. [PMID: 29660956 DOI: 10.3233/nre-172355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of gait training with virtual reality (VR) on walking distance and physical fitness in individuals with Parkinson's Disease (PD). METHODS Thirty-seven individuals with PD participated in this prospective, randomized, controlled clinical trial. They were randomly allocated to a control group submitted to conventional training (n = 12), a treadmill group submitted to gait training on a treadmill (n = 13) and a VR group submitted to gait training using the XboxTM (n = 12). Clinical measures, gait variables and the Six-Minute Walk Test (6MWT) were evaluated: pre-intervention, after one intervention session, post-intervention and follow up (30 days after intervention). RESULTS The VR and treadmill groups travelled longer distances on the 6MWT and had faster gait speed in comparison to the control group. The VR and treadmill groups demonstrated an increase in pre-6MWT HR. The VR group had more intense HR after the first session and throughout training, but these gains were not maintained at the follow-up. CONCLUSION The present findings demonstrate that gait training with a VR program is as effective as treadmill training with regard to gains in walking distance and improvements in temporal gait variables in individuals with PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gileno Edu Lameira de Melo
- Doctoral and Master Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Nove de Julho University, São Paulo, Brazil.,Movement Analysis Lab, University Nove de Julho, São Paulo, Brazil.,Departamento de Desporto, University of State of Para, Campus de Altamira, Altamira, PA, Brazil
| | | | - Jamile Benite Palma Lopes
- Doctoral and Master Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Nove de Julho University, São Paulo, Brazil.,Movement Analysis Lab, University Nove de Julho, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Arislander Jonathan Lopes Dumont
- Doctoral and Master Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Nove de Julho University, São Paulo, Brazil.,Movement Analysis Lab, University Nove de Julho, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roberta Delasta Lazzari
- Doctoral and Master Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Nove de Julho University, São Paulo, Brazil.,Movement Analysis Lab, University Nove de Julho, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Manuela Galli
- Department of Electronic Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy.,IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy
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De Germay S, Montastruc JL, Rousseau V, Chebane L, Bondon-Guitton E, Moulis F, Durrieu G, Bagheri H, Rascol O, Pariente A, Bégaud B, Montastruc F. Atropinic (Anticholinergic) Burden in Parkinson's Disease. Mov Disord 2016; 31:632-6. [DOI: 10.1002/mds.26595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sibylle De Germay
- Service de Pharmacologie Médicale et Clinique; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire et Faculté de Médecine de Toulouse; Toulouse France
- Centre Midi-Pyrénées de PharmacoVigilance, de Pharmacoépidémiologie et d'Informations sur le Médicament et Pharmacopôle Midi-Pyrénées; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse; Toulouse France
- INSERM UMR 1027, Faculté de Médecine; Université de Toulouse; Toulouse France
| | - Jean-Louis Montastruc
- Service de Pharmacologie Médicale et Clinique; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire et Faculté de Médecine de Toulouse; Toulouse France
- Centre Midi-Pyrénées de PharmacoVigilance, de Pharmacoépidémiologie et d'Informations sur le Médicament et Pharmacopôle Midi-Pyrénées; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse; Toulouse France
- INSERM UMR 1027, Faculté de Médecine; Université de Toulouse; Toulouse France
- CIC INSERM 1436; Université et Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse; Toulouse France
- NeuroToul Centre of Excellence in Neurodegeneration; Université et Centre Hospitalier Universitaire; France
| | - Vanessa Rousseau
- Service de Pharmacologie Médicale et Clinique; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire et Faculté de Médecine de Toulouse; Toulouse France
- Centre Midi-Pyrénées de PharmacoVigilance, de Pharmacoépidémiologie et d'Informations sur le Médicament et Pharmacopôle Midi-Pyrénées; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse; Toulouse France
- INSERM UMR 1027, Faculté de Médecine; Université de Toulouse; Toulouse France
- CIC INSERM 1436; Université et Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse; Toulouse France
| | - Leila Chebane
- Service de Pharmacologie Médicale et Clinique; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire et Faculté de Médecine de Toulouse; Toulouse France
- Centre Midi-Pyrénées de PharmacoVigilance, de Pharmacoépidémiologie et d'Informations sur le Médicament et Pharmacopôle Midi-Pyrénées; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse; Toulouse France
| | - Emmanuelle Bondon-Guitton
- Service de Pharmacologie Médicale et Clinique; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire et Faculté de Médecine de Toulouse; Toulouse France
- Centre Midi-Pyrénées de PharmacoVigilance, de Pharmacoépidémiologie et d'Informations sur le Médicament et Pharmacopôle Midi-Pyrénées; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse; Toulouse France
- INSERM UMR 1027, Faculté de Médecine; Université de Toulouse; Toulouse France
| | - Florence Moulis
- Service de Pharmacologie Médicale et Clinique; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire et Faculté de Médecine de Toulouse; Toulouse France
- Centre Midi-Pyrénées de PharmacoVigilance, de Pharmacoépidémiologie et d'Informations sur le Médicament et Pharmacopôle Midi-Pyrénées; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse; Toulouse France
| | - Genevieve Durrieu
- Service de Pharmacologie Médicale et Clinique; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire et Faculté de Médecine de Toulouse; Toulouse France
- Centre Midi-Pyrénées de PharmacoVigilance, de Pharmacoépidémiologie et d'Informations sur le Médicament et Pharmacopôle Midi-Pyrénées; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse; Toulouse France
| | - Haleh Bagheri
- Service de Pharmacologie Médicale et Clinique; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire et Faculté de Médecine de Toulouse; Toulouse France
- Centre Midi-Pyrénées de PharmacoVigilance, de Pharmacoépidémiologie et d'Informations sur le Médicament et Pharmacopôle Midi-Pyrénées; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse; Toulouse France
- INSERM UMR 1027, Faculté de Médecine; Université de Toulouse; Toulouse France
- NeuroToul Centre of Excellence in Neurodegeneration; Université et Centre Hospitalier Universitaire; France
| | - Olivier Rascol
- Service de Pharmacologie Médicale et Clinique; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire et Faculté de Médecine de Toulouse; Toulouse France
- CIC INSERM 1436; Université et Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse; Toulouse France
- NeuroToul Centre of Excellence in Neurodegeneration; Université et Centre Hospitalier Universitaire; France
- INSERM UMR 825; Université de Toulouse; Toulouse France
| | - Antoine Pariente
- Département de Pharmacologie; Université et Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux; Bordeaux France
- INSERM U 657, Pharmacoepidemiology; Université et Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux; Bordeaux France
| | - Bernard Bégaud
- Département de Pharmacologie; Université et Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux; Bordeaux France
- INSERM U 657, Pharmacoepidemiology; Université et Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux; Bordeaux France
| | - François Montastruc
- Service de Pharmacologie Médicale et Clinique; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire et Faculté de Médecine de Toulouse; Toulouse France
- Centre Midi-Pyrénées de PharmacoVigilance, de Pharmacoépidémiologie et d'Informations sur le Médicament et Pharmacopôle Midi-Pyrénées; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse; Toulouse France
- INSERM UMR 1027, Faculté de Médecine; Université de Toulouse; Toulouse France
- CIC INSERM 1436; Université et Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse; Toulouse France
- NeuroToul Centre of Excellence in Neurodegeneration; Université et Centre Hospitalier Universitaire; France. Département de Pharmacologie; Université et Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux; Bordeaux France
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Sommer DB, Stacy MA. What’s in the pipeline for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease? Expert Rev Neurother 2014; 8:1829-39. [DOI: 10.1586/14737175.8.12.1829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Klepac N, Habek M, Adamec I, Barušić AK, Bach I, Margetić E, Lušić I. An update on the management of young-onset Parkinson's disease. Degener Neurol Neuromuscul Dis 2013; 2:53-62. [PMID: 30890879 PMCID: PMC6065598 DOI: 10.2147/dnnd.s34251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In the text that follows, we review the main clinical features, genetic characteristics, and treatment options for Parkinson's disease (PD), considering the age at onset. The clinical variability between patients with PD points at the existence of subtypes of the disease. Identification of subtypes is important, since a focus on homogenous group may lead to tailored treatment strategies. One of the factors that determine variability of clinical features of PD is age of onset. Young-onset Parkinson's disease (YOPD) is defined as parkinsonism starting between the ages of 21 and 40. YOPD has a slower disease progression and a greater incidence and earlier appearance of levodopa-induced motor complications; namely, motor fluctuations and dyskinesias. Moreover, YOPD patients face a lifetime of a progressive disease with gradual worsening of quality of life and their expectations are different from those of their older counterparts. Knowing this, treatment plans and management of symptoms must be paid careful attention to in order to maintain an acceptable quality of life in YOPD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataša Klepac
- Department of Neurology, Clinical University Hospital Zagreb, Medical School, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia,
| | - Mario Habek
- Department of Neurology, Clinical University Hospital Zagreb, Medical School, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia,
| | - Ivan Adamec
- Department of Neurology, Clinical University Hospital Zagreb, Medical School, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia,
| | - Anabella Karla Barušić
- Department of Neurology, Clinical University Hospital Zagreb, Medical School, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia,
| | - Ivo Bach
- Department of Neurology, Clinical University Hospital Zagreb, Medical School, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia,
| | - Eduard Margetić
- Department of Cardiology, Clinical University Hospital Zagreb, Medical School, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivo Lušić
- Department of Neurology, Clinical University Hospital, Medical School, University of Split, Split, Croatia
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Luong KVQ, Nguyen LTH. The role of β-adrenergic blockers in Parkinson's disease: possible genetic and cell-signaling mechanisms. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen 2013; 28:306-17. [PMID: 23695225 PMCID: PMC10852762 DOI: 10.1177/1533317513488919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Genetic studies have identified numerous factors linking β-adrenergic blockade to Parkinson's disease (PD), including human leukocyte antigen genes, the renin-angiotensin system, poly(adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase 1, nerve growth factor, vascular endothelial growth factor, and the reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate. β-Adrenergic blockade has also been implicated in PD via its effects on matrix metalloproteinases, mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways, prostaglandins, cyclooxygenase 2, and nitric oxide synthase. β-Adrenergic blockade may have a significant role in PD; therefore, the characterization of β-adrenergic blockade in patients with PD is needed.
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Schapira AHV, Stocchi F, Borgohain R, Onofrj M, Bhatt M, Lorenzana P, Lucini V, Giuliani R, Anand R. Long-term efficacy and safety of safinamide as add-on therapy in early Parkinson's disease. Eur J Neurol 2012; 20:271-80. [PMID: 22967035 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2012.03840.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2012] [Accepted: 07/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Safinamide is an α-aminoamide with both dopaminergic and non-dopaminergic mechanisms of action in Phase III clinical development as a once-daily add-on to dopamine agonist (DA) therapy for early Parkinson's disease (PD). METHODS Study 017 was a 12-month, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pre-planned extension study to the previously reported Study 015. Patients received safinamide 100 or 200 mg/day or placebo added to a single DA in early PD. The primary efficacy endpoint was the time from baseline (Study 015 randomization) to 'intervention', defined as increase in DA dose; addition of another DA, levodopa or other PD treatment; or discontinuation due to lack of efficacy. Safinamide groups were pooled for the primary efficacy endpoint analysis; post hoc analyses were performed on each separate dose group. RESULTS Of the 269 patients randomized in Study 015, 227 (84%) enrolled in Study 017 and 187/227 (82%) patients completed the extension study. Median time to intervention was 559 and 466 days in the pooled safinamide and placebo groups, respectively (log-rank test; P = 0.3342). In post hoc analyses, patients receiving safinamide 100 mg/day experienced a significantly lower rate of intervention compared with placebo (25% vs. 51%, respectively) and a delay in median time to intervention of 9 days (P < 0.05; 240- to 540-day analysis). CONCLUSIONS The pooled data from the safinamide groups failed to reach statistical significance for the primary endpoint of median time from baseline to additional drug intervention. Post hoc analyses indicate that safinamide 100 mg/day may be effective as add-on treatment to DA in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H V Schapira
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University College London, Institute of Neurology, London, UK.
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Corti O, Lesage S, Brice A. What genetics tells us about the causes and mechanisms of Parkinson's disease. Physiol Rev 2011; 91:1161-218. [PMID: 22013209 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00022.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 413] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common motor disorder of mysterious etiology. It is due to the progressive degeneration of the dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra and is accompanied by the appearance of intraneuronal inclusions enriched in α-synuclein, the Lewy bodies. It is becoming increasingly clear that genetic factors contribute to its complex pathogenesis. Over the past decade, the genetic basis of rare PD forms with Mendelian inheritance, representing no more than 10% of the cases, has been investigated. More than 16 loci and 11 associated genes have been identified so far; genome-wide association studies have provided convincing evidence that polymorphic variants in these genes contribute to sporadic PD. The knowledge acquired of the functions of their protein products has revealed pathways of neurodegeneration that may be shared between inherited and sporadic PD. An impressive set of data in different model systems strongly suggest that mitochondrial dysfunction plays a central role in clinically similar, early-onset autosomal recessive PD forms caused by parkin and PINK1, and possibly DJ-1 gene mutations. In contrast, α-synuclein accumulation in Lewy bodies defines a spectrum of disorders ranging from typical late-onset PD to PD dementia and including sporadic and autosomal dominant PD forms due to mutations in SCNA and LRRK2. However, the pathological role of Lewy bodies remains uncertain, as they may or may not be present in PD forms with one and the same LRRK2 mutation. Impairment of autophagy-based protein/organelle degradation pathways is emerging as a possible unifying but still fragile pathogenic scenario in PD. Strengthening these discoveries and finding other convergence points by identifying new genes responsible for Mendelian forms of PD and exploring their functions and relationships are the main challenges of the next decade. It is also the way to follow to open new promising avenues of neuroprotective treatment for this devastating disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Corti
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U.975, Paris, France
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Tapia-González S, Giráldez-Pérez RM, Cuartero MI, Casarejos MJ, Mena MÁ, Wang XF, Sánchez-Capelo A. Dopamine and α-synuclein dysfunction in Smad3 null mice. Mol Neurodegener 2011; 6:72. [PMID: 21995845 PMCID: PMC3219599 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1326-6-72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2011] [Accepted: 10/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by dopaminergic neurodegeneration in the substantia nigra (SN). Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) levels increase in patients with PD, although the effects of this increment remain unclear. We have examined the mesostriatal system in adult mice deficient in Smad3, a molecule involved in the intracellular TGF-β1 signalling cascade. Results Striatal monoamine oxidase (MAO)-mediated dopamine (DA) catabolism to 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) is strongly increased, promoting oxidative stress that is reflected by an increase in glutathione levels. Fewer astrocytes are detected in the ventral midbrain (VM) and striatal matrix, suggesting decreased trophic support to dopaminergic neurons. The SN of these mice has dopaminergic neuronal degeneration in its rostral portion, and the pro-survival Erk1/2 signalling is diminished in nigra dopaminergic neurons, not associated with alterations to p-JNK or p-p38. Furthermore, inclusions of α-synuclein are evident in selected brain areas, both in the perikaryon (SN and paralemniscal nucleus) or neurites (motor and cingulate cortices, striatum and spinal cord). Interestingly, these α-synuclein deposits are detected with ubiquitin and PS129-α-synuclein in a core/halo cellular distribution, which resemble those observed in human Lewy bodies (LB). Conclusions Smad3 deficiency promotes strong catabolism of DA in the striatum (ST), decrease trophic and astrocytic support to dopaminergic neurons and may induce α-synuclein aggregation, which may be related to early parkinsonism. These data underline a role for Smad3 in α-synuclein and DA homeostasis, and suggest that modulatory molecules of this signalling pathway should be evaluated as possible neuroprotective agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Tapia-González
- Departamento de Neurobiología-Investigación, Hospital Ramón y Cajal, IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain
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Zhang H, Ye N, Zhou S, Guo L, Zheng L, Liu Z, Gao B, Zhen X, Zhang A. Identification of N-Propylnoraporphin-11-yl 5-(1,2-Dithiolan-3-yl)pentanoate as a New Anti-Parkinson's Agent Possessing a Dopamine D2 and Serotonin 5-HT1A Dual-Agonist Profile. J Med Chem 2011; 54:4324-38. [DOI: 10.1021/jm200347t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hai Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Soochow University College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzhou, China 215325
| | | | | | | | - Longtai Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology, Soochow University College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzhou, China 215325
| | | | - Bo Gao
- Department of Pharmacology, Soochow University College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzhou, China 215325
| | - Xuechu Zhen
- Department of Pharmacology, Soochow University College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzhou, China 215325
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Kang SY, Wasaka T, Shamim EA, Auh S, Ueki Y, Lopez GJ, Kida T, Jin SH, Dang N, Hallett M. Characteristics of the sequence effect in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2011; 25:2148-55. [PMID: 20669182 DOI: 10.1002/mds.23251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The sequence effect (SE) in Parkinson's disease (PD) is progressive slowing of sequential movements. It is a feature of bradykinesia, but is separate from a general slowness without deterioration over time. It is commonly seen in PD, but its physiology is unclear. We measured general slowness and the SE separately with a computer-based, modified Purdue pegboard in 11 patients with advanced PD. We conducted a placebo-controlled, four-way crossover study to learn whether levodopa and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) could improve general slowness or the SE. We also examined the correlation between the SE and clinical fatigue. Levodopa alone and rTMS alone improved general slowness, but rTMS showed no additive effect on levodopa. Levodopa alone, rTMS alone, and their combination did not alleviate the SE. There was no correlation between the SE and fatigue. This study suggests that dopaminergic dysfunction and abnormal motor cortex excitability are not the relevant mechanisms for the SE. Additionally, the SE is not a component of clinical fatigue. Further work is needed to establish the physiology and clinical relevance of the SE. © 2010 Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suk Yun Kang
- Human Motor Control Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1428, USA
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López IC, Ruiz PJG, del Pozo SVF, Bernardos VS. Motor complications in Parkinson's disease: Ten year follow-up study. Mov Disord 2010; 25:2735-9. [DOI: 10.1002/mds.23219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony HV Schapira
- University College London, Institute of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, UK ;
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Siddiqui MA, Kashyap MP, Khanna VK, Yadav S, Al-Khedhairy AA, Musarrat J, Pant AB. Association of dopamine DA-D2 receptor in rotenone-induced cytotoxicity in PC12 cells. Toxicol Ind Health 2010; 26:533-42. [DOI: 10.1177/0748233710377776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The investigations were aimed to study the possible association of dopamine DA-D2 receptor in rotenone-induced cytotoxicity in PC12 cells, one among the most studied cell line in neurotoxicity studies. PC12 cells were subjected to receive an exposure of rotenone (10-6 to 10-4 M) for 24 and 48 hours. Cytotoxicity studies were carried out using standard end points including, (3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) (MTT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release and neutral red uptake (NRU). Cells were found to be vulnerable to rotenone in dose-dependent manner. In general, 10-4 and 10-5 M concentrations were found to be cytotoxic, whereas 10-6 M and lower concentrations used have shown nonsignificant effect on cell viability. Further, studies were extended to study the rotenone-induced alterations in cellular glutathione (GSH) level and dopamine DA-D2 receptor expression. Significant (p < 0.001) chronological depletion in GSH levels were recorded following rotenone exposure. Expression of dopamine DA-D2 receptor was also found to be effected significantly (p < 0.001) at 24 hours of rotenone exposure (10-4 and 10-5). However, no further depletion in the expression of dopamine DA-D2 receptor could be recorded with extended exposure period, that is, 48 hours. Rotenone at 10-6 M and lower concentrations was found to be ineffective in PC12 cells. Data suggest the vulnerability of PC12 cells against experimental exposure of rotenone, which possibly routed through dopamine DA-D2 receptor and oxidative stress machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- MA Siddiqui
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - MP Kashyap
- In Vitro Toxicology Laboratory, Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India
| | - VK Khanna
- Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India
| | - S. Yadav
- In Vitro Toxicology Laboratory, Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India
| | - AA Al-Khedhairy
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - J. Musarrat
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - AB Pant
- In Vitro Toxicology Laboratory, Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India,
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Abstract
Juvenile parkinsonism, with onset prior to age 21 years, is a relatively rare syndrome. It is caused by a group of heterogeneous entities that can present with a clinical picture similar to idiopathic Parkinson's disease or manifest parkinsonism as part of a spectrum of other signs. Diagnostic testing is guided by the presenting symptoms and aimed at uncovering potentially reversible and/or treatable causes. If an underlying condition is found, treatment is tailored accordingly. Otherwise, treatment is symptomatic and relies on medications commonly employed to treat idiopathic Parkinson's disease. Juvenile parkinsonism patients tend to be plagued by treatment-induced complications, so caution must be employed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teri R Thomsen
- Department of Neurology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
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Sonntag KC, Simunovic F, Sanchez-Pernaute R. Stem cells and cell replacement therapy for Parkinson's disease. JOURNAL OF NEURAL TRANSMISSION. SUPPLEMENTUM 2010:287-99. [PMID: 20411787 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-211-92660-4_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by a progressive degeneration of the midbrain dopamine (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) that predominantly affects the ventral population projecting to the dorsal striatum and leads to a gradual dysfunction of the motor system. There is currently no cure for PD. Pharmacological and surgical (e.g. deep brain stimulation) interventions can alleviate some of the symptoms, but lose their efficacy over time. The distinct loss of DA neurons in the SN offers the opportunity to assay neuronal cell replacement, and the clinical transplantation of fetal midbrain neuroblasts in PD patients has shown that this approach is feasible. However, there are multiple problems associated with the use of fetus-derived material, including limited availability. DA neurons derived from stem cells (SC) represent an alternative and unlimited cell source for cell replacement therapies. Currently, human pluripotent SC, such as embryonic (ES), and most recently, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS), and multipotent (tissue-specific) adult SC are available, although the methodology for a reliable and efficient production of DA neurons necessary for biomedical applications is still underdeveloped. Here, we discuss some essentials for SC and SC-derived DA neurons to become therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- K-C Sonntag
- Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MRC 223 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478, USA.
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Silkis IG. Search for approaches to correction of daytime sleepiness induced by dopaminergic drugs during treatment of Parkinson’s disease: Neurochemical aspects. NEUROCHEM J+ 2009. [DOI: 10.1134/s1819712409030118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Leung ESF, Tsang WWN. Comparison of the kinetic characteristics of standing and sitting Tai Chi forms. Disabil Rehabil 2009; 30:1891-900. [PMID: 19061115 DOI: 10.1080/09638280802358563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the kinetic characteristics of Tai Chi forms performed in standing and seated positions. METHODS An experienced Tai Chi master was invited to perform the Tai Chi Qi Qong 18-form while standing and seated. Two force platforms were used to track the centre of pressure (COP) during the Tai Chi movements. Centre of mass (COM) displacement was measured using a video motion analysis system. RESULTS In standing, the maximum COP displacements in the anteroposterior and mediolateral directions ranged from 2.6% to 9.5%, and 0.3% to 29.6% of the subject's height, respectively. The maximum COP displacements in sitting were smaller, with mean displacements of 0.7% and 0.1% of height in the anteroposterior and ML directions, respectively. The subject's COM moved in the vertical direction in slow, coordinated and smooth patterns. CONCLUSIONS The kinetic data on each of the 18 Tai Chi forms studied can guide the choice of suitable Tai Chi forms for balance training. Sitting Tai Chi is recommended for rehabilitating the balance of frail older adults who have difficulty standing. Because of the minimal demands of sitting Tai Chi for balance control, progressing to practice in standing as quickly as possible is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric S F Leung
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
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Schapira AH. Neurobiology and treatment of Parkinson's disease. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2009; 30:41-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2008.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2008] [Revised: 10/17/2008] [Accepted: 10/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Simunovic F, Yi M, Wang Y, Macey L, Brown LT, Krichevsky AM, Andersen SL, Stephens RM, Benes FM, Sonntag KC. Gene expression profiling of substantia nigra dopamine neurons: further insights into Parkinson's disease pathology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 132:1795-809. [PMID: 19052140 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awn323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is caused by a progressive loss of the midbrain dopamine (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. Although the main cause of Parkinson's disease remains unknown, there is increasing evidence that it is a complex disorder caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors, which affect key signalling pathways in substantia nigra DA neurons. Insights into pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease stem from in vitro and in vivo models and from postmortem analyses. Recent technological developments have added a new dimension to this research by determining gene expression profiles using high throughput microarray assays. However, many of the studies reported to date were based on whole midbrain dissections, which included cells other than DA neurons. Here, we have used laser microdissection to isolate single DA neurons from the substantia nigra pars compacta of controls and subjects with idiopathic Parkinson's disease matched for age and postmortem interval followed by microarrays to analyse gene expression profiling. Our data confirm a dysregulation of several functional groups of genes involved in the Parkinson's disease pathogenesis. In particular, we found prominent down-regulation of members of the PARK gene family and dysregulation of multiple genes associated with programmed cell death and survival. In addition, genes for neurotransmitter and ion channel receptors were also deregulated, supporting the view that alterations in electrical activity might influence DA neuron function. Our data provide a 'molecular fingerprint identity' of late-stage Parkinson's disease DA neurons that will advance our understanding of the molecular pathology of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Simunovic
- Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
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Abstract
Currently, there is no proven neuroprotective or neurorestorative therapy for Parkinson's disease (PD). Several advances in the genetics of PD have created an opportunity to develop mechanistic-based therapies that hold particular promise for identifying agents that slow and even halt the progression of PD, as well as restore function. Here we review many of the advances in the last decade regarding the identification of new targets for the treatment of PD based on understanding the molecular mechanisms of how mutations in genes linked to PD cause neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amitabh Gupta
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Valina L. Dawson
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Ted M. Dawson
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Chen YY, Chen G, Fan Z, Luo J, Ke ZJ. GSK3β and endoplasmic reticulum stress mediate rotenone-induced death of SK-N-MC neuroblastoma cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2008; 76:128-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2008.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2008] [Revised: 04/21/2008] [Accepted: 04/22/2008] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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