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Blaszczyk B, Wichniak A, Wieckiewicz M, Brzecka A, Nowacki D, Michalek-Zrabkowska M, Lachowicz G, Mazur G, Martynowicz H. The clinical characteristic of catathrenia: a new look at an old issue-a systematic review of existing literature. Sleep Breath 2024; 28:1523-1537. [PMID: 38755507 PMCID: PMC11303500 DOI: 10.1007/s11325-024-03033-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES The International Classification of Sleep Disorders categorized catathrenia as a respiratory disorder, but there are doubts whether episodes appear during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep or the non-rapid eye movement (NREM), their duration, and symptoms. The main objectives were to identify the most common features and relations of catathrenia. METHODS PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science were searched according to the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. The Joanna Briggs Institute and the ROBINS-I tools were chosen to assess the risk of bias. RESULTS A total of 288 records were identified, 31 articles were included. The majority of the studies had a moderate risk of bias. 49.57% of episodes occurred during the NREM sleep, while 46% took place during REM. In 60.34% females, catathrenia was more common in the NREM, while in 59.26% of males was in REM sleep (p < 0.05). Females and obese individuals were found to have shorter episodes (p < 0.05). Age was inversely correlated with minimal episodes duration (r = - 0.34). The continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy was inversely correlated with the maximal episode duration (r = - 0.48). CONCLUSIONS Catathrenia occurs with similar frequency in both genders. The most frequent symptoms embraced groaning, awareness of disturbing bedpartners, and daytime somnolence-not confirmed by the Epworth Sleepiness Scale. The episodes occur more frequently in NREM than in REM sleep. Catathrenia may be considered as a sex-specific condition. The effects of CPAP treatment leading to shortening episodes duration, which may indicate the respiratory origin of catathrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartlomiej Blaszczyk
- Student Research Club No K133, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556, Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Adam Wichniak
- Third Department of Psychiatry and Sleep Medicine Centre, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, 02-957, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mieszko Wieckiewicz
- Department of Experimental Dentistry, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-425, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Anna Brzecka
- Department of Pulmonology and Lung Cancer, Wroclaw Medical University, 53-439, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Dorian Nowacki
- Department of Human Nutrition, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 51-630, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Monika Michalek-Zrabkowska
- Department of Internal Medicine, Occupational Diseases, Hypertension and Clinical Oncology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Gabriella Lachowicz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Occupational Diseases, Hypertension and Clinical Oncology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Mazur
- Department of Internal Medicine, Occupational Diseases, Hypertension and Clinical Oncology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Helena Martynowicz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Occupational Diseases, Hypertension and Clinical Oncology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556, Wroclaw, Poland
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Martel Q, Maranci JB, Philippe C, Arnulf I. Lamentations in the night: A systematic review on catathrenia. Sleep Med Rev 2024; 75:101944. [PMID: 38718707 DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2024.101944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Catathrenia is a loud expiratory moan during sleep that is a social embarrassment and is sometimes confused with central apnea on polysomnography. It affects about 4% of adults, but cases are rarely referred to sleep centers. Catathrenia affects males and females, children and adults, who are usually young and thin. A "typical" catathrenia begins with a deep inhalation, followed by a long, noisy exhalation, then a short, more pronounced exhalation, followed by another deep inhalation, often accompanied by arousal. The many harmonics of the sound indicate that it is produced by the vocal cords. It is often repeated in clusters, especially during REM sleep and at the end of the night. It does not disturb the sleepers, but their neighbors, and is associated with excessive daytime sleepiness in one-third of cases. The pathophysiology and treatment of typical catathrenia are still unknown. Later, a more atypical catathrenia was described, consisting of episodes of short (2 s), regular, semi-continuous expiratory moans during NREM sleep (mainly in stages N1 and N2) and REM sleep, often in people with mild upper airway obstruction. This atypical catathrenia is more commonly reduced by positive airway pressure and mandibular advancement devices that promote vertical opening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Martel
- Sleep Disorder Clinic, R3S Department, Pitie-Salpetriere Hospital, APHP-Sorbonne, Paris, France; Saint Joseph Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Baptiste Maranci
- Sleep Disorder Clinic, R3S Department, Pitie-Salpetriere Hospital, APHP-Sorbonne, Paris, France; Sorbonne University, Paris, France; Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, INSERM, CNRS, France
| | - Carole Philippe
- Sleep Disorder Clinic, R3S Department, Pitie-Salpetriere Hospital, APHP-Sorbonne, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Arnulf
- Sleep Disorder Clinic, R3S Department, Pitie-Salpetriere Hospital, APHP-Sorbonne, Paris, France; Sorbonne University, Paris, France; Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, INSERM, CNRS, France.
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Yu M, Hao Z, Xu L, Zhao L, Wen Y, Han F, Gao X. Differences in Polysomnographic and Craniofacial Characteristics of Catathrenia Phenotypes: A Cluster Analysis. Nat Sci Sleep 2024; 16:625-638. [PMID: 38831958 PMCID: PMC11144656 DOI: 10.2147/nss.s455705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose Catathrenia is a rare sleeping disorder characterized by repetitive nocturnal groaning during prolonged expirations. Patients with catathrenia had heterogeneous polysomnographic, comorbidity, craniofacial characteristics, and responses to treatment. Identifying phenotypes of catathrenia might benefit the exploration of etiology and personalized therapy. Patients and Methods Sixty-six patients diagnosed with catathrenia by full-night audio/video polysomnography seeking treatment with mandibular advancement devices (MAD) or continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) were included in the cohort. Polysomnographic characteristics including sleep architecture, respiratory, groaning, and arousal events were analyzed. Three-dimensional (3D) and 2D craniofacial hard tissue and upper airway structures were evaluated with cone-beam computed tomography and lateral cephalometry. Phenotypes of catathrenia were identified by K-mean cluster analysis, and inter-group comparisons were assessed. Results Two distinct clusters of catathrenia were identified: cluster 1 (n=17) was characterized to have more males (71%), a longer average duration of groaning events (18.5±4.8 and 12.8±5.7s, p=0.005), and broader upper airway (volume 41,386±10,543 and 26,661±6700 mm3, p<0.001); cluster 2 (n=49) was characterized to have more females (73%), higher respiratory disturbance index (RDI) (median 1.0 [0.3, 2.0] and 5.2 [1.2, 13.3]/h, p=0.009), more respiratory effort-related arousals (RERA)(1 [1, 109] and 32 [13, 57)], p=0.005), smaller upper airway (cross-sectional area of velopharynx 512±87 and 339±84 mm2, p<0.001) and better response to treatment (41.2% and 82.6%, p=0.004). Conclusion Two distinct phenotypes were identified in patients with catathrenia, primary catathrenia, and catathrenia associated with upper airway obstruction, suggesting respiratory events and upper airway structures might be related to the etiology of catathrenia, with implications for its treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Yu
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Center for Oral Therapy of Sleep Apnea, Peking University Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- National Center for Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zeliang Hao
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Center for Oral Therapy of Sleep Apnea, Peking University Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- National Center for Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liyue Xu
- Sleep Division, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Long Zhao
- Sleep Division, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yongfei Wen
- Sleep Division, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fang Han
- Sleep Division, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuemei Gao
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Center for Oral Therapy of Sleep Apnea, Peking University Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- National Center for Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, People’s Republic of China
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Katz ES, D’Ambrosio C. Catathrenia in children: clinical presentation, polysomnographic features, natural history, and response to therapy. J Clin Sleep Med 2023; 19:1505-1511. [PMID: 37066744 PMCID: PMC10394357 DOI: 10.5664/jcsm.10582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES To determine the clinical presentation, polysomnographic appearance, and the response to therapy of catathrenia in children. METHODS A retrospective analysis was performed in children referred or evaluated at the Boston Children's Hospital Sleep Center between 1998 and 2021 who were documented to have catathrenia either as a chief complaint or an incidental finding. RESULTS Catathrenia was identified in 21 children. The age of onset by parent report was 6.4 ± 4.4 years (range: birth-14 years), but the diagnosis was at 8.3 ± 3.8 years (range: 1.5-14 years). Catathrenia was the chief complaint for 24% of patients and was incidentally identified in 76% referred for breathing concerns. Bruxism was observed in 62% of patients. Catathrenia events most often occur following an electrocortical arousal (79%) and are most common in the second half of the night (73%). Catathrenia was observed exclusively in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep (16%), exclusively in non-REM sleep (32%), and in both sleep states (52%). Treatment of obstructive sleep apnea resulted in resolution or improvement in the obstructive sleep apnea in all patients, but the catathrenia persisted at a reduced level. CONCLUSIONS Most catathrenia in children is diagnosed incidentally during evaluation for sleep-disordered breathing, although the groaning often started many years earlier. Catathrenia events decreased considerably after treatment of obstructive sleep apnea, but persisted in all patients. Catathrenia was also observed in children without signs or symptoms of sleep-disordered breathing, indicating that these are distinct conditions. The majority of children with catathrenia had no sleepiness or behavioral concerns. CITATION Katz ES, D'Ambrosio C. Catathrenia in children: clinical presentation, polysomnographic features, natural history, and response to therapy. J Clin Sleep Med. 2023;19(8):1505-1511.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliot S. Katz
- Division of Respiratory Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Carolyn D’Ambrosio
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine; New Haven, Connecticut
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Tereshko Y, Lettieri C, Gigli GL, Nilo A, Garbo R, Valente M. Turning off the siren of the night: botulinum toxin for the treatment of Nocturnal Groaning. A case series. Sleep Med 2022; 92:15-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2022.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Yu M, Hao Z, Xu L, Wen Y, Han F, Gao X. Mandibular advancement device as treatment trial for catathrenia (nocturnal groaning). J Clin Sleep Med 2021; 17:1767-1776. [PMID: 33843579 DOI: 10.5664/jcsm.9290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Catathrenia is a rare disease, classified as isolated symptoms and normal variants under sleep-related breathing disorders in the International Classification of Sleep Disorders, third edition. Because of its rarity, the research on its pathogenesis and treatment is insufficient. This study aimed to evaluate whether the mandibular advancement device (MAD) could be considered an alternative treatment trial and if so, to explore factors predicting its effectiveness. METHODS Thirty patients (12 males and 18 females, aged 16 to 67 years) with catathrenia participated in the study. They underwent standard clinical evaluation, questionnaires, physical examinations, craniofacial evaluations, video-polysomnography, and imaging of the upper airway before and after the insertion of the MAD. Groaning index (GI, groaning episodes per hour of sleep) and apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) were evaluated and anatomic factors predicting effectiveness were explored. RESULTS The sleep efficiency of most patients was higher than 80% and groaning was present throughout all stages of sleep. With the insertion of MAD, GI decreased significantly from 5.8 (2.7, 14.3) to 2.8 (1.3, 12.2) events/h (P = 0.014). Age had a negative effect on efficacy. Mandibular repositioning of MAD, especially the amount of vertical opening and changes of cross-sectional area of hypopharynx, was positively related with efficacy. CONCLUSIONS The MAD could be considered a possible treatment trial for those seeking treatment for groaning. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION Registry: Chinese Clinical Trial Registry; Identifier: ChiCTR-COC-17013239; URL: http://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=22286.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Yu
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Zeliang Hao
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Liyue Xu
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yongfei Wen
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Fang Han
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xuemei Gao
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
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Alonso J, Camacho M, Chhetri DK, Guilleminault C, Zaghi S. Catathrenia (Nocturnal Groaning): A Social Media Survey and State-of-the-Art Review. J Clin Sleep Med 2017; 13:613-622. [PMID: 28095968 DOI: 10.5664/jcsm.6556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Catathrenia is an underrecognized nocturnal vocalization phenomenon that can be a source of perplexity to patients, bed partners, and medical providers. Catathrenia is distinct from both sleep talking (a parasomnia with loud talking during sleep) and snoring (noise due to vibration of upper airway soft tissues related to variations in airway resistance). The objective of this review is to provide an evidence-based resource to help the practitioner reliably evaluate and manage patients with this condition. METHODS Data were gathered from: (1) PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar; and (2) catathrenia social media groups (Yahoo and Facebook). RESULTS Data collected were (1) 15 case reports and 17 case series describing 191 patients with catathrenia; (2) questionnaires from 47 catathrenia subjects; (3) 5 audio files. CONCLUSIONS Catathrenia is a noise produced during sleep (distinct from snoring) with identifiable harmonics, a computable main frequency, and high-decibel intensity that involves active adduction and vibration of the vocal cords during expiration. The quality of groaning in catathrenia is monotone, and often presents with a morose or sexual connotation, causing a significant social problem for patients. Although there is no association with risk of physical harm, catathrenia does present a significant disturbance to the bed partner and has been associated with subjective impairments to sleep quality, including unrefreshing sleep and fatigue. Polysomnography can be useful if performed properly to confirm the diagnosis and to evaluate for comorbid sleep disturbances, such as obstructive sleep apnea or parasomnia. Directions for further research could involve consideration of deep breathing exercises, yoga, meditation, or myofunctional therapy to help abate symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Alonso
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Macario Camacho
- Division of Sleep Surgery and Medicine, Tripler Army Medical Center, Honolulu, Hawaii.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Sleep Medicine Division, Stanford Hospital and Clinics, Stanford, California
| | - Dinesh K Chhetri
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Christian Guilleminault
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Sleep Medicine Division, Stanford Hospital and Clinics, Stanford, California
| | - Soroush Zaghi
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
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Muraki H, Okura M, Kato T, Taniguchi M, Ohi M. A stereotyped sequence from EEG arousals to nocturnal groaning events with or without the intervening sleep bruxism in catathrenia. Sleep Med 2017; 32:1-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2016.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 02/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Drakatos P, Higgins S, Duncan I, Stevens S, Dastagir S, Birdseye A, Lykouras D, Muza R, Gildeh N, Rosenzweig I, Williams AJ, Leschziner GD, Kent BD. Catathrenia, a REM predominant disorder of arousal? Sleep Med 2016; 32:222-226. [PMID: 27539028 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2016.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Catathrenia is an uncommon and poorly understood disorder, characterized by groaning during sleep occurring in tandem with prolonged expiration. Its classification, pathogenesis, and clinical relevance remain debated, substantially due to the limited number of cases reported to date. We report a series of consecutive cases of catathrenia, their clinical and polysomnographic characteristics, and their subsequent management. METHODS Consecutive patients with catathrenia who had undergone full polysomnography in our institution over a 5.5-year period were included. Catathrenia events (CEs) were examined in clusters, which formulated catathrenia periods (CPs). The relationships between CPs, sleep stage distribution, electroencephalogram (EEG) arousals, and other sleep parameters were assessed, along with the clinical presentation and management of catathrenic patients. RESULTS A total of 427 CPs were identified in 38 patients, 81% arising from rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. EEG arousals preceded or coincided with the onset of 84% of CPs, which were of longer duration than those not associated with an arousal (57.3 ± 56.8 vs. 32.2 ± 29.4 s, p < 0.001). Each CE had a characteristic airflow signal, with inspiration preceding a protracted expiration and a brief more rapid exhalation, followed by deep inspiration. Although the majority of patients were referred on the basis of bed partner complaints, 44.7% complained of daytime sleepiness. Continuous positive airway pressure therapy and sleep-consolidating pharmacotherapy led to subjective improvement, but were limited by poor long-term adherence. CONCLUSIONS In the largest series of catathrenia patients reported to date, we found that this rare disorder is characterized by a distinct breathing pattern and arises predominantly from REM sleep, with arousals almost uniformly preceding or coinciding with the onset of CPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagis Drakatos
- Sleep Disorders Centre, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospitals, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sean Higgins
- Sleep Disorders Centre, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospitals, London, United Kingdom
| | - Iain Duncan
- Sleep Disorders Centre, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospitals, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sara Stevens
- Sleep Disorders Centre, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospitals, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sakina Dastagir
- Sleep Disorders Centre, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospitals, London, United Kingdom
| | - Adam Birdseye
- Sleep Disorders Centre, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospitals, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Rexford Muza
- Sleep Disorders Centre, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospitals, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nadia Gildeh
- Sleep Disorders Centre, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospitals, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ivana Rosenzweig
- Sleep Disorders Centre, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospitals, London, United Kingdom; King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian J Williams
- Sleep Disorders Centre, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospitals, London, United Kingdom; King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Guy D Leschziner
- Sleep Disorders Centre, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospitals, London, United Kingdom; King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Brian D Kent
- Sleep Disorders Centre, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospitals, London, United Kingdom.
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Iriarte J, Campo A, Alegre M, Fernández S, Urrestarazu E. Catathrenia: respiratory disorder or parasomnia? Sleep Med 2015; 16:827-30. [PMID: 26004681 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2014.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Revised: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The International Classification of Sleep Disorders-Third Edition (ICSD-3) classifies catathrenia among the respiratory disorders and not as a parasomnia as in ICSD-2. Few patients have been reported during these years, and the clinical description of the sound is different from group to group. In fact, there is no full agreement about its nature, origin, meaning, and treatment. METHODS AND RESULTS In this paper we review the literature on catathrenia focusing on the characteristics of the sound, demographics of the patients, aetiology, response to treatment, etc., in order to support its classification as a respiratory disorder or a parasomnia. We also discuss the possibility of Catathrenia being not one disorder but two variants or two different disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Iriarte
- Sleep Unit and Clinical Neurophysiology Department, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.
| | - Arantza Campo
- Pneumology Department, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Manuel Alegre
- Sleep Unit and Clinical Neurophysiology Department, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Secundino Fernández
- ENT Department, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Elena Urrestarazu
- Sleep Unit and Clinical Neurophysiology Department, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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Manfredini D, Guarda-Nardini L, Marchese-Ragona R, Lobbezoo F. Theories on possible temporal relationships between sleep bruxism and obstructive sleep apnea events. An expert opinion. Sleep Breath 2015; 19:1459-65. [DOI: 10.1007/s11325-015-1163-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Revised: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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12
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Chokroverty S, Bhat S. Movement Disorders in Sleep. Sleep Med 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2089-1_29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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13
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Iriarte J, Fernández S, Fernandez-Arrechea N, Urrestarazu E, Pagola I, Alegre M, Artieda J. Sound analysis of catathrenia: a vocal expiratory sound. Sleep Breath 2010; 15:229-35. [DOI: 10.1007/s11325-010-0420-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2010] [Revised: 06/12/2010] [Accepted: 07/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Prihodova I, Sonka K, Kemlink D, Volna J, Nevsimalova S. Arousals in nocturnal groaning. Sleep Med 2009; 10:1051-5. [PMID: 19345641 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2008.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2008] [Revised: 09/03/2008] [Accepted: 09/08/2008] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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